Architects: Johansen Skovsted Arkitekter

景觀中的裝置

靈克賓瀉湖南部半島的盡頭有一個鳥類保護區(qū)，以其獨特的自然特征成為候鳥的重要落腳點，是歐洲保留至今最古老的鳥類調(diào)查場所。該地區(qū)過去是限制公眾進入的，但通過建立新的設(shè)施，現(xiàn)已向游客開放。這些設(shè)施包括在景觀中新建的幾個簡單的裝置一樣的建筑：觀鳥屋、觀鳥塔、工作間、步道及改造的蒂佩之家研究站。它們被構(gòu)想成景觀中獨立的新建筑，每個都特色鮮明，彼此相互關(guān)聯(lián)，并與環(huán)境形成微妙的關(guān)系。

觀鳥塔

觀鳥塔的設(shè)計綜合考量了這里開闊平坦的濕地地形和潮濕的空氣，以及當?shù)毓S的獨特圓鐵桿生產(chǎn)技術(shù)。這個平臺創(chuàng)造了一個高遠的框景視野，當空間封閉時研究者可以將自身隱蔽起來，打開時又可以欣賞優(yōu)美的景致。它的結(jié)構(gòu)被設(shè)計為一種越往上越寬的突出框架，使很小的基底逐步加寬，支撐起上方更大的平臺。鍍鋅鐵板的水平構(gòu)件通過螺栓和焊接連在一起，鐵板之間是垂直和斜向的鍍鋅圓鐵桿。直徑50mm和65mm的柱子和斜撐承受壓力，直徑22mm的圓鐵桿欄桿和扶手傳導拉力。每一個構(gòu)件，包括扶手、臺階、梯段和欄桿，都是觀鳥塔整個結(jié)構(gòu)體系的一部分。

觀鳥屋

觀鳥屋是一個三角形鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑，被用作步道上的休息點。游客可以走上升高的隱蔽平臺，透過狹長的窗縫近距離觀察野生動物。這個構(gòu)筑物由6mm耐候鋼板組裝而成，而邊緣的加固既刻畫出建筑的輪廓，也能用作天溝，并將構(gòu)筑物與地面連接。

工作間

這個工作間是一個臨時的本地小獵屋。作為一個簡單的木框架建筑，內(nèi)側(cè)采用了3mm鋁板進行加固和密封，而外側(cè)的刷漆與內(nèi)側(cè)直接暴露的無處理鋁材形成了反差。同時，光線還能透過半透明的玻璃纖維板射入建筑。

研究站

1 研究站與觀鳥塔外景/Exterior view, Research Station and Tower

項目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client: 丹麥自然保護局/The Danish Nature Agency

場地分析與規(guī)劃合作者/Site Analysis and Programme Collaborator: Christoffer Thorborg

合作者/Collaborators: Bertelsen & Scheving Arkitekter

工程設(shè)計/Engineers: Ingeni?rgruppen Vestjylland ApS

承建商/Contractors: Carl C A/S, Bendt K. Jensen A/S

資金支持/Financial Supportors: Realdania - Stedet T?ller

攝影/Photos: Rasmus Norlander (Fig.1, 3, 9, 13, 16, 20, 21),Johansen Skovsted Arkitekter

1991-1995年、1996-2000年、2001-2005年、2006-2010年男、女AP患者的中位年齡分別為55、52歲，48、48歲，46、49歲，43、47歲，其中男性患者的年齡降低更為明顯。1996-2010年3個時間段男、女患者的中位年齡分別為50歲(30～76歲)、51歲(24～86歲)，顯著低于1991-1995年間男、女患者中位年齡的55歲(19～85歲)、52歲(20～88歲)，差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(z=-5.367，P<0.001；z=-2.502，P= 0.0124)。

2 總平面/Site plan

Instruments in the landscape

The bird sanctuary at the tip of the peninsula in the southern part of Ringk?bing Fjord is, with its unique nature, an important stopping point for migratory birds and home to Europe's oldest continuous bird counts. Previously, public access to the area has been very limited, but through establishing new facilities the area has now been opened to visitors. These facilities consist of simple instrument-like additions in the landscape: a bird hide, watch tower, workshop, walking routes and a conversion of the Tipper House research station.The new structures are imagined as free-standing objects in the landscape, each with distinctive characteristics and subtle mutual relationships with one another and their surroundings.

Tower

The bird watching tower was developed through the synthesis of an open, flat wetland geography and dense moisture in the air, and the techniques of a local factory specialising in the production of masts in solid cylindrical iron bars.The platform provides an elevated framing of the landscape, a space which can be either closed to offer a secluded position for bird counters, or opened-up to the view. The structural system is designed as a jettying frame expanding in width as it rises, allowing a small footprint to incrementally widen to support a larger platform above.Horizontal elements of galvanised iron plates have been bolted and welded together, whilst vertical and diagonal galvanised cylindrical iron bars span between the plates. 50mm and 65mm diametre columns and diagonals take compression forces,whilst 22mm diametre cylindrical iron bars, which form both the balustrade and handrails, transfer tensile forces. All individual elements, including handrails, stairs, landings and balustrades, form a part of the tower's overall structural system.

Bird Hide

The bird hide is a triangular steel structure which acts as a stopping point along a walking trail.Visitors can enter a raised hidden platform, from which wildlife can be seen up-close through a narrow slot opening. The structure is assembled using 6mm plates of Corten steel, with edge reinforcements which simultaneously function as assembly pro fi les and gutters whilst connecting the structure into the terrain.

Workshop

The workshop building refers to a small local settlement of improvised hunting huts. It is built as a simple timber frame structure stiffened and sealed by 3mm aluminium plates on the inside of the structure. The exterior is painted in contrast to the untreated aluminium revealed internally.Light penetrates the structure through translucent fi berglass boards.

Research Station

The existing Tipper House has been transformed into a visitor centre and a research station. The building now hosts exhibitions, a multipurpose room, dining room and kitchen on the ground floor, a library with work space on the first floor and alcove sleeping areas in the gables.In order to retain the quality and character of the existing building, the renovation was realised through a number of subtle interventions. A new external ramp is the only visible alteration from the exterior, internally new beams and columns replace and reinforce the load-bearing walls, a specially designed table and benches feature in communal areas, red pipes, radiators and wind gauges draw attention to the research function of the building.Built-in furniture made from OSB among other things, forms a new archive for bird counts which has a textural quality reminiscent of the plants in the landscape and thatch of the roof.□

3 觀鳥塔外景/Exterior view, Tower

4 觀鳥塔第4段平面/Plan, section 4 of Tower

5 觀鳥塔第2段軸測爆炸圖/Exploded axonometric drawing,section 2 of Tower

6 從觀鳥塔樓梯望出的視野/View from stair of Tower

7 觀鳥塔開口配重/Counterweight for hatch of Tower

8 觀鳥塔第2段與第3段之間的連接軸測爆炸圖/Exploded axonometric,the joining between section 2 and 3 of Tower

9 觀鳥塔敞開后內(nèi)景/Interior view, Tower when opened-up

10 觀鳥塔開口與欄桿細部軸測圖/Axonometric detailed drawing, hatch and railing of Tower

11 觀鳥塔閉合內(nèi)景/Interior view, Tower when closed

12 觀鳥塔內(nèi)觀測位置與望遠鏡角度示意圖/Viewing positions and angels for telescope in Tower

13 觀鳥屋外景/Exterior view, Bird Hide

14.15 觀鳥屋平面/Plans, Bird Hide

16 觀鳥屋外景/Exterior view, Bird Hide

17-19 觀鳥屋立面/Elevations, Bird Hide

20 工作間外景/Exterior view, Workshop

評論

朱捷：在開闊悠遠的濕地原野中散落著一系列簡潔利落的構(gòu)筑物，猶如人類在這片有些荒涼的土地上曾經(jīng)生活的痕跡。但簡潔并不等同于簡單，建筑師對其有著精心的設(shè)計：例如觀鳥塔所使用的當?shù)鼗牟牧虾褪┕すに?；塔中所有部件共同受力以期用最小的結(jié)構(gòu)斷面來支撐建筑物。這些都呈現(xiàn)出建筑師對該項目本質(zhì)的理解以及嚴謹克制的設(shè)計態(tài)度。

青鋒：阿道夫·盧斯曾經(jīng)提出過一個有趣的觀點，在鄉(xiāng)村環(huán)境中，農(nóng)夫的傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)宅與工程師修建的鐵橋都顯得很和諧，唯獨建筑師所設(shè)計的別墅顯得格格不入。這大概是因為，農(nóng)夫與工程師都是在按照某種必然性完成建設(shè)，而建筑師則是在考慮風格與藝術(shù)。蒂佩內(nèi)鳥類保護區(qū)的各個建筑很好地印證了盧斯的觀點。雖然它們也是建筑師的作品，但是農(nóng)夫與工程師成為了典范。無論是改造的蒂佩之家還是金屬材質(zhì)的觀鳥塔、觀鳥屋與工作間，在形態(tài)上與自然元素相去甚遠，但是你并不覺得這里有什么沖突。到底什么是和諧？建筑師并不是像盧斯所說的那么束手無策，更為關(guān)鍵的是他如何去理解建筑與其他事物之間的關(guān)系。

Comments

ZHU Jie: The neat and elegant structures that scatter around the open,fl at wetland look like traces left by people who used to live on the barren land. The simplicity of the design's structures is not easy to accomplish.The architects elaborate the design very carefully: for example, the bird watching tower uses localised material and construction methods. All individual elements take forces together to minimise the structural section in order to support the structure. Those efforts show the architects'profound understanding of the project and their prudent attitude of design. (Translated by ZHANG Jingqiu)

QING Feng: Adolf Loos had an interesting proposition that in the countryside, both the traditional farmer's house and the bridge built by engineers appear harmonious with the environment. Only the villa designed by an architect seems obtrusive. The reason is likely that both the farmer and the engineer are guided by necessity while the architect only considers style and art. The Tipperne Bird Sanctuary is clearly an exemplar of Loos's view. The architect learned from the farmer and the engineer. Although there are huge formal differences among the metallic tower, the bird hide, the workshop, the research station and the natural environment, it is hardly say they are con fl icting with each other. What is harmony after all? Architects are not as impotent as Loos believed. It all depends on how he understands the relationship between a building and other related factors.

21 研究站內(nèi)景/Interior view, Research Station