八、推進(jìn)生態(tài)文明建設(shè)

西藏是中國重要的生態(tài)安全屏障。多年來，西藏自治區(qū)政府遵循經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)律、社會(huì)規(guī)律和自然規(guī)律，注重經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、生態(tài)的和諧統(tǒng)一，堅(jiān)持走可持續(xù)發(fā)展之路。近年來，自治區(qū)政府提出了建設(shè)西藏生態(tài)安全屏障以及建設(shè)生態(tài)西藏、美麗西藏的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)，對西藏的生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)與建設(shè)進(jìn)行全面規(guī)劃和部署。

西藏生態(tài)安全屏障保護(hù)與建設(shè)規(guī)劃全面實(shí)施。2009年2月18日國務(wù)院第50次常務(wù)會(huì)議審議通過了《西藏生態(tài)安全屏障保護(hù)與建設(shè)規(guī)劃(2008—2030年)》(以下簡稱《規(guī)劃》)，提出投資155億元，到2030年基本建成西藏生態(tài)安全屏障。截至目前，共落實(shí)投資56.46億元，《規(guī)劃》確定的天然草地保護(hù)工程、森林防火及有害生物防治工程、野生動(dòng)植物保護(hù)及保護(hù)區(qū)建設(shè)工程、重要濕地保護(hù)工程、農(nóng)牧區(qū)傳統(tǒng)能源替代工程、防護(hù)林體系建設(shè)工程、人工種草與天然草地改良工程、防沙治沙工程、水土流失治理工程、生態(tài)安全屏障監(jiān)測工程3大類10項(xiàng)工程得到全面實(shí)施。

生物多樣性與重要生態(tài)功能區(qū)得到有效保護(hù)。目前，西藏已建立各級各類自然保護(hù)區(qū)47處，總面積41.22萬平方公里，約占全區(qū)國土面積的34.35%。建立生態(tài)功能保護(hù)區(qū)22個(gè)(國家級2個(gè))、國家級風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)4個(gè)、國家森林公園9個(gè)、國家濕地公園10個(gè)、地質(zhì)公園4個(gè)(國家級3個(gè))，使西藏?fù)碛械?41種國家重點(diǎn)保護(hù)野生動(dòng)物、38種國家重點(diǎn)保護(hù)野生植物和196種西藏特有動(dòng)物物種、855種西藏特有植物物種以及重要生態(tài)系統(tǒng)得到了有效保護(hù)。西藏大中型野生動(dòng)物種群數(shù)量居全國前列，藏羚羊種群數(shù)量由1995年的5萬—7萬只上升到目前的20萬只以上，黑頸鶴由1995年的1000—3000只上升到目前的7000只左右，野牦牛、藏野驢等珍稀瀕危野生動(dòng)物種群數(shù)量穩(wěn)中有增。

林業(yè)和草原生態(tài)建設(shè)成效顯著。據(jù)2014年第八次全國森林資源清查結(jié)果，西藏森林覆蓋率已達(dá)11.98%，森林面積1471.56萬公頃，森林蓄積量22.62億立方米，天然林蓄積22.61億立方米、喬木林單位面積蓄積267立方米/公頃、重點(diǎn)公益林面積1011.27萬公頃。西藏已經(jīng)創(chuàng)造了人均森林面積、森林蓄積、天然林蓄積、喬木林蓄積、重點(diǎn)公益林面積5項(xiàng)指標(biāo)全國第一。第四次與第三次全國荒漠化和沙化監(jiān)測結(jié)果比較，西藏荒漠化土地減少了7.89萬公頃，沙化土地減少了6.57萬公頃，全區(qū)荒漠化和沙化土地?cái)U(kuò)展趨勢得到遏制并首次出現(xiàn)逆轉(zhuǎn)。截至2014年底，西藏有天然草地面積8433萬公頃，其中可用天然草地面積7067萬公頃。

生態(tài)補(bǔ)償試點(diǎn)工作深入推進(jìn)。中央在西藏實(shí)施森林、草地等生態(tài)補(bǔ)償政策，每年全區(qū)落實(shí)各類補(bǔ)償資金40余億元。國家制定《西藏自治區(qū)森林生態(tài)效益補(bǔ)償基金管理辦法》，從2010年起，中央財(cái)政每年安排森林生態(tài)效益補(bǔ)償資金7.72億元，對全區(qū)生態(tài)公益林實(shí)施補(bǔ)償。在2009—2010年5個(gè)縣開展草原生態(tài)保護(hù)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)機(jī)制試點(diǎn)工作的基礎(chǔ)上，2011年開始在全區(qū)74個(gè)縣區(qū)全面實(shí)施草原生態(tài)保護(hù)補(bǔ)助機(jī)制政策，每年落實(shí)補(bǔ)助獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)資金20.0981億元，既保護(hù)了草原生態(tài)環(huán)境，又促進(jìn)了農(nóng)牧民增收。國家實(shí)施了重點(diǎn)生態(tài)功能保護(hù)區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移支付政策，將西藏18個(gè)縣納入了國家重點(diǎn)生態(tài)功能區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移支付范圍，2014年落實(shí)資金10.83億元。這些措施有效保護(hù)了國家和自治區(qū)重點(diǎn)公益林、基本草原及重要生態(tài)區(qū)域。

生態(tài)文明制度建設(shè)先行先試。2014年，國家發(fā)展和改革委員會(huì)等六部門聯(lián)合印發(fā)了《關(guān)于開展生態(tài)文明先行示范區(qū)建設(shè)(第一批)的通知》，西藏山南地區(qū)、林芝地區(qū)被列為首批生態(tài)文明先行示范區(qū)，將著力在獨(dú)立進(jìn)行環(huán)境監(jiān)督和行政執(zhí)法、完善污染物排放許可制和企業(yè)單位污染物排放總量控制制度、建立生態(tài)環(huán)境損害賠償責(zé)任終身追究制等方面先行先試，探索自然生態(tài)資源豐富、生態(tài)區(qū)位重要、邊疆民族貧困地區(qū)生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的有效模式。

中科院和相關(guān)部門的監(jiān)測評估顯示，西藏高原各類生態(tài)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)整體穩(wěn)定，生態(tài)質(zhì)量穩(wěn)定向好。西藏生態(tài)系統(tǒng)類型擁有除海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)之外的所有陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)類型，仍然是中國和全球重要的生物物種基因庫和生物多樣性保護(hù)重點(diǎn)地區(qū)。水、氣、聲、土壤、輻射及生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量均保持良好狀態(tài)，全區(qū)的江河、湖泊、森林、草場、濕地、冰川、雪山和野生動(dòng)植物等都得到了有效保護(hù)，大部分區(qū)域仍處于原生狀態(tài)。

結(jié)束語

過去的50年，在中國共產(chǎn)黨和中央政府的堅(jiān)強(qiáng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，通過實(shí)行民族區(qū)域自治制度，西藏從落后走向進(jìn)步，從貧窮走向富裕，從封閉走向開放，社會(huì)制度實(shí)現(xiàn)了歷史性跨越，社會(huì)面貌發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化。實(shí)踐充分證明，實(shí)行民族區(qū)域自治制度，是西藏歷史發(fā)展和社會(huì)進(jìn)步的客觀要求，符合西藏各族人民的根本利益。民族區(qū)域自治制度，完全適合中國國情和西藏地方的實(shí)際，是西藏發(fā)展進(jìn)步的正確選擇。

實(shí)行民族區(qū)域自治制度，使西藏各族人民實(shí)現(xiàn)了當(dāng)家作主，享有充分的民主權(quán)利和廣泛的經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)文化權(quán)利。然而，多年來，十四世達(dá)賴集團(tuán)出于“西藏獨(dú)立”的政治目的，不斷鼓吹“中間道路”，大肆兜售“大藏區(qū)”“高度自治”，否定民族區(qū)域自治制度，否定在民族區(qū)域自治制度下西藏的發(fā)展進(jìn)步。十四世達(dá)賴集團(tuán)的分裂行徑，完全違背了中國憲法和中國國家制度，極大損害了西藏各族人民的根本利益，遭到了包括西藏各族人民在內(nèi)的全體中國人民的堅(jiān)決反對，注定逃脫不了失敗的命運(yùn)。

當(dāng)前，西藏各族人民正與全國人民一道，為全面建成小康社會(huì)、實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興的中國夢而奮斗。隨著中國特色社會(huì)主義建設(shè)事業(yè)的不斷發(fā)展，民族區(qū)域自治制度必將進(jìn)一步發(fā)展和完善，西藏各族人民必將在更高的起點(diǎn)上譜寫當(dāng)家作主的新篇章。

Successful Practice of Regional Ethnic Autonomy in Tibet(Ⅷ)

VIII. Promoting Ecological Progress

Tibet is an important ecological safety barrier in China. Over past decades, in keeping with economic, social and natural laws, Tibet has followed a sustainable path compatible with the harmonious coexistence of economy, society, and the ecological environment. In recent years, with the strategic objectives of building an ecological safety barrier as well as an ecologically healthy and beautiful Tibet, the regional government has drawn up systematic plans to build and protect Tibet’s ecological environment.

Plans to build and protect Tibet as an ecological safety barrier have been carried out. On February 18, 2009, the 50th executive meeting of the State Council deliberated and approved the Plan for Ecological Safety Barrier Protection and Improvement in Tibet (2008-2030), aiming to complete building the Tibet ecological safety barrier by 2030 with an investment of 15.5 billion yuan. So far, 5.646 billion yuan has been spent on the project. The 10 projects in three categories specified in the Plan, including natural grassland protection, forest fire prevention and pest control operation, wild animal and plant protection and nature reserves construction, key wetland protection, energy substitution program in agricultural and pastoral areas, shelterbelt network building, man-made grassland and deteriorated pastureland improvement, desertification control,water and soil conservation, and ecological safety barrier monitoring, are in full swing.

Biological diversity and key ecological reserves are under effective protection. Currently, Tibet has 47 nature reserves, which cover 412,200 sq km, or 34.35 percent of the total land area of the entire Region. It has also set up 22 ecological reserves (two at state level), four state level scenic spots, nine national forest parks, 10 national wetland parks, and four geological parks (three at state level), wherein 141 wild animal species and 38 species of wild plants are under state protection, 196 indigenous animal species, and 855 indigenous plants and important ecological systems are under effective protection. The large and mediumsized wildlife populations of Tibet lead the country:numbers of Tibetan antelopes have grown from 50,000 to 70,000 in 1995 to more than 200,000, and blacknecked cranes from 1,000 to 3,000 in 1995 to 7,000.Numbers of such rare and endangered species as wild yaks and Tibetan wild donkeys are also steadily growing.

Ecological development in forestry and grassland is making remarkable progress. According to the eighth national survey of forest resources conducted in 2014, the Region’s forest coverage rate was as high as 11.98 percent, covering a total area of 14.7156 million ha. Wood stock accounted for 2.262 billion cubic meters of forest, 2.261 billion cubic meters of virgin forest, and 267 cubic meters per ha. of high forest. The key non-commercial forest totals 10.1127 million ha.Tibet leads the country in terms of per capita forest coverage, stock of forest, virgin forest and high forest,and area of key non-commercial forest. Compared with the third national survey of desertification and sandification, the fourth survey shows a 78,900 ha.decline in desertification and 65,700 ha. decline in sandif i cation in Tibet. This signif i es that the situation has been checked and is now taking a turn for the better. By the end of 2014, there was 84.33 million ha.of natural grassland in Tibet, 70.67 million of which is usable.

Eco-compensation pilot work is progressing.The central government applies eco-compensation policies to forest and grassland etc., in Tibet, having allocated more than four billion yuan each year to the Region. The state has also formulated the Measures for Management of Eco-Compensation Funds for Forest in Tibet Autonomous Region. From 2010, the central budget began granting annual 772 million yuan of eco-compensation to the Region’s noncommercial forest. Based on the pilot work to award grassland ecological protection to fi ve counties from 2009 to 2010, in 2011 a policy to subsidize grassland ecological protection was fully implemented in 74 counties across the Region. It entailed spending 2.00981 billion yuan of subsidies and awards each year on protecting the grassland environment and increasing the income of farmers and herdsmen. The state has implemented the transfer payment policy in key ecological reserves, covering 18 counties of Tibet and spending 1.083 billion yuan in 2014. These measures help to protect key non-commercial forest,prime grassland and key ecological areas.

Tibet takes the lead in building ecological culture. In 2014, the National Development and Reform Commission and five other departments jointly issued the Notice on Building Ecological Culture Demonstration Areas (The First Group),listing Shannan and Nyingchi prefectures as the first group, which will take the lead in conducting independent environmental monitoring and enforcing environmental laws, improving the pollution discharge permit system and enterprise pollutant cap control system, and establishing a lifelong accountability system for environmental damage to explore effective models for building ecological culture in impoverished border areas mostly inhabited by ethnic minorities with rich ecological resources and value.

As the surveys and evaluations of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and relevant departments show,Tibet Plateau boasts a stable and balanced ecological system with a stable eco-quality. Encompassing all terrestrial ecosystems, the Tibetan ecosystems remain important gene pools of China and the entire globe’s biological species, and a key area for biodiversity conservation. Its water, air, noise, soil, radiation,and ecological and environmental quality all remain in good condition, and its rivers, lakes, forests,grasslands, wetlands, glaciers, snow mountains, and wildlife are all under effective protection, most in the Region maintaining their original natural state.

Conclusion

Over the past 50 years, under the fi rm leadership of the CPC and the central government, great changes have taken place in Tibet through implementing regional ethnic autonomy, achieving a historical leapfrog from a backward, impoverished, and isolated society into one which is now progressing,prospering, and open. Practice has fully demonstrated that regional ethnic autonomy is a requirement for Tibet’s development and progress, and conforms to the fundamental interests of all ethnic groups in Tibet. This system fits China’s national conditions and the reality of Tibet, and is thus the right choice for Tibet.

The Region’s ethnic autonomy helps people of all ethnic groups in Tibet become their own masters and enjoy full democratic and extensive economic,social and cultural rights. Over the years, the 14th Dalai Lama clique, in plotting towards “Tibetan independence”, has constantly preached the “middle way”, peddled the concept of a “Greater Tibet”, and lobbied for “a high degree of autonomy”, so negating regional ethnic autonomy and its contribution to Tibet’s progress. The 14th Dalai group’s separatist activities violate the Constitution of China and its state system, and greatly damage the fundamental interests of all ethnic groups in Tibet, which is why they have met strong opposition from all Chinese people, including those of all ethnic groups in Tibet,and hence why they are doomed to fail.

Currently, people of all ethnic groups in Tibet are working hard, along with the whole nation, to build China into a prosperous society in all respects and realize the great dream of rejuvenating the Chinese nation. With the advance of the socialist undertaking with Chinese characteristics, the system of regional ethnic autonomy will be further developed and improved, enabling people of all ethnic groups in Tibet to be their own masters at an even higher level.