孫飛
摘要:本文通過實例淺析了定語從句的??茧y點,如有不當之處, 望大家批評指正。
關鍵詞:定語從句;關系詞;成分;例句
中圖分類號:G632.0 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:1992-7711(2018)07-0082
定語從句是高中階段的一個重要語法內容,很多學生對此掌握的不是很好,現對學生在使用過程中常碰到的一些稍難問題進行分析講解,希望有所幫助,如有不當之處,望大家批評指正。
首先要理解定語從句的概念——修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句被稱為定語從句??匆粋€例子:She is the girl (whom) I met at the party.
從定義我們得出:1. 從句是跟在名詞或代詞之后的,并起修飾作用。2. 從句部分須缺成分,所缺的成分由先行詞充當。分析先行詞在從句中所充當的成分來確定用關系代詞還是關系副詞。
例句中先行詞返回從句應為:I met the girl at the party.
The girl 在從句中作賓語,因此用關系代詞whom或省略。
再分析一個句子:I will never forget the day ____ I went to university.
先行詞the day 返回從句應為:I went to university on the day. The day 在從句中作時間狀語,因此用when 或on which.
再來看以下幾種定語從句中的稍難現象。
(1)關系代詞前有時會出現加介詞的情況,如何選擇介詞
e.g: The man ____ she is married is an engineer.(和她結婚的那個人是個工程師。)
把先行詞the man 返回從句為:she is married to the man.
和某人結婚的固定搭配為:be married to sb ,因此介詞to 不能丟。
先行詞為人,用介詞+whom;先行詞為物,用介詞﹢which。
答案為:to whom
再看幾組:①This is the book ____ I spent five yuan. ②This is the book______I paid five yuan.③This is the book_____I learnt a lot.
完整的從句分別為:I spent five yuan on the book
I paid five yuan for the book
I learnt a lot from the book
答案為:① on which ② for which ③ from which
由此,我們可以看出正確的介詞是根據從句所要表達的意思和它的固定搭配選擇的。
(2)As 的用法
①As 用于限定性定語從句時,只用在such,the same的后面。請看例句:He will repeat such points as are discussed in the book./Such a student as works hard will be sure to succeed./He is not the same playboy as we knew.
②As引導的非限定性定語從句指代整個句子可位于句首,而which只能位于句末。
e.g: As is known to all, the earth is round./The earth is round, which/as is known to all.
這里區(qū)別開三個??季涫剑篒t is known to all that the earth is round.(主語從句)/As is known to all,the earth is round.(定語從句)What is known to all is that the earth is round.(主語從句 表語從句)
③定語從句中出現插入語(sb think sb know sb believe sb suppose) 時,這類插入語不計入成分。
e.g: He is the boy____ you think is marys brother.
A. who B. whom C. / D. whose
先行詞為the boy,you think 作為插入語不計入成分,那么the boy 就作為從句的主語。答案為A.在做此類含插入語的定語從句時,可直接將插入語刪掉,再看先行詞在從句中作什么成分以確定關系詞。
④以疑問句開始的定語從句需把疑問句先變成陳述句以確定先行詞。
e.g: Is this the factory____ your father works.
A. that B. where C. on which D. that one
Is this factory_____ we visited last year.
A. where B. in which C. the one D. at which
第一句變成陳述句為:This is the factory your father works.
先行詞為 the factory,返回從句中應為:your father works in the factory
因此 the factory 作了從句的地點狀語,選B.
第二句變?yōu)殛愂鼍錇椋簍his factory is we visited last year.
主句缺表語,也就是說從句缺先行詞。在先行詞之后還需關系詞。那么,這個題需要先補充先行詞再確定關系詞。根據句意:這個工廠就是去年我們參觀過的工廠。先行詞應為the factory.為了避免重復,我們用the one代替。先行詞返回從句應在visited之后作賓語。這樣,關系詞可用which/that或不填。答案為C.因此,做此類題時應先把一般疑問句變?yōu)殛愂鼍湟源_定先行詞再做。
⑤That 引起的定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別。
看兩個例子:The news he told us was very exicting.
He has brought us the news our team has won the game.
A. what B. as C. that D. where
這兩個從句前都為名詞,有別于主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和狀語從句。有必要進行比較。第一句的從句缺成分,完整從句為:he told us the news.需要the news 作從句的賓語,因此,第一句為定語從句,答案為which/that或不填。第二句中從句不需要the news 充當成分,從句完整并且是對the news的解釋說明,因而此句為同位語從句。只能由that 連接。這兩題都選that,但在第一句中它有指代作用且可以省略。而在第二句中that只起連接作用不能省略。
⑥定語從句與并列句的區(qū)別
并列句有and, so, but等并列連詞連接或兩個句子用分號連接,這時就不能用引導定語從句的關系詞了。
⑦區(qū)分where 引導的地點狀語從句和定語從句
若是定語從句,則where前必有被修飾的表示地點的名詞;若where前沒有名詞則視為地點狀語從句。
請比較:You had better make a mark at the spot where you have any questions.(定語從句)
You had better make a mark where you have any questions.(地點狀語從句)。
(作者單位:安徽省無為縣襄安中學 238300)