浙江

浙江省新高考英語試卷的最大亮點是出現了兩種不同類型的書面表達，即概要寫作和讀后續(xù)寫。不同于常為記敘文的讀后續(xù)寫，概要寫作則以說明文體或議論文體為主，側重考查學生的概括能力和語言組織能力。要求考生在語言內容的精煉性、語言知識的準確性以及高級性和篇章結構的銜接性三方面做到完美有機的統一，從而體現考生的大局控制能力、信息濃縮能力和創(chuàng)新表達能力。筆者著力從解題困難分析和應對策略探究兩個角度入手破解概要寫作這一題型，希望能夠起到拋磚引玉的作用，引起大家的共同思考。

一、概要寫作題型解題困難分析

概要寫作作為一種側重于考查邏輯的寫作題型，所選篇章往往比較生僻和抽象，請看下面一篇講述有關最近中國流行的“共享單車”的說明文：

China’s bike-sharing has exploded from nothing about a year ago into a transport phenomenon in major cities.Just by scanning the QR code（二維碼）that appears behind the seat,one can unlock a shared bicycle.Once the service has finished,the user blocks the bike and the total is charged to his mobile account.The process lasts less than 30 seconds and costs no more than one penny.By the way, there are still no fixed places to find or leave a bike, although areas such as university campus, and metro or bus station are preferred.

Many young people believe shared bicycles have many advantages.They are not expensive to rent, they do not have to be protected from thieves, and there is no need to repair them.You just have to change them for another one.They are also environment friendly and lower the use of cars, which also helps to relieve traffic.In fact, it is considered an awesome combination of technology and tradition.

Since they appeared, shared bicycles have raised a lot of dust.There is no doubt of the benefits but the disadvantages cannot be ignored.Many problems related to shared bicycles have emerged.It is due to bad behavior from some users who always want to seize the bicycles, but also because of the mess that has been created since one can leave the bicycle anywhere, which is against public urban order management.There are so many poorly parked bikes that sometimes they end up blocking streets.

In Xi Luoyuan, Beijing, the“Civilized Use of Bicycles”campaign has been launched.In addition to having 40 officially permitted stops, there are also clear signals to lead users to these stops.A team of supervisors keep order in the area.This is the first area that is part of an official system to manage bicycles.The purpose of this campaign is to solve the mess that the popularity of shared bicycles is causing in Beijing, both with the participation of companies and the users.If the pilot plan works out well in Xi Luoyuan, it will be extended to all of the cities in China.

在分析本篇文章時，學生們存在的最大困難是無法理解整篇文章的脈絡體系，不知道整篇文章的主題所在，被文章曲曲折折的表達內容所迷惑，在形成自己的思路時只能東拼西湊，不能突出重點，典型的缺陷篇章呈現如下：

The process of bike-sharing lasts less than 30 seconds and costs no more than one penny, so many people like it.(要點一)It can also protect the environment and reduce the traffic.(要點二)It also has some problems.(要點三)Beijing has begun a campaign to promote this practice and it will be successful soon.(要點四)(51 words)

上文沒有任何語言上的錯誤，內容上也緊緊扣住了上面篇章的內容，但是主題上沒有突出重點，把一些無關緊要的信息寫了出來，而對一些重點的內容卻忽略不提，所以很難取得高分，筆者在判分時給本文打了10分（滿分25分），屬于中下檔次。

第二種常見的學生在解答這種題型時所面臨的困難是雖然抓住了整篇文章的中心思想，但是在處理時沒有平衡布局，只是著重講述某一方面的內容，使文章結構顯得非常不合理，沒有反映出作者的真正意圖。

具體到本篇文章，有些學生在寫共享單車的優(yōu)點上花了很多筆墨，但是限于字數，對于其他內容，如共享單車的流行、共享單車的弊端和共享單車的推廣等方面則一點也沒有提到，也是犯了結構不合理的錯誤。

還有一種困難是一些基礎知識非常薄弱的學生，對于字詞理解方面存在著很大的困難，例如對于第三段第一句Since they appeared, shared bicycles have raised a lot of dust.中的dust一詞，不少學生誤認為這里dust就是“灰塵”的意思，所以在寫文章時出現了“If there are too many sharing bikes, the air will be polluted.” 和“However, a lot of dust will appear with the popularity of sharing bikes.” 等句子。實際上，這里的dust屬于比喻的寫作手法，這里表示“problems” 的意思。除了詞匯方面的問題之外，學生們在句型理解上也存在著不少困難，不能夠正確地掌握定語從句、名詞性從句、狀語從句、強調句和倒裝句等長難句的使用，凡此種種都構成了概要寫作的困難。

二、概要寫作題型應對策略探究

針對上面所談到的概要寫作解題所面臨的困難，筆者建議從細處入手，從邏輯角度層層推進，從定性—摳詞—組句—成文4個具體步驟入手，克服學生存在的解答此類題型的種種困難，使他們能夠取得滿意的分數。

1.定性

對于篇章內容，我們可以使用粗體（指代褒義）、正常（指代中性）、斜體（指代貶義）3種不同的形式確定不同段落、不同句子所表達的不同意思，從而概括、確定整篇文章所包含的中心大意，我們不妨再以剛才那篇共享單車的文章為例來說明這個問題：

China’s bike-sharing has exploded from nothing about a year ago into a transport phenomenon in major cities.Just by scanning the QR code （二維碼）that appears behind the seat, one can unlock a shared bicycle.Once the service has finished, the user blocks the bike and the total is charged to his mobile account.The process lasts less than 30 seconds and costs no more than one penny.By the way, there are still no fixed places to find or leave a bike, although areas such as university campus, and metro or bus station are preferred.

Many young people believe shared bicycles have many advantages.They are not expensive to rent, they do not have to be protected from thieves, and there is no need to repair them.You just have to change them for another one.They are also environment friendly and lower the use of cars, which also helps to relieve traffic.In fact, it is considered an awesome combination of technology and tradition.

Since they appeared, shared bicycles have raised a lot of dust.There is no doubt of the benefits but the disadvantages cannot be ignored.Many problems related to shared bicycles have emerged.It is due to bad behavior from some users who always want to seize the bicycles, but also because of the mess that has been created since one can leave the bicycle anywhere, which is against public urban order management.There are so many poorly parked bikes that sometimes they end up blocking streets.

In Xi Luoyuan, Beijing, the“Civilized Use of Bicycles”campaign has been launched.In addition to having 40 officially permitted stops, there are also clear signals to lead users to these stops.A team of supervisors keep order in the area.This is the first area that is part of an official system to manage bicycles.The purpose of this campaign is to solve the mess that the popularity of shared bicycles is causing in Beijing, both with the participation of companies and the users.If the pilot plan works out well in Xi Luoyuan, it will be extended to all of the cities in China.

從上文可以看出第一段是中性為主，褒義為輔。第二段文字則通段褒義，第三段文字是通段貶義，而第四段文字前面以中性為主，最后以褒義收官。從整體上來說，整篇文章還是褒義居多，中性輔之，整體上看來是一個正能量十足的篇章。

2.摳詞

確定好性質之后，接下來要考慮的問題是摳出每段文字中的關鍵詞，把這些重點詞劃出來，而且要著重強調。每段的關鍵詞實際上就是概要寫作的骨架，每一個要點都應該圍繞著這些關鍵詞展開，所以在確定的時候必須要慎之又慎，否則最后的行文很容易偏離軌道，取輕而舍重。

我們再回到剛才提到的共享單車的那篇說明文，摳出以下關鍵詞：

China’s bike-sharing has exploded from nothing about a year ago into a transport phenomenon in major cities.

Just by scanning the QR code （二維碼）that appears behind the seat, one can unlock a shared bicycle.Once the service has finished, the user blocks the bike and the total is charged to his mobile account.The process lasts less than 30 seconds and costs no more than one penny.By the way, there are still no fixed places to find or leave a bike, although areas such as university campus, and metro or bus station are preferred.

Many young people believe shared bicycles have many advantages.They are not expensive to rent, they do not have to be protected from thieves, and there is no need to repair them.You just have to change them for another one.They are also environment friendly and lower the use of cars, which also helps to relieve traffic.In fact, it is considered an awesome combination of technology and tradition.

Since they appeared, shared bicycles have raised a lot of dust.There is no doubt of the benefits but the disadvantages cannot be ignored.Many problems related to shared bicycles have emerged.It is due to bad behavior from some users who always want to seize the bicycles, but also because of the mess that has been created since one can leave the bicycle anywhere, which is against public urban order management.There are so many poorly parked bikes that sometimes they end up blocking streets.

In Xi Luoyuan, Beijing, the“Civilized Use of Bicycles”campaign has been launched.In addition to having 40 officially permitted stops, there are also clear signals to lead users to these stops.A team of supervisors keep order in the area.This is the first area that is part of an official system to manage bicycles.The purpose of this campaign is to solve the mess that the popularity of shared bicycles is causing in Beijing, both with the participation of companies and the users.If the pilot plan works out well in Xi Luoyuan, it will be extended to all of the cities in China.

閱讀完上面一篇文章后，主題詞語呼之欲出：

1.Popularity（要點一）

2.Advantages (brief details)（要點二）

3.Problems (brief details)（要點三）

4.Extension (condition)（要點四）

3.組句

根據每一段摳出來的不同性質的關鍵詞，我們可以結合文章的具體語境，使用自己的語言組成一句符合邏輯、語言正確和高級的句子，對于上面一篇文章，筆者就每一個要點都提供語義相同但是表達方式不一樣的兩個句子,以便相互對照:

要點一：

表達方式 1: China’s shared bicycles are gaining increasing popularity with the public as a cheap and convenient transport option.

表達方式 2: China’s shared bicycles are becoming more and more popular with the public thanks to its low cost and great convenience.

要點二：

表達方式 1: Bike-sharing helps people enjoy an environment friendly life by relieving traffic and reducing pollution.

表達方式 2: The advantage of bike-sharing is that it can lessen the pressure of traffic as well as building up good environment.

要點三：

表達方式1: The bad behavior of some users and the mess they cause also lead to some problems.

表達方式2: There is no denying that some problems with it also arise because of the casual behaviors of users and the mess caused by them.

要點四：

表達方式1: Beijing has launched a campaign to regulate bike-parking, which will hopefully set a good example to the rest of China.

表達方式 2: Nevertheless, this practice will be promoted to other places in China as long as it is tested wonderfully in Beijing.

4.成文

在組句之后，臨門一腳是必須把所有句子串成一篇前后連貫、表達自然的文章，注意在成文時必不可少的是連接詞（包括連詞和副詞）的使用，如果要表示并列關系，我們往往使用besides, in addition, additionally, what’s more等；如果要表示轉折關系，我們可以使用however, on the contrary, on the other hand等；如果要表示總結關系，我們則應該用all in all, to sum up, in a word, in summary等。連詞可以使文章行文更加符合邏輯、更加連貫。

對于上面一篇文章，我們可以概要寫作成文兩篇：

范文一 : China’s shared bicycles are gaining increasing popularity with the public as a cheap and convenient transport option.Bike-sharing helps people enjoy an environment friendly life by relieving traffic and reducing pollution.However, the bad behavior of some users and the mess they cause also lead to some problems.Beijing has launched a campaign to regulate bike-parking, which will hopefully set a good example to the rest of China.(68 words)

范文二 : China’s shared bicycles are becoming more and more popular with the public thanks to its low cost and great convenience.The advantage of bike-sharing is that it can lessen the pressure of traffic as well as building up good environment.But there is no denying that some problems with it also arise because of the casual behaviors of users and the mess caused by them.Nevertheless, this practice will be promoted to other places in China as long as it is tested wonderfully in Beijing.(85 words)

概要寫作作為浙江省高考新題型，肯定會給考生帶來不少解題上的困難，但是如果學生能夠遵循“定性—摳詞—組句—成文”四部曲法，一定能夠輕松攻克概要寫作這一堡壘，取得高考的勝利。