張益勛 胡逸萍 鐘穗航 謝有富
摘 要:病理性瘢痕是指燒傷、創(chuàng)傷和手術(shù)等后創(chuàng)面過(guò)度修復(fù)引起,以膠原等大量細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)產(chǎn)生與沉積失衡為特征的皮膚纖維增生性疾病,包括增生性瘢痕與瘢痕疙瘩等。隨著對(duì)增生性瘢痕研究的不斷深入,人們發(fā)現(xiàn)DNA甲基化在瘢痕形成的發(fā)生和發(fā)展過(guò)程中起著重要的作用。本文就DNA甲基化在病理性瘢痕中作用的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
關(guān)鍵詞:病理性瘢痕;增生性瘢痕;瘢痕疙瘩;DNA甲基化
中圖分類號(hào):R363 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2018.09.015
文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2018)09-0046-04
Abstract:Pathological scars are caused by excessive repair of wounds after burn,trauma,and surgery,which are caused by a large amount of extracellular matrix produced by collagen and other extracellular matrix,including hyperplastic scar and keloid.With the development of hypertrophic scar,DNA methylation plays an important role in the occurrence and development of scar formation.This article reviews the research progress of the role of DNA methylation in pathological scars.
Key words:Pathological scars;Hypertrophic scar;Keloid;DNA methylation
病理性瘢痕是指燒傷、創(chuàng)傷和手術(shù)等后創(chuàng)面過(guò)度修復(fù)引起,以膠原等大量細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)產(chǎn)生與沉積失衡為特征的皮膚纖維增生性疾病,包括增生性瘢痕與瘢痕疙瘩等。病理性瘢痕不僅影響患者的外觀,還會(huì)導(dǎo)致機(jī)體功能障礙,給患者心理及生理帶來(lái)嚴(yán)重的影響。病理性瘢痕的發(fā)病機(jī)制復(fù)雜,是各種信號(hào)通路和多種細(xì)胞之間相互作用的結(jié)果[1]。DNA甲基化是成纖維化細(xì)胞持續(xù)活化形成的機(jī)制之一[2]。近年來(lái),隨著對(duì)增生性瘢痕研究的不斷深入,人們發(fā)現(xiàn)DNA甲基化在瘢痕形成的發(fā)生和發(fā)展過(guò)程中起著重要的作用[3]。相關(guān)研究表明DNA甲基化影響瘢痕的形成[4]。本文就DNA甲基化在病理性瘢痕中作用的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
1 DNA甲基化概述
表觀遺傳學(xué)是指在不涉及基因突變或DNA堿基改變情況下對(duì)基因表達(dá)進(jìn)行調(diào)控且能穩(wěn)定遺傳的學(xué)科[5]。表觀遺傳學(xué)主要包括DNA甲基化、基因組印跡、組蛋白修飾和RNA編輯等,與傳統(tǒng)的遺傳學(xué)不同,它主要特點(diǎn)是可逆性、突變頻率高等。DNA甲基化任何一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的異常都將影響DNA的表達(dá),從而導(dǎo)致疾病的發(fā)生[6]。DNA甲基化是指在DNA甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(DNA methyltransferase,DNMT)的催化下,以S-腺苷-L-甲硫氨酸為供體將甲基轉(zhuǎn)移到CPG二核苷酸胞苷嘧啶的第5號(hào)碳原子上,使其轉(zhuǎn)變成甲基化的CPG。甲基化是維持正常細(xì)胞染色體結(jié)構(gòu)和功能所必需的[7]。已知的調(diào)控DNA 甲基化的轉(zhuǎn)移酶主要有3 種,包括DNMT1、DNMT3a和DNMT3b[8]。DNA異常甲基化總是伴隨著DNA甲基化酶的異常表達(dá)[9]。越來(lái)越來(lái)證據(jù)表明DNA甲基化的變化是許多復(fù)雜性狀與疾病的基礎(chǔ)[10]。目前,DNA甲基化水平和特定基因甲基化程度可以作為某些疾病的診斷指標(biāo)[11]。
2 增生性瘢痕與DNA甲基化
2.1創(chuàng)面愈合與DNA甲基化 創(chuàng)面愈合是影響瘢痕增生的一個(gè)重要因素,對(duì)創(chuàng)面早期進(jìn)行干預(yù)能預(yù)防和減少瘢痕增生。創(chuàng)面愈合[12,13]與DNA甲基化密切相關(guān)。Marcus[14]等研究表明全基因組DNA甲基化是傷口愈合中是一個(gè)重要的過(guò)程,并在動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn)使用波長(zhǎng)為604 nm、能量為1.6 J/cm2的LED照射可引起創(chuàng)面DNMT3a基因表達(dá)增加,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)上皮愈合。有關(guān)研究結(jié)果顯示DNA低甲基化可以通過(guò)上調(diào)TGF-β1受體誘導(dǎo)Tenon's囊成纖維細(xì)胞分化和纖維化,從而導(dǎo)致青光眼濾過(guò)術(shù)后結(jié)膜瘢痕的形成,這表明DNA甲基化狀態(tài)在結(jié)膜的傷口愈合中有著重要的作用[15]。
2.2成纖維細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化與DNA甲基化 成纖維細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化為肌成纖維細(xì)胞是瘢痕形成過(guò)程中重要的病理變化[16]。1972年Gabbiani描述,在創(chuàng)傷后傷口愈合和纖維化過(guò)程中,成纖維細(xì)胞被激活轉(zhuǎn)化為α-SMA標(biāo)記并具有平滑肌特征的肌成纖維細(xì)胞[17]。α-SMA的表達(dá)情況能顯示成纖維細(xì)胞向肌成纖維細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化的程度。DNA甲基化在成纖維細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化過(guò)程中起著重要作用[18],Biao Hu等人研究表明DNA甲基化可誘導(dǎo)a-SMA基因的表達(dá),從而促進(jìn)成纖維細(xì)胞向肌成纖維細(xì)胞分化[2]。楊娥[19]等人研究發(fā)現(xiàn)燒傷創(chuàng)面后不同時(shí)期的瘢痕組織中成纖維細(xì)胞的DNMT1的表達(dá)存在差異,在瘢痕增生期中,DNMT1的表達(dá)達(dá)高峰,隨著瘢痕組織的消退和成熟,DNMT1的表達(dá)也逐漸降低,說(shuō)明DNMT1的表達(dá)與瘢痕組織增生密切相關(guān),并由此推測(cè)DNA甲基化可能影響瘢痕增生與發(fā)展的全過(guò)程。瘢痕形成的發(fā)病機(jī)制相當(dāng)復(fù)雜,其生成可能與某些基因的甲基化有關(guān)[20]。p16基因的表達(dá)產(chǎn)物可使細(xì)胞周期阻滯,并且與細(xì)胞增殖及分化發(fā)育等有重要關(guān)系[21]。姚慶君[22]等人通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)p16基因在深Ⅱ度燒傷早期的高甲基化可促進(jìn)創(chuàng)面愈合,在創(chuàng)面愈合后4 個(gè)月中低甲基化可能對(duì)快速瘢痕增生有抑制作用,8 個(gè)月后逐漸增高的甲基化水平可能是瘢痕繼續(xù)增生的重要原因。
細(xì)胞因子及細(xì)胞通路在瘢痕的形成中扮演著重要的角色。大量研究證實(shí)TGF-β1是誘導(dǎo)成纖維細(xì)胞分化的關(guān)鍵細(xì)胞因子,TGF-β1信號(hào)通過(guò)Smads蛋白家族進(jìn)行傳遞及調(diào)控,TGF-β1/Smads信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑已被證實(shí)與瘢痕的形成密切相關(guān)[23,24]。CPG島的甲基化可通過(guò)TGF-β/Smads通路影響疾病的發(fā)生[25]。Yang E[26]等人發(fā)現(xiàn)DNMT1在瘢痕成纖維細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞核內(nèi)高表達(dá),并在增生性瘢痕和正常皮膚間存在顯著的差異,瘢痕成纖維細(xì)胞中DNMT1、TGF-β1較正常皮膚組升高,且Smad7降低,因此推測(cè)DNA甲基化可能通過(guò)TGF-β/Smads通路導(dǎo)致瘢痕形成。
3 瘢痕疙瘩與DNA甲基化
瘢痕疙瘩臨床表現(xiàn)為高出周圍正常皮膚,超出原損傷部位持續(xù)性生長(zhǎng)的腫塊,是一種良性纖維增生性腫瘤。瘢痕疙瘩的發(fā)病機(jī)制非常復(fù)雜,是多種細(xì)胞因子、細(xì)胞通路間共同作用所致。DNA甲基化在瘢痕疙瘩中起著舉足輕重的作用[27]。季紅等人[28]研究表明p16基因甲基化及其低表達(dá)可能參與瘢痕疙瘩中細(xì)胞周期、增殖的異常。亦有作者[29]報(bào)道瘢痕疙瘩成纖維細(xì)胞中存在某些基因的高甲基化,利用甲基化抑制劑5-氮雜-2-脫氧胞苷對(duì)某些基因的去甲基化作用并恢復(fù)表達(dá),通過(guò)抑制TGF-β/Smad信號(hào)通路,而導(dǎo)致瘢痕疙瘩組織成纖維細(xì)胞發(fā)生凋亡。
RUNX家族成員包括RUNXl、RUNX2和RUNX3,RUNX3基因是一種抑癌基因,參與多種腫瘤的發(fā)生[30,31]。陳貴宗等[32]體外培養(yǎng)的瘢痕疙瘩成纖維細(xì)胞中RUNX3抑癌基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)存在甲基化,因此推測(cè)抑癌基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)的甲基化參與瘢痕疙瘩的形成。
CDC2L1基因主要參與細(xì)胞分裂周期調(diào)控[33]。有關(guān)研究表明CDC2L1基因在瘢痕疙瘩的形成中扮演重要角色[34],研究者[35]發(fā)現(xiàn)瘢痕疙瘩成纖維細(xì)胞中,CDC2Ll基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)CpG島的高甲基化狀態(tài)可導(dǎo)致其功能失活,CDC2Ll基因表達(dá)蛋白CDKllP58減少,下調(diào)細(xì)胞凋亡,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致瘢痕疙瘩的形成。
Garcia-Rodriguez[36]等人研究發(fā)現(xiàn)瘢痕疙瘩與正常皮膚間存在不同的甲基化基因,研究分析并證實(shí)這些基因中N-羥基-N'-3-吡啶基辛二酰胺、丁三酸甘油酯、環(huán)磷酸鳥苷依賴性蛋白激酶Ⅱ、前腦啡肽原4種主要調(diào)節(jié)分子參與了細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡和腫瘤抑制等過(guò)程,對(duì)瘢痕疙瘩的形成發(fā)揮著重要的作用。有學(xué)者[37]發(fā)現(xiàn)瘢痕疙瘩成纖維細(xì)胞中存在啟動(dòng)子區(qū)甲基化的調(diào)控。在瘢痕疙瘩組織和瘢痕疙瘩成纖維細(xì)胞中,共同差異性高表達(dá)的基因有STEAP1、SLC38A5、CRISPLD2和IL32,其啟動(dòng)子區(qū)間存在差異低甲基化,而共同差異性低表達(dá)的基因ALX1的啟動(dòng)子區(qū)存在差異高甲基化。在瘢痕疙瘩組織和瘢痕疙瘩成纖維細(xì)胞中STEAP1、SLC38A5和CRISPLD2的基因表達(dá)升高。
4 總結(jié)
綜上所述,病理性瘢痕是一個(gè)多因素參與、多階段的過(guò)程。DNA甲基化從影響蛋白表達(dá)等方面促進(jìn)成纖維細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化、抑制細(xì)胞增殖進(jìn)而影響瘢痕增生。但各因素間相互聯(lián)系及相關(guān)調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制目前仍不清楚。隨著對(duì)DNA甲基化與病理性瘢痕發(fā)生相關(guān)性的不斷探索,相信未來(lái)會(huì)為病理性瘢痕的診治提供新途徑。
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收稿日期:2017-12-14;修回日期:2017-12-26
編輯/錢洪飛