徐正浩
“接天蓮葉無窮碧,映日荷花別樣紅”。在荷花盛開的季節(jié),杭州迎來了一批特殊的客人——“聯(lián)合國教科文組織亞太地區(qū)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)師資培訓(xùn)班”在錢塘江畔開班。來自北京、曼谷、新德里、雅加達(dá)和阿皮亞五大地區(qū)辦事處20多個國家和地區(qū)的40余名學(xué)員及非遺工作者參與此次培訓(xùn)。
本次活動由聯(lián)合國教科文組織總部、聯(lián)合國教科文組織亞太地區(qū)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)國際培訓(xùn)中心主辦,浙江省文化廳支持,浙江省非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)中心、杭州市文廣新局承辦,杭州市非遺保護(hù)中心執(zhí)行承辦。
2003年10月,聯(lián)合國教科文組織第32屆大會上通過了《保護(hù)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)公約》(以下簡稱《公約》)。15年過去了,《公約》的內(nèi)容沒變,但非遺保護(hù)的環(huán)境卻發(fā)生了巨大變化。
聯(lián)合國教科文組織亞太地區(qū)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)國際培訓(xùn)中心,作為聯(lián)合國教科文組織在非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)領(lǐng)域的二類中心,致力于《公約》的推動,以及在亞太地區(qū)國家層面上進(jìn)行非遺保護(hù)能力建設(shè)。從2012年成立至今,亞太中心已舉辦32期非遺能力建設(shè)培訓(xùn)班,覆蓋亞太地區(qū)33個國家和地區(qū),直接受益人數(shù)逾千人。
這是中國第二次,也是浙江首次舉辦亞太地區(qū)非遺師資培訓(xùn)班,而師資培訓(xùn)則是教科文組織非遺處近期重要活動之一。
其實在早些年,聯(lián)合國教科文組織也曾培訓(xùn)過一批培訓(xùn)師,這些培訓(xùn)師活躍在世界各地的非遺保護(hù)培訓(xùn)工作中,但隨著非遺保護(hù)范圍的擴(kuò)大,以及要求的不同,培訓(xùn)師的數(shù)量已經(jīng)不能滿足實際需求。
聯(lián)合國教科文組織亞太地區(qū)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)國際培訓(xùn)中心主任梁斌說:“目前,中國只有一名經(jīng)過認(rèn)證的培訓(xùn)師。要獲得聯(lián)合國教科文組織認(rèn)證的培訓(xùn)師資質(zhì),除了要對《公約》內(nèi)容了如指掌,還要常年在一線從事非遺保護(hù)和傳承的相關(guān)工作,并有良好的英語溝通能力,除了這些,還需要長期從事國際工作,這樣才有資格來參加聯(lián)合國教科文組織認(rèn)證的培訓(xùn)師培訓(xùn),并勝任培訓(xùn)師的工作。”成為培訓(xùn)師后,不單要為本國提供相關(guān)的非遺的培訓(xùn),還要為其他國家提供必要的培訓(xùn)。
除了對培訓(xùn)師進(jìn)行培訓(xùn)外,每次培訓(xùn)還會邀請觀察員和政府相關(guān)部門人士參加,因為在實際操作過程中,他們是親歷非遺保護(hù)一線的工作者。
來自聯(lián)合國教科文組織總部《公約》秘書處的蘇珊·史努特根女士,對杭州有著良好的印象。她表示,“杭州以世界文化遺產(chǎn)西湖而聞名,這座城市有著悠久的歷史,昆曲、金石篆刻等項目也都入選了‘人類非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表作名錄。在這一次的培訓(xùn)考察過程中,我們十分欣喜地看到了浙江以及杭州在非遺保護(hù)上的承諾體現(xiàn),昆曲、金石篆刻等項目在這片土地上有著良好的傳承與發(fā)展?!?/p>
在談及“非遺活化”問題時,蘇珊認(rèn)為,在當(dāng)今資訊過剩的時代,若單純依靠文本材料保護(hù)非遺,我們將喪失講述它們的能力,我們需要用更多創(chuàng)新的手段去保護(hù)與傳承。
在《公約》的履行過程中,各地有著各自的實踐方式與方法。在中國,非遺保護(hù)工作得到了政府與社會的大力支持及高度關(guān)注,在全球都處于領(lǐng)先地位,尤其是國家級、省級、市級、縣(區(qū))級的四級保護(hù)體系,在很多國家是沒有的。而在立法層面,2011年的《非遺保護(hù)法》也為非遺保護(hù)工作提供了法制基礎(chǔ)。其中,浙江作為中國非遺保護(hù)的大省,在非遺保護(hù)過程中作了許多卓有成效的實踐與探索。
在國務(wù)院公布的四批國家級非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄中,浙江蟬聯(lián)“四連冠”,共有217項“國遺”項目上榜,總量居全國第一。浙江有昆曲、古琴藝術(shù)、西泠印社金石篆刻、中國蠶桑絲織技藝、中國龍泉青瓷燒制技藝等8個項目入選“人類非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表作名錄”,有中國木拱橋營造技藝、中國木活字印刷術(shù)2個項目入選聯(lián)合國教科文組織“急需保護(hù)的非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄”。共有10個項目上榜,居全國各省份之首。
浙江省政府先后公布了五批省級非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄,886個項目立項。與此同時,還積極開展國家級、省級非遺代表性傳承人搶救性記錄工作;積極籌備省級非遺館建設(shè);通過圖書編纂出版、數(shù)據(jù)庫建設(shè)等方式,不斷強化基礎(chǔ)工作;通過舉辦非遺博覽會、交易會等形式體現(xiàn)繼承傳統(tǒng),轉(zhuǎn)化活化,促進(jìn)非遺融入生活;有傳有承,培育發(fā)展,積極促進(jìn)非遺薪傳;立足本土,走出境外,講好浙江非遺故事,積極打造對外文化交流品牌。
可以說,浙江從實際出發(fā),因地制宜,分類指導(dǎo),多元拓展,不斷探索非遺保護(hù)新思路、新途徑、新方法,通過活態(tài)傳承、活態(tài)展示,推動了非遺更好地融入生產(chǎn)、生活、生態(tài),提高了大眾對非遺的認(rèn)知度與自覺參與保護(hù)的意識,促進(jìn)了非遺的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
通過舉辦此次培訓(xùn)班,各國學(xué)員對浙江省的代表性非遺項目進(jìn)行深入的田野實踐調(diào)查,在傳播浙江豐富的文化內(nèi)涵的同時,也展示了浙江的非遺保護(hù)經(jīng)驗。
From July 2 to 6, 2018, Zhejiang held the Training of Trainers Workshop on Intangible Cultural Heritage for Facilitators from the Asia-Pacific in Hangzhou, capital city of the province in eastern China.
This was the second time China hosted the workshop and the first time Zhejiang hosted the event.
Co-organized by the UNESCO and International Training Center for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific under the auspices of UNESCO (CRIHAP), the workshop was launched with an opening ceremony on July 2, attended by more than 40 participants including trainees, expert professors, media and officials. The 5-day workshop was supported by the Zhejiang Administration of Culture, hosted by Zhejiang Center for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, Hangzhou Center for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, and Hangzhou Administration of Culture, Radio & Television, and Press.
The founding of CRIHAP was a must. Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage was adopted in October 2003 at a UNSECO congress. Great changes have taken place in the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage (ICH) in the past 15 years though the convention itself has remained unchanged. Since its inception in 2012, CRIHAP has held training 32 workshops in the region; 1,027 trainees from 33 countries and territories of the Asia-Pacific region have attended the workshops.
“At present, China has only one certified trainer. The qualifications for a successful candidate to take part in the workshop include a thorough knowledge of the Convention, engagement on a day-to-day basis in the work of the safeguarding of ICH, a proficiency of the English language for the sake of smooth communication, and engagement of years in international affairs,” explained Liang Bin, director-general of CRIHAP. “After one becomes a certified trainer, one must provide training courses for the safeguarding of ICH not only at home but also in other countries.”
A workshop invites observers and government officials to attend because they are engaged at the front-line of ICH safeguarding.
In China, the safeguarding of ICH is a top government priority and receives high-profile attention and support of the general public. The safeguarding of ICH is practiced at the national, provincial, municipal, and county (district) levels. The law for safeguarding of ICH adopted in China in 2011 provides a legal basis.
Zhejiang as a leading province engaged in the safeguarding of ICH has been engaged in effective practices and explorations. Zhejiang leads China by having 217 ICH items on the four lists of national ICH issued by the State Council since the first list was issued in 2006. Eight Intangible Cultural Heritage items from Zhejiang are on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. And two are on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding.
Zhejiang has issued five provincial lists of its own that cover a total of 886 ICH items. Meanwhile, the province has adopted a series of measures to better safeguard ICH. There is an rescue project in place to document the representative masters of ICH items; preparations are being made to set up a provincial ICH museum; books are published and databanks have been set up to make ICH more tangible; exhibitions and trade fairs are held to promote ICH and integrate them into everyday life; events are held overseas to promote ICH items of Zhejiang to the world.
The trainees of the workshop in Hangzhou also did field studies of some representative ICH items of Zhejiang. The field studies not only exhibited the cultural charms of Zhejiang to international trainees but also highlighted the practice and experience of the safeguarding of ICH that Zhejiang has done so far.