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Zero—P頸前路椎間融合系統(tǒng)治療頸椎病的研究進(jìn)展

2018-08-28 08:51王翔宋文慧
中國現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生 2018年14期
關(guān)鍵詞:吞咽困難頸椎病

王翔 宋文慧

[摘要] ACDF一直是治療頸椎病的經(jīng)典術(shù)式,術(shù)中應(yīng)用頸前路鈦板具有顯著的優(yōu)越性,但長期隨訪研究發(fā)現(xiàn)頸前路鈦板的使用存在諸多并發(fā)癥,特別是在長節(jié)段ACDF中。為克服頸前路鈦板使用過程中出現(xiàn)的一系列問題,一種新型零切跡椎間融合系統(tǒng)應(yīng)運而生。自Zero-P頸前路椎間融合系統(tǒng)在2008年應(yīng)用臨床以來,單/雙節(jié)段ACDF研究諸多,其安全性及有效性已經(jīng)經(jīng)過大量研究得到證實。3/4節(jié)段頸椎病治療的手術(shù)方法目前仍存在爭議,然而應(yīng)用Zero-P行ACDF治療3/4節(jié)段頸椎病已成為國內(nèi)外研究熱點,但臨床應(yīng)用是否安全有效目前仍沒有達(dá)成共識,存在爭論。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 頸椎病;Zero-P;脊柱融合術(shù);吞咽困難

[中圖分類號] R687.3 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-9701(2018)14-0159-05

[Abstract] ACDF is a classical operation for the treatment of cervical spondylosis. Applying anterior cervical titanium plate during operation is with significant advantages. However, researches including long-term follow-up found there were many complications of the application of anterior cervical titanium plate, especially in the long-segment ACDF. To solve the problems of anterior cervical titanium plate application, a new kind of zero-profile anterior cervical interbody fusion system appeared. Since Zero-P anterior cervical interbody fusion system began to be applied in clinical treatment, there were many studies on single/double-segment ACDF. The safety and effectiveness of this system has been confirmed by massive researches. The method of operation on the cervical spondylosis of 3/4 segment is still controversial. It has been a hot issue to treat cervical spondylosis of 3/4 segment using ACDF with the application of Zero-P. However, the safety and effectiveness of clinical application of this method have not reached a consensus and remain controversial.

[Key words] Cervical spondylosis; Zero-P; Spinal fusion; Dysphagia

早在上世紀(jì)50年代,Smith和Robinson[1]報道了頸椎前路椎間盤切除減壓融合術(shù)(Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion,ACDF),半個多世紀(jì)以來,ACDF一直被視為治療頸椎病的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[2,3],配合頸前路鈦板固定,可以改善和維持頸椎曲度[4,5],提高植骨融合率[6-8],防止融合器移位及下沉[5],但由于鈦板突出于椎體前緣,對頸前軟組織產(chǎn)生較大干擾,術(shù)后隨訪研究發(fā)現(xiàn)存在吞咽困難[9,10]及食管氣管損傷[11]等并發(fā)癥,同時鈦板的使用增加鄰近節(jié)段退變的發(fā)生率[11,12],且在鈦板植入時需要處理繼發(fā)于退變及創(chuàng)傷的椎體滑移和椎體前緣骨贅[13],增加手術(shù)操作時間及難度。為降低前路鈦板相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,一種具備“支撐、固定及融合”功能為一體的Zero-P頸前路椎間融合系統(tǒng)應(yīng)運而生并成功應(yīng)用于臨床。目前應(yīng)用Zero-P頸前路椎間融合系統(tǒng)行單雙節(jié)段ACDF治療頸椎病的研究頗多,多數(shù)學(xué)者[13,14]證實了其安全性和有效性,到目前為止,由于需要術(shù)區(qū)的廣泛暴露及鈦板應(yīng)用的潛在并發(fā)癥等因素,3/4節(jié)段ACDF仍沒有達(dá)成共識,而Zero-P在單雙節(jié)段成功的應(yīng)用,也讓越來越多的國內(nèi)外學(xué)者將目光轉(zhuǎn)移到應(yīng)用Zero-P行3/4節(jié)段ACDF治療頸椎病的研究上,成為研究熱點。本文就Zero-P應(yīng)用于ACDF的生物力學(xué)、臨床療效及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥研究情況綜述如下。

1 Zero-P系統(tǒng)

Zero-P頸前路椎間融合系統(tǒng)(Synthes,Switzerland)由前方鈦板、后方可透X線的PEEK椎間融合器以及帶有鎖定頭的螺釘集成在一起組成。其中鈦板中間與兩端分別有向尾側(cè)及頭側(cè)的2個螺釘植入孔,帶有鎖定頭的螺釘植入后,頭、尾端螺釘成角(40±5)°,內(nèi)、外側(cè)成角2.5°。新一代產(chǎn)品鈦板兩側(cè)各有1個螺釘植入孔,使手術(shù)操作更加簡單。椎間融合器植入鉭標(biāo)記物,便于觀察植入位置是否合適,其表面的齒狀結(jié)構(gòu)提供了初始的穩(wěn)定性。鈦板與融合器之間創(chuàng)新型的結(jié)合界面,使得鈦板上的應(yīng)力與融合器分離。Zero-P頸前路椎間融合系統(tǒng)于2008年研制成功后經(jīng)美國食品與藥品管理局(FDA)批準(zhǔn),開始應(yīng)用于臨床。

2 生物力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性

關(guān)于單節(jié)段Zero-P的生物力學(xué)研究已有較多報道。2009年Scholz等[15]在24例尸體標(biāo)本上應(yīng)用3種不同頸前路固定系統(tǒng)行單節(jié)段ACDF研究生物力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性,結(jié)果顯示,Zero-P的生物力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性與實驗中兩種鈦板的穩(wěn)定性相似,同時,基于體外基礎(chǔ)研究的限制,作者認(rèn)為,體外實驗缺少肌肉韌帶維持頸椎穩(wěn)定的力量,所以臨床應(yīng)用其穩(wěn)定性可能更好。2014年Stein等[16]進(jìn)行尸體體外研究,對比分析3螺釘Zero-P系統(tǒng)與融合器聯(lián)合鈦板在單節(jié)段ACDF中的生物力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性,結(jié)果提示兩種內(nèi)固定系統(tǒng)的生物力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性無顯著性差異。Wojewnik等[17]、Majid等[18]也證實了Zero-P在單節(jié)段ACDF中的生物力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性。基于Zero-P在單節(jié)段ACDF中理想的生物力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性,Zero-P在單節(jié)段ACDF中得以廣泛成功的應(yīng)用[13,19]。Zero-P在多節(jié)段ACDF中能否提供與融合器聯(lián)合鈦板相似的生物力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性關(guān)系到其臨床應(yīng)用的安全性,因此,2015年Scholz等[20]進(jìn)行了多節(jié)段ACDF生物力學(xué)實驗,發(fā)現(xiàn)在2/3節(jié)段ACDF中,Zero-P與融合器聯(lián)合鈦板都可降低節(jié)段的ROM,都能夠提供一定的生物力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性,但后者的生物力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性更優(yōu),同時隨著植入物的增加節(jié)段穩(wěn)定性降低。目前Zero-P在多節(jié)段ACDF中的生物力學(xué)研究報道少,一定程度上限制了臨床應(yīng)用,所以需要更多學(xué)者研究以期為臨床應(yīng)用提供可靠依據(jù)。

3 臨床療效及影像學(xué)評估

Zero-P在單節(jié)段ACDF中能夠提供理想的生物力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性,在單節(jié)段ACDF中應(yīng)用廣泛,所以關(guān)于應(yīng)用Zero-P行ACDF治療單雙節(jié)段頸椎病的文獻(xiàn)報道相對較多。2013年Vanek等[19]對77例頸椎病患者分別應(yīng)用Zero-P和融合器聯(lián)合鈦板行ACDF,其中雙節(jié)段頸椎病患者19例,最短隨訪時間超過2年,術(shù)后NDI均得到顯著改善,頸椎Cobb C在術(shù)后6周時改善最明顯,達(dá)到最大值,之后略有下降,但兩組在頸椎曲度改善及維持上并無差異。Chen等[14]的對比研究也得出相似的結(jié)論:應(yīng)用Zero-P行ACDF治療雙節(jié)段頸椎病能夠獲得良好的臨床療效和植骨融合率。Yun等[21]又對比研究了應(yīng)用Zero-P和融合器聯(lián)合鈦板行ACDF的63例相鄰雙節(jié)段頸椎病患者,結(jié)果提示Zero-P對于雙節(jié)段頸椎病的治療是安全、有效的,同時認(rèn)為Zero-P在臨床應(yīng)用過程中最重要的一點是其植入的適當(dāng)位置,如果Zero-P植入時前緣與頸椎前緣連線相切,則其在頸椎曲度改善維持和椎間高度維持方面能達(dá)到更優(yōu)的預(yù)期。可見,應(yīng)用Zero-P治療單雙節(jié)段頸椎病是安全有效的,在獲得良好神經(jīng)功能改善和植骨融合率的同時,可以很好地改善及維持頸椎曲度。

然而,Zero-P對3/4節(jié)段頸椎病的治療是否安全有效沒有達(dá)成共識,存在爭議,相關(guān)研究也由于病例少,隨訪時間短受到限制。Albanese等[22]應(yīng)用Zero-P治療24例3/4節(jié)段頸椎病患者,平均隨訪39個月,術(shù)后VAS、NDI、SF-36和頸椎曲度均獲得顯著改善,在末次隨訪中,頸椎曲度稍有丟失,但與術(shù)后早期比較并沒有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,提示Zero-P在隨訪過程中能夠很好地維持頸椎曲度,這與相關(guān)[23]研究結(jié)果一致,但該項研究中僅有4例3節(jié)段病例。Albanese 等[22]研究融合率為49%,認(rèn)為較低的融合率與融合面多相關(guān),Guo等[24]研究也得出同樣的結(jié)論,但融合率低與不滿意的臨床療效并沒有相關(guān)性,在未融合的病例中,獲得良好頸椎曲度改善維持的患者在隨訪中保持了滿意的臨床療效[22]。Barbagallo等[13]的研究結(jié)果與上述研究中較低融合率形成鮮明對比,融合率高達(dá)94.5%,但其應(yīng)用Zero-P治療的32例頸椎病患者中,3節(jié)段6例,4節(jié)段7例,融合率高可能與3/4節(jié)段病例占比低有關(guān)。雖然臨床研究由于病例數(shù)少而存在局限性,但上述作者[13,22,23]都認(rèn)為Zero-P系統(tǒng)對于3/4節(jié)段頸椎病的治療是安全、有效的,同時Albanese 等[22]得出在3/4節(jié)段ACDF中頸椎曲度改善與臨床療效呈正相關(guān)這一重要的結(jié)論。Shi等[25]又對38例3節(jié)段脊髓型頸椎病患者分別采用Zero-P和融合器聯(lián)合鈦板行ACDF,平均隨訪30.3個月,結(jié)果顯示所有患者均獲得了滿意的神經(jīng)功能改善,在末次隨訪中無患者不融合,但手術(shù)節(jié)段曲度的改善及維持Zero-P組不及融合器聯(lián)合鈦板組,這與上述研究報道不同,作者認(rèn)為可能與隨訪時間短有關(guān),同時吞咽困難發(fā)生率、cage沉降率Zero-P組并沒有比融合器聯(lián)合鈦板組低,因此,在3節(jié)段頸椎病治療器械的選擇上作者不推薦常規(guī)使用Zero-P。應(yīng)用Zero-P行3/4節(jié)段ACDF治療頸椎病的研究少,其頸椎曲度改善及臨床療效等方面存在爭論,而且并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率可能增加,所以在臨床應(yīng)用中需要慎重考慮,其可行性、安全性有待進(jìn)一步研究。

4 ACDF術(shù)后并發(fā)癥

4.1術(shù)后吞咽困難

傳統(tǒng)ACDF術(shù)后報道最多的并發(fā)癥是吞咽困難,發(fā)生率達(dá)2%~67%,盡管大部分患者吞咽困難癥狀會在術(shù)后3個月內(nèi)自行消失,但慢性吞咽困難的發(fā)生率仍然高達(dá)12.5%~35.1%[26-28]。盡管術(shù)后吞咽困難的病理機制現(xiàn)在仍不明確,但多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為頸前鈦板突出于頸椎椎體前緣,對食管的機械刺激是導(dǎo)致術(shù)后出現(xiàn)慢性吞咽困難癥狀的主要原因[26,29],Lee等[29]也認(rèn)為術(shù)后吞咽困難的發(fā)生與鈦板的設(shè)計及厚度存在相關(guān)性,盡管鈦板越來越薄和顯微外科技術(shù)的發(fā)展應(yīng)用顯著減少術(shù)區(qū)的暴露,但長節(jié)段鈦板植入術(shù)后吞咽困難發(fā)生率仍然很高[26,29]。確實,Zero-P完全容納于椎間隙,有效地避免了內(nèi)植物對食管產(chǎn)生的機械性刺激,從而顯著降低術(shù)后吞咽困難發(fā)生率。

國內(nèi)的一項系統(tǒng)性綜述和Mate分析,結(jié)果顯示Zero-P可以有效降低術(shù)后吞咽困難發(fā)生率,術(shù)后短期吞咽困難發(fā)生率為29.2%,而337例患者中只有2例出現(xiàn)慢性吞咽困難癥狀[30]。Innocent等[23]、Miao等[31]、Barbagallo等[13]也證實了Zero-P可以有效降低術(shù)后吞咽困難的發(fā)生率,同時,Barbagallo等[13]研究顯示在單/多節(jié)段ACDF中,C4~5/C5~6節(jié)段術(shù)后患者吞咽困難發(fā)生率更高,Tortolani等[32]也報道了相似的結(jié)果,認(rèn)為C5~6水平的解剖因素是導(dǎo)致這一結(jié)果的主要原因,但部分學(xué)者[10,26]認(rèn)為頸椎手術(shù)節(jié)段越高,吞咽困難發(fā)生率越高,可能是因為手術(shù)節(jié)段越高,損傷喉上及咽部神經(jīng)的可能性更大。Albanese等[22]在長達(dá)3年的隨訪研究中,報道了應(yīng)用Zero-P行3/4節(jié)段ACDF治療頸椎病術(shù)后吞咽困難的發(fā)生率為20.8%,顯著低于文獻(xiàn)報道,并在術(shù)后6個月完全消失,作者認(rèn)為在多節(jié)段ACDF中吞咽困難更可能與手術(shù)刺激和軟組織腫脹有關(guān)而不是植入物。Vanek等[19]、Yun等[21]、Shi等[25]研究并沒有證實Zero-P在單多節(jié)段ACDF中可降低術(shù)后吞咽困難發(fā)生率,作者認(rèn)為鈦板不是導(dǎo)致吞咽困難的唯一因素,而是多方面因素共同的結(jié)果,食管收縮、水腫,食管神經(jīng)叢或喉上神經(jīng)損傷,椎前軟組織術(shù)后腫脹也可能起到一定作用。

4.2術(shù)后cage沉降

Duan YC等[30]進(jìn)行關(guān)于ACDF的臨床療效及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的系統(tǒng)性綜述和Mate分析,結(jié)果顯示融合器聯(lián)合鈦板的cage沉降率為5%,而使用Zero-P沉降率為17.8%。cage沉降這一并發(fā)癥可能導(dǎo)致繼發(fā)的頸椎后凸[33],但有研究[34]認(rèn)為其不會影響臨床療效和融合率,Schmieder等[35]也得出相似的結(jié)論:cage下沉不會導(dǎo)致明顯的椎間孔高度丟失,即使同時存在頸椎曲度變直也不會影響臨床療效。

4.3術(shù)后ASD

ACDF后另一個潛在的并發(fā)癥是ASD,文獻(xiàn)報道在接受頸前路手術(shù)后10年內(nèi)的發(fā)生率約為25%,超過15%的患者因ASD需行二次手術(shù)[36,37]。ASD發(fā)生機制尚不明確,現(xiàn)在被廣泛接受的是頸椎局部生物力學(xué)改變和鄰近節(jié)段自然退變兩種[33,38],也有學(xué)者[12]認(rèn)為頸前路鈦板的使用及鈦板較長達(dá)到相鄰椎間盤水平會增加相鄰椎間盤的應(yīng)力,而加速鄰近節(jié)段椎間盤的退變和骨贅的形成。而Zero-P最大限度地減少了內(nèi)植物對相鄰節(jié)段的影響,從而減少鄰近節(jié)段退變的發(fā)生。Albanese等[22]在最長達(dá)6年的隨訪研究中,沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)用Zero-P行多節(jié)段ACDF后鄰近節(jié)段退變的病例,Yang等[39]研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)用Zero-P能降低鄰近節(jié)段退變的發(fā)生率,盡管如此,Miao等[31]認(rèn)為長期的隨訪觀察是必須的。

5 小結(jié)

綜上所述,Zero-P在單雙節(jié)段ACDF中都可以提供良好的生物力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性,在臨床中廣泛應(yīng)用,并且經(jīng)過大量臨床研究,證實了其安全性及有效性,在獲得良好神經(jīng)功能改善和植骨融合率的同時,可以很好地改善及維持頸椎曲度,術(shù)后吞咽困難發(fā)生率也明顯降低。目前關(guān)于應(yīng)用Zero-P行3/4節(jié)段ACDF的研究較少,臨床應(yīng)用是否安全有效目前仍沒有達(dá)成共識,存在爭論,現(xiàn)在普遍認(rèn)為應(yīng)用Zero-P治療3/4節(jié)段頸椎病可以獲得充分的神經(jīng)減壓、良好的頸椎曲度改善和滿意的臨床療效,但由于相關(guān)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率可能增加,不推薦常規(guī)使用,其可行性、安全性及并發(fā)癥還需進(jìn)一步研究。

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(收稿日期:2018-02-07)

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