辛相茂
[摘 要]英語書面表達是高考失分較嚴重的題目。教師應在常態(tài)教學中有效指導學生不斷進行語言積累,循序漸進,熟練掌握解題要領,幫助學生打好基礎,提升其英語書面表達能力。
[關鍵詞]高考;英語試題;書面表達
[中圖分類號] G633.41 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1674-6058(2018)19-0044-02
一、高考英語書面表達的重要性及考生的失分點
語言的學習過程主要由兩部分組成:輸入(聽讀)和輸出(讀寫)。英語寫作是檢測學生語言綜合運用能力的重要途徑。高考英語書面表達要求考生根據(jù)提示能夠清楚連貫地傳遞信息,表達意思,有效運用所學語言知識,旨在考查學生用真實語言交際,得體地使用英語的能力。高考中的英語書面表達屬于微寫作,100詞左右,以應用文為主,分值為25分(全國卷)。然而,在每年的閱卷過程中及考試成績公布后,通過對學生得分統(tǒng)計分析不難發(fā)現(xiàn),眾多考生在該題中失分嚴重。其原因為:(1) 平時的語言基礎不扎實,語言知識貧乏,表達能力有限;(2)不清楚或未能熟練掌握必要的寫作技能;(3)系統(tǒng)性訓練不足,導致審題有誤、偏差,文章結構混亂,展開部分不合理或與要點不相關,語言組織不符合英語規(guī)范,表達不連貫或直接翻譯現(xiàn)象明顯。
二、課程標準中的寫作技能目標及具體等級要求
課標將高中英語寫作技能概括為:(1)整理思路;(2)組織素材;(3)規(guī)劃文章結構;(4)列出提綱;(5)起草文章;(6)組織語言;(7)遣詞造句;(8)修改文章;(9)正確使用標點符號和字母大小寫。具體技能目標為:(1)能用文字圖表提供的信息進行簡單描述;(2)能寫出常見體裁的應用文,例如信函、一般的通知等;(3)能寫出語義連貫且結構完整的短文,敘述事情或表達觀點和態(tài)度;(4)能在寫作中做到書寫規(guī)范,語句通順,用詞準確。
三、高考英語書面表達命題特點
高考英語書面表達是學生語言知識和能力的具體體現(xiàn),要求考生根據(jù)所給的提綱寫一篇100詞左右的書面材料,以書信或電子郵件為主。常見的主題為邀請、求助、詢問、通知、告知、致歉、推薦或說明等。內(nèi)容切合學生生活實際,考查學生實際運用英語的能力。近幾年的命題趨向于半開放式表達,注重學生自主、靈活表達的能力。
四、常態(tài)教學中學生英語寫作能力的培養(yǎng)、提高
1.注重閱讀,語言知識積累領先,讀寫跟上
除課本教材外,教師應適量補充適合學生認知水平的英語閱讀材料,如:閱讀專練,英語周報,或從英美網(wǎng)站整理出的各類新聞、趣事、教育或科普類時文,從而使學生接觸真實的、規(guī)范的、時代性強的語言材料。教師重點分析解釋長、難、復雜句,整理精選高頻詞匯、短語及表達形式。長此以往,學生不僅掌握教材中應知應會的英語語言基本知識,而且拓寬加深了語言輸入,為寫作能力的提升奠定了基礎。
2.將寫作能力培養(yǎng)融入詞匯教學之中
從高一年級開始,教師應有意識地培養(yǎng)學生在真實情境中使用詞匯的習慣,而不是讓學生單一地背記單詞。詞匯的學習應關注以下幾點:(1)詞在句中,以完整例句呈現(xiàn)詞匯或短語在具體語境中的用法;(2)不同句型表達相近或相同意義;(3)詞匯、短語與復雜句型結合,生成高級表達形式。
如,學習appreciate:例句1.appreciate something. I appreciate your help. 例句2.appreciate ones doing something. I appreciate your coming to my birthday party. 例句3.appreciate that...I appreciate that this is not an easy decision for you to make. (appreciate=understand fully; recognize) 例句4.I would appreciate it if you take my application into consideration.
又如,學習deny:例句1.deny doing something. The boy denied scratching the car. 例句2.There is no denying that China is developing fast and becoming powerful, which has amazed the world.
3.表達訓練循序漸進:完整句—完整段落—完整篇章
關于完整句的訓練,教科書每個單元后的Workbook都為學生提供了足量的語言材料。此外,教師可以結合所教學生的實際能力,準備相應的完整段落或完整篇章的寫作訓練。
如:寫作任務(關于個人發(fā)展)。
(1)單句表達。
①Johnson 是我的好朋友,性格外向。Johnson is my good friend and he is outgoing. ②盡管在中學期間他視力有缺陷并且學習吃力,但他有雄心,想有尊嚴地活著。Though he was disabled in eyesight and had some trouble with his lessons at middle school, he was ambitious and wanted to live a life with dignity.③畢業(yè)后,在伙伴的鼓勵和幫助下,他接觸了文學。After graduation, he was exposed to literature with the encouragement and help of his companions. ④現(xiàn)在他的作品已被改編成電影。Now his works have been adapted for films.⑤我祝賀他的成功。I congratulate him on his success.
(2)完整段落表達,適當增加細節(jié)。
Johnson, who is my good friend, is outgoing and optimistic about life. I admire him for his strong will and achievement. Though he was disabled in eyesight and had some trouble with his lessons at middle school, he was ambitious and wanted to live a life with dignity.
After graduation, he was exposed to literature with the encouragement and help of his companions. He devoted himself to reading and writing and has written dozens of novels which are attractive and instructive.
Now some of his works have been adapted for films and Johnson has become a well-known writer. I congratulate him on his success.
(3)完整篇章表達,潤色整理。
My friend Johnson
God helps those who help themselves. My friend Johnson has set a good example to us.
Johnson, who is my good friend, is outgoing and optimistic about life. I admire him for his strong will and achievement. Though he was disabled in eyesight and had some trouble with his lessons at middle school, he was ambitious and wanted to live a life with dignity.
After graduation, he was exposed to literature with the encouragement and help of his companions. He devoted himself to reading and writing and has written dozens of novels which are attractive and instructive.
Now some of his works have been adapted for films and Johnson has become a well-known writer. I congratulate him on his success.
As the saying goes, “Where there is a will, there is a way.”
五、規(guī)范學生書面表達答題步驟
1.寫作前
(1)審題,搞清楚體裁、寫作目的、要求。
(2)確定要點。
(3)構思、謀篇布局。
2.寫作中
(1)起草。
(2)覆蓋要點。
(3)Think before writing.(切忌邊思考邊寫)
(4)使用自己熟練掌握的詞、短語及句型,忌機械翻譯。
(5)依據(jù)要點,適當展開。
(6)避免句型單一、用詞簡單。
(7)限時完成。
3.寫作后
(1)回讀、檢查、潤色、修改。
(2)認真謄寫,書寫規(guī)范、工整。
六、高考真題示例(2017年全國卷I)
書面表達。(滿分25分)
假定你是李華,正在教你的英國朋友Leslie學習漢語。請你寫封郵件告知下次上課的計劃。內(nèi)容包括:1.時間和地點。2.內(nèi)容: 學習唐詩。3.課前準備:簡要了解唐朝的歷史。
注意:1.詞數(shù)100左右;2.可以適當增加細節(jié),以使行文連貫。
1.寫作前
(1)審題:體裁為一封郵件。寫作目的是通知Leslie下次上漢語課的計劃。
(2)要點:①下次上漢語課的計劃 。②自定時間地點。③課前需了解唐朝的一些歷史。
(3)構思:①第一段:寫信目的。②第二段:通知正文,覆蓋所有要點。③第三段:恰當結尾。
2.寫作中
(1)起草。
(2)覆蓋要點。
(3)Think before writing.(切忌邊思考邊寫)
(4)使用自己熟練掌握的詞、短語及句型,忌機械翻譯。
(5)依據(jù)要點,適當展開。
(6)避免句型單一、用詞簡單。
(7)限時完成。
Dear Leslie,
Im Li Hua. Im writing to inform you of the plan for the Chinese class next time.(起始部分,寫信目的)
It will start on the morning of this Friday and last one and a half hours (from 8:00 to 9:30) in Classroom 302.(自定時間地點)
We will focus on studying a few Tang poems. As you know, Tang Poetry and Song Verse are known as the classics of Chinese literature and play an important role in Chinese traditional culture.(適當合理展開)
Without the knowledge of the necessary background, it might be difficult for you to understand the poems. Therefore, it would be helpful if you could learn about some history of the Tang Dynasty before you come to attend the class.(合理展開)
I hope that you will make good preparations in advance.(恰當結尾)
Yours,
Li Hua
3.寫作后
(1)回讀、檢查、潤色、修改。
(2)認真謄寫,書寫規(guī)范、工整。
英語書面表達能力的提升不僅需要學生不斷的語言積累、思考、訓練,還需要教師有效的指導。教師的學法指導,良好習慣的形成,解題要領的熟練掌握能夠幫助學生增強信心,積極應對困難,逐漸提升英語書面表達等英語應用能力。
[ 參 考 文 獻 ]
[1] 劉寬平,周業(yè)芳,曹小燕.提高中國學生英語寫作能力的有效途徑[J].外語教學,2003(6).
[2] 王小寧.克拉申的習得/學得假說與外語教學[J].外語界, 2001(1).
[3] 張銳.新高中英語書面表達[M].西安:西北工業(yè)大學出版社,2003 .
(責任編輯 周侯辰)