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不同氮水平下橡膠樹氮素貯藏及翌年分配利用特性

2019-01-09 07:09張永發(fā)吳小平王文斌陳艷彬羅雪華薛欣欣王大鵬趙春梅
熱帶作物學報 2019年12期
關鍵詞:氮素橡膠樹樹體

張永發(fā) 吳小平 王文斌 陳艷彬 羅雪華 薛欣欣 王大鵬 趙春梅

摘 ?要??以2年生幼齡橡膠樹為試材,采用落葉期換土移栽法,利用15N同位素示蹤技術,研究了少量施氮(N28)、適量施氮(N56)和過量施氮(N84)3個氮素水平下幼樹的生長差異及氮吸收、利用和分配特性。結果表明:適量施氮肥利于樹體生長。以N28處理為對照,N56和N84處理均通過促進根系生長進而促進地上部生長,且N56處理對地上部生長的促進作用較N84更為顯著。N28、N56和N84處理橡膠樹當年氮肥利用率分別為47.55%、46.83%、39.09%,在第2年春季第一蓬葉穩(wěn)定期后,各處理氮肥利用率分別為44.49%、43.79%、38.17%。橡膠樹氮素的主要貯藏部位為主干和根系,其15N分配率為59.58%左右,主干木質部的15N分配率最高,N28、N56和N84處理分別為24.65%、28.69%和25.50%;3個處理地上部枝干中的15N分配率為76.85%(N28)、78.24%(N56)和75.51%(N84)。經(jīng)過春季的重新再利用,第1年吸收貯藏的氮素由枝干和根系向新生器官(新梢木質部、新梢皮部、葉片及葉柄)大量運轉,滿足其生長發(fā)育的需要;N28、N56和N84處理新生器官中的Ndff%較高,分別為9.60%~11.31%、18.39%~21.43%和31.67%~34.04%,而主干木質部中的Ndff%較低,分別為3.86%、7.90%和13.77%。貯藏氮在橡膠樹春季器官的生長發(fā)育中起到重要作用,3個處理新生器官中的15N分配率為50.60%(N28)、53.98%(N56)和53.28%(N84)。適量施氮水平下15N在地上部枝干中的貯藏比例較高,翌年新生器官中的分配率也高,有利于橡膠樹氮素的季節(jié)性循環(huán)利用及生長發(fā)育的需要。

關鍵詞 ?幼齡橡膠樹;15N-尿素;貯藏;分配利用中圖分類號??S794.1??????文獻標識碼??A

Effects of Different N Rates on Storage and Remobilization of Urea-15N by Rubber Tree

ZHANG Yongfa1,3,4,5, WU Xiaoping1,3,4,5, WANG Wenbin1,3,4,5*, CHEN Yanbin1,2, LUO Xuehua1,3,4,5,XUE Xinxin1,3,4,5, WANG Dapeng1,3,4,5, ZHAO Chunmei1,3,4,5

1.?Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China; 2.?Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China; 3. Soil and Fertilizer Research Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences,?Haikou, Hainan 571101, China; 4. Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, Hainan 571101,?China; 5. State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China

Abstract ?Two-year old young rubber trees?were used as the materials. The soil transfer?in?leaf fall periods method and15N isotope tracer?technique were used to study the growth difference, nitrogen absorption, utilization and distribution characteristics of young rubber trees using three levels of N: less nitrogen (N28), proper nitrogen (N56) and over-dose nitrogen (N84). Results showed?that the rational application rate of nitrogen fertilizer could promote the growth of young rubber trees?in the current and following year. The N56and N84treatments promoted root growth and then above ground growth, and the N56treatment had a better promotion effect than the N84treatment on the shoot growth. The nitrogen use efficiency of rubber trees treatments with N28, N56and N84was?47.55%, 46.83% and 39.09%,?respectively. After the first leaf stabilization period in the spring of the second year, the nitrogen use efficiency of each treatment was 44.49%, 43.79% and 38.17%,?correspondingly. The main storage sites of nitrogen in young rubber trees?were trunks?and roots, with the15N distribution rate of about 59.58%, and the15N distribution rate in the xylem of trunks?was the highest. That for the?N28, N56and N84treatment was?24.65%, 28.69% and 25.50%, respectively. The15N distribution rate of the ground shoots?of the three treatments was N2876.85%, N5678.24% and N8475.51%. After reuse in spring,?the?nitrogen absorbed and stored in the first year was transported to?new organs (xylem of new shoots, bark of new shoots, leaves and petioles) in large quantities through branches and roots, meeting the needs of growth and development of seedlings. Among them, Ndff% of new growth organs of treatments with N28, N56and N84was the highest, 9.60%-11.31%, 18.39%-21.43% and 31.67%-34.04% respectively. However, Ndff% in the xylem of trunks?was the lowest, 3.86%, 7.90% and 13.77% respectively. Nitrogen storage played?an important role in the growth and development of the organs?of young rubber trees?in spring. The15N distribution rates in the?new growth organs?of the three treatments?was?N2850.60%, N5653.98% and N8453.28%. Under the appropriate nitrogen application level, the storage ratio of15N in trunks and roots were higher, and the distribution ratio in?new growth organs in the following year was also higher. This had a very important role in the seasonal recycling of nitrogen in young rubber trees?and their growth and development.

全氮含量和15N豐度測定:用百萬分之一天平稱樣1~3 mg,樣品用錫紙杯包裹后,擠壓緊實。釆用元素分析儀(Thermo Flash EA1112)-穩(wěn)定性同位素質譜聯(lián)用儀(GV IsoPrime JB312)測定植株樣品中全氮含量和15N豐度。

1.3數(shù)據(jù)處理

植株器官的Ndff%是指器官從肥料氮中吸收分配到的氮量對該器官全氮量的貢獻率,它反映了植株器官對肥料氮的吸收征調能力[18]。

Ndff%=(植株中15N豐度%?自然豐度%)/(肥料中15N豐度%?自然豐度%)×100;

總氮量(g)=干物重(g)×N%;

15N吸收量(mg)=總氮量(g)×Ndff%×1000;

氮肥分配率=[各器官15N吸收氮量(mg)/15N總吸收氮量(mg)]×100%;

氮肥利用率=15N吸收量(g)/施氮量(g)×100%。

所有數(shù)據(jù)均采用Microsoft Excel 2016軟件進行圖表繪制,LSD法進行差異顯著性比較,SPSS 25.0軟件進行單因素方差分析。

2 ?結果與分析

2.1施氮水平對幼齡橡膠樹生長的影響

由表1可知,在落葉期,不同施氮水平對樹體生長影響顯著(P<0.05),隨著施氮水平增加樹體干重有增加趨勢,N56處理樹體干重比N28處理顯著提高了33.15%,N84處理樹體干重比N56處理顯著降低了22.79%;穩(wěn)定期,N56處理樹體干重比N28處理提高了4.54%,N84處理樹體干重比N56處理降低了11.32%;表明在適量施氮水平下樹體生物量最大,繼續(xù)增加氮素供應反而不利于樹體生長,適量氮條件下才能促進樹體生長。

從N28到N56,落葉期N56處理根系生長比N28處理顯著提高了26.00%,但根冠比較N28處理降低了4.47%;穩(wěn)定期N56處理根系生長比N28處理提高了3.76%,但根冠比較N28處理降低了3.36%;表明適量施氮水平對地上部生長的促進作用較根系更為明顯。從N56到N84,落葉期N84處理根系生長比N56處理顯著降低了21.84%,根冠比較N56處理降低了1.70%,表明過量施氮水平對地上部生長的促進作用較根系更為明顯;穩(wěn)定期N84處理根系生長比N56處理降低了3.30%,但根冠比較N56處理顯著提高了14.27%,表明過量施氮水平對根系生長的促進作用較地上部更為顯著。

2.2施氮水平對幼齡橡膠樹氮肥利用率的影響

由表2可知,不同施氮水平對植株總氮量、15N吸收量及15N利用率影響顯著(P<0.05)。落

葉期N56處理植株總氮量比N28處理提高了10.28%,N84處理植株總氮量比N56處理顯著降低了23.32%;穩(wěn)定期N56處理植株總氮量比N28處理提高了3.83%,N84處理植株總氮量比N56處理顯著降低了21.13%;表明在適量氮條件下植株總氮量最大,繼續(xù)增加氮素供應不利于植株總氮量的積累。落葉期N56處理氮肥利用率比N28處理降低了1.51%,N84處理氮肥利用率比N56處理顯著降低了16.53%;穩(wěn)定期N56處理氮肥利用率比N28處理降低了1.57%,N84處理氮肥利用率比N56處理顯著降低了12.83%;表明超過適量氮條件下,樹體氮肥利用率隨著氮肥施用量的增加而降低。

2.3施氮水平對落葉期貯藏15N的影響

從表3可以看出,落葉期不同施氮處理對植株各器官中的Ndff%影響顯著(P<0.05)。3個不同施氮處理均以細根中的Ndff%最大,一年生枝皮部次之,主根中的Ndff%最小。肥料氮素在地上部各器官中的Ndff%隨各器官生理年齡的增加而減小,且枝干皮部均高于其木質部;地下部細根中的Ndff%最大,其次是粗根,主根中的Ndff%最小。N84處理各器官中的Ndff%(13.00%~?46.64%)差異較大,且顯著高于N28處理(5.54%~?26.65%)和N56處理(8.73%~35.79%)的對應器官。因此,氮肥供應主要用于樹體當年生長發(fā)育的需要,過量施氮水平對各器官中的Ndff%影響較大,細根對肥料氮素的吸收征調能力最強。

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