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果蔗-花生不同間種處理對(duì)產(chǎn)量、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和土壤理化性狀的影響

2019-01-09 07:09劉宇鋒潘增寶蘇天明曾成城梁芷姮
熱帶作物學(xué)報(bào) 2019年12期
關(guān)鍵詞:間作單株產(chǎn)值

劉宇鋒 潘增寶 蘇天明 曾成城 梁芷姮

摘 ?要??本文研究了田間栽培條件下,3種果蔗-花生間作處理[1行果蔗間種2行花生(T2)、1行果蔗間種1行花生(T1)、果蔗單種(T0)]對(duì)果蔗、花生產(chǎn)量和種植前后土壤理化性狀的影響,并對(duì)不同間種處理的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益、土地當(dāng)量比進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果表明:與T0相比,T2、T1間種處理對(duì)果蔗、花生產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素和單產(chǎn)均無(wú)顯著影響。比較種植前和收獲后土壤理化指標(biāo),T2和T1間種處理,均顯著增加了土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)和土壤堿解N含量并降低了土壤速效鉀含量,T2間種處理效果更為明顯。通過(guò)對(duì)3種間種處理的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益分析,與T0相比較,T2和T12種間種處理均能顯著地增加單位面積的土地收益,土地當(dāng)量比分別為1.94和1.72,提高了土地利用率;其中T2處理間種優(yōu)勢(shì)更加明顯。并通過(guò)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益構(gòu)成因素的相關(guān)分析,進(jìn)一步明確了果蔗間種花生雖然部分增加種植成本,但能提高總產(chǎn)值和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。綜上所述,在3種間種處理中,1行果蔗間種2行花生(T2)處理對(duì)土壤影響較小,果蔗、花生產(chǎn)量和土地利用率、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益較高的間種方式。

關(guān)鍵詞 ?果蔗-花生間種;產(chǎn)量;土壤理化性狀;經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,土地當(dāng)量比中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)??S344.2?????文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼??A

Effects of Different Chewing Cane–peanut Intercropping Treatments on Yield, Economic Benefit and Soil Physicochemical Properties

LIU Yufeng1, PAN Zengbao2, SU Tianming1, ZENG Chengcheng1, LIANG Zhiheng1

1. Agricultural Resources and Environment Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China; 2. Nanning Longlian Baomin Chewing Cane Planting Professional Cooperative, Nanning, Guangxi 530299, China

Abstract ?A one-factor field experiment of randomized block design was carried out to investigate the yield, economic benefit of chewing cane and peanut, as well as the soil physicochemical properties before planting (BP) and after harvest (AH) under different chewing cane–peanut intercropping treatments. Three intercropping treatments including chewing cane–peanut (1:2) intercropping (T2), chewing cane–peanut (1:1) intercropping (T1) and chewing cane mono-cropping (T0) were designed. Compared with T0, chewing cane–peanut intercropping patterns (T2and T1) had no significant effect on the agronomic traits yield of chewing cane and peanut. Analysis results on the soil physicochemical index before planting (BP) and after harvest (AH) indicated that the chewing cane–peanut intercropping patterns could significantly increase soil organic matter and soil available nitrogen contents, but decrease soil available potassium contents, and the effect of T2was more obvious than that of T1. The economic benefit of chewing cane–peanut intercropping patterns could significantly increase the total output and economic benefit. The benefits of chewing cane–peanut (1:2) intercropping (T2) was significantly higher than that of chewing cane–peanut (1:1) intercropping (T1).?The land equivalent ratio (LER) of chewing cane–peanut intercropping patterns of T2and T1was 1.94 and 1.72, respectively. It is suggested that LER of chewing cane–peanut intercropping patterns was significantly higher than that of T0. The correlation analysis of output, cost and profit among the three chewing cane–peanut intercropping patterns showed that chewing cane–peanut intercropping partly increased planting cost, but significantly enhanced the gross output and profit. In conclusion, chewing cane–peanut (1:2) intercropping (T2) had minimal impact on the yield of chewing cane and peanut, and soil physicochemical properties, and also the best economic benefit among the treatments.

1.2.3 ?分析項(xiàng)目與方法??(1)果蔗農(nóng)藝指標(biāo)和產(chǎn)量分析。果蔗收獲前調(diào)查各試驗(yàn)小區(qū)果蔗株高、有效莖數(shù)、莖徑和單株莖重等4項(xiàng)農(nóng)藝指標(biāo)。具體測(cè)定方法:每小區(qū)隨機(jī)調(diào)查果蔗15株;株高為果蔗砍伐后從根基部到最高可見(jiàn)肥厚帶的距離,使用直尺測(cè)量;莖徑為植株中部節(jié)間中間正對(duì)芽方向兩側(cè)的直徑,使用游標(biāo)卡尺測(cè)量;株高超過(guò)1.3 m以上的植株數(shù)即為有效莖數(shù);削去果蔗蔗葉和尾梢后的莖干質(zhì)量為單株莖重。果蔗收獲時(shí)計(jì)算試驗(yàn)小區(qū)果蔗的實(shí)際產(chǎn)量,并折算為果蔗單位面積公頃產(chǎn)量。

(2)花生農(nóng)藝指標(biāo)和產(chǎn)量分析?;ㄉ斋@前,各試驗(yàn)小區(qū)隨機(jī)拔取5株花生植株進(jìn)行考種,測(cè)定花生株高、單株分支數(shù)、單株飽果數(shù)、單株莢果重等4項(xiàng)花生農(nóng)藝指標(biāo),并計(jì)算飽果率。收獲時(shí)測(cè)定試驗(yàn)小區(qū)花生實(shí)際產(chǎn)量,并折算為花生單位面積公頃產(chǎn)量。

(3)土壤理化性狀分析。果蔗種植前(before plant,BP)和果蔗收獲后(after harvest,AH),分別按5點(diǎn)“S”型采樣法分別采集各試驗(yàn)小區(qū)20 cm深度的土壤耕層土樣。土樣采集混合后按四份法取樣,風(fēng)干后對(duì)各試驗(yàn)小區(qū)土壤樣品進(jìn)行pH、電導(dǎo)率(EC)、有機(jī)質(zhì)含量、全氮、全磷、全鉀、堿解氮、速效磷和速效鉀等9項(xiàng)土壤理化指標(biāo)進(jìn)行測(cè)定。

(4)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益分析。調(diào)查3種果蔗-花生間種處理的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益情況,包括果蔗產(chǎn)值、花生產(chǎn)值、總產(chǎn)值、成本和利潤(rùn)等5項(xiàng)指標(biāo),對(duì)3種果蔗-花生間種處理的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益進(jìn)行分析。主要計(jì)算公式如下:

產(chǎn)值=單位面積產(chǎn)量×產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)價(jià)格

總產(chǎn)值=果蔗產(chǎn)值+花生產(chǎn)值

成本=種苗成本+肥料成本+農(nóng)藥成本+

人工成本

利潤(rùn)=總產(chǎn)值?總成本

果蔗、花生價(jià)格按2018年當(dāng)季市場(chǎng)價(jià)格計(jì)算,其中果蔗價(jià)格按1200元/t,花生價(jià)格按8?元/kg分別折算相應(yīng)的單位面積產(chǎn)值。種植成本包括種苗、肥料、農(nóng)藥和人工等4部分費(fèi)用組成,果蔗種苗按960元/667?m2進(jìn)行計(jì)算,花生種苗費(fèi)按96元/667?m2進(jìn)行計(jì)算。肥料、農(nóng)藥按實(shí)際購(gòu)買(mǎi)價(jià)格計(jì)算。由于花生種植管理投入較少,人工成本按當(dāng)?shù)仄骄?000元/667?m2進(jìn)行計(jì)算。

(5)土地當(dāng)量比測(cè)算??土地當(dāng)量比(land equivalent ratio,LER)用于衡量間作處理的優(yōu)劣[5, 16],計(jì)算公式如下:

LER=

式中:Yib、Yis分別為間作果蔗和花生單位面積產(chǎn)量;YsbYss分別為單作果蔗和單作花生單位面積產(chǎn)量。若LER>1,表明間作存在優(yōu)勢(shì);若LER<1,為間作不存在優(yōu)勢(shì)。

1.3數(shù)據(jù)處理

采用Microsoft Excel 2010軟件和IBM SPSS 24.0軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。對(duì)3種果蔗-花生間種處理的果蔗、花生農(nóng)藝指標(biāo)和產(chǎn)量,種植前后土壤理化指標(biāo)和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益進(jìn)行單因素方差分析;并對(duì)不同間種處理的果蔗產(chǎn)值、花生產(chǎn)值、總產(chǎn)值、成本和利潤(rùn)進(jìn)行相關(guān)分析。使用Origin 2019軟件對(duì)種植前后土壤理化性狀變化和土地當(dāng)量比進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)作圖。

2??結(jié)果與分析

2.1果蔗-花生不同間種處理對(duì)果蔗產(chǎn)量的影響

由表1可知,3種果蔗-花生間種處理間對(duì)果蔗莖徑、單株莖重和產(chǎn)量無(wú)顯著性差異。間種處理果蔗株高均高于果蔗單種處理,而間種處理有效莖數(shù)卻低于單種處理。T2、T1處理果蔗株高分別較對(duì)照T0株高增加了5.1%和19.0%;T2和T1處理的單株莖重高于對(duì)照T0單株莖重的5.8%和22.6%。果蔗-花生間種處理(T2、T1)有效莖數(shù)分別較果蔗單種處理T0降低6.3%和16.7%。果蔗產(chǎn)量在T2與T0之間無(wú)明顯差異,而T1果蔗產(chǎn)量較T0增加了3.1%。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明果蔗-花生間種對(duì)果蔗產(chǎn)量沒(méi)有負(fù)面影響,反而部分增加果蔗產(chǎn)量,其中T1處理果蔗增產(chǎn)幅度較大,產(chǎn)量達(dá)到了111.6 t/hm2。

2.2果蔗-花生不同間種處理對(duì)花生產(chǎn)量的影響

不同果蔗間種花生處理對(duì)花生農(nóng)藝性狀和產(chǎn)量影響分析發(fā)現(xiàn),T2和T1的花生株高、單株分支數(shù)和單株飽果數(shù)之間無(wú)顯著性差異,而T2處理單株莢果重、飽果率和百果重較T1分別降低11.0%、7.3%和2.8%(表2)。T2處理的花生單產(chǎn)較T1增加了3.6%,但2種間種處理間花生產(chǎn)量差異未達(dá)到顯著性水平。

果蔗間種1行花生(T1)處理花生的株高、單株分支數(shù)、單株飽果數(shù)、單株莢果重、飽果率和百果重等6項(xiàng)農(nóng)藝性狀指標(biāo)高于果蔗間種2行花生(T2)的各項(xiàng)指標(biāo),這是由于果蔗行間只間種1行花生對(duì)土壤地力、肥、水的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)壓力低于果蔗間種2行花生的處理。而在相對(duì)接近的土地面積上由于間種量的增加,而導(dǎo)致T2的花生產(chǎn)量要高于T1的花生產(chǎn)量。

3.3果蔗-花生不同間種處理對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的影響

農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)是以高產(chǎn)、高效為目的的生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)和經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng),經(jīng)濟(jì)效益高低是衡量農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)成功與否的重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[22]。果蔗-花生間種處理的果蔗產(chǎn)值與果蔗單種處理沒(méi)有明顯差異。2種間種處理間,花生產(chǎn)值差異也不明顯,但T2和T1間種處理利潤(rùn)分別66 610?元/hm2和70 648?元/hm2,利潤(rùn)分別比對(duì)照T0處理增加了34.4%和42.6%。通過(guò)產(chǎn)值、成本和利潤(rùn)的相關(guān)分析表明,花生產(chǎn)值、果蔗產(chǎn)值與利潤(rùn)均呈正相關(guān),且花生產(chǎn)值的影響效果更為明顯,這也從側(cè)面說(shuō)明了果蔗間種花生的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益更好。這與李志賢等[5]、譚裕模等[13]的研究結(jié)果一致。在本研究中通過(guò)土地當(dāng)量比分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)T2、T1處理的土地當(dāng)量比分別為1.94、1.72,而果蔗單種T0的土地當(dāng)量比只有0.83,進(jìn)一步證明了T2處理在3種試驗(yàn)間種模式中具有更大的優(yōu)勢(shì)。果蔗間作花生土地復(fù)種指數(shù)增加,作物產(chǎn)量和經(jīng)濟(jì)收入提高,因此,果蔗間作花生不僅提高了土地利用率,也提高了間作群體的整體經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。

4??結(jié)論

試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,果蔗-花生間種對(duì)果蔗產(chǎn)量無(wú)明顯影響,果蔗間種花生對(duì)土壤pH無(wú)顯著影響,能顯著增加土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量,增加土壤堿解N含量并降低土壤速效K含量。間種處理單位面積經(jīng)濟(jì)效益較單種增加30%~40%,T2處理效果更為明顯。綜合分析3種果蔗-花生間種模式對(duì)果蔗、花生產(chǎn)量、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和土壤的影響,1行果蔗間種2行花生(T2處理)對(duì)果蔗、花生產(chǎn)量和土壤影響較小,土地利用率和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益最優(yōu)的間種處理,是一種值得推廣應(yīng)用的果蔗-花生間種模式。

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