黑龍江 張佩云 修 卓

（作者單位：張佩云 黑龍江省哈爾濱市教育研究院 修 卓 黑龍江省哈爾濱市第九中學(xué)）

一、探索的背景

以往高中的英語教學(xué)死摳課本，教師天天講解語言點(diǎn)和語法要點(diǎn)，采取的是單一講聽問答的模式。這種傳統(tǒng)教法費(fèi)時(shí)、費(fèi)力，枯燥乏味，不能有效地培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語用能力，綜合素質(zhì)不高，不符合現(xiàn)代教學(xué)和素質(zhì)教育的要求。

習(xí)近平總書記強(qiáng)調(diào)，文化是民族的血脈，是人民的精神家園。中華文化獨(dú)一無二的理念、智慧、氣度、神韻，增添了中國(guó)人民和中華民族內(nèi)心深處的自信和自豪。中華優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化是我們必須世代傳承的文化根脈、文化基因，更是我們堅(jiān)定道路自信、理論自信、制度自信、文化自信的深厚基礎(chǔ)。無論是服務(wù)選才，還是引導(dǎo)教學(xué)，高考都應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)中華優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化教育，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生增強(qiáng)文化自覺和文化自信，培育和踐行社會(huì)主義核心價(jià)值觀，從而落實(shí)“立德樹人”的根本任務(wù)。2018年的考綱重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)，英語融入中國(guó)優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生積極參與中外文化的對(duì)話與交流，通過“講好中國(guó)故事”，增強(qiáng)文化自覺和文化自信。如何培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的核心素養(yǎng)和文化自信是英語教師應(yīng)盡的義務(wù)。

發(fā)展學(xué)生核心素養(yǎng)體系構(gòu)建對(duì)英語自主閱讀活動(dòng)的倡導(dǎo)與實(shí)施都具有重要的指導(dǎo)意義。自主閱讀是一個(gè)個(gè)性化的，并出于真實(shí)興趣與切身需要的閱讀活動(dòng)。這種閱讀有利于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的閱讀素養(yǎng)，同時(shí)與英語學(xué)科學(xué)生素養(yǎng)體系的內(nèi)涵與外延相符合。

現(xiàn)僅依據(jù)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，就如何培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自學(xué)、自做、自悟和自助的能力及提高閱讀能力方面談?wù)勛约旱淖龇ê涂捶?。開始的時(shí)候，建議學(xué)生選讀一些信息較新、語言地道純正的英語閱讀材料，如《妙語短篇》《英語詞匯擴(kuò)充》《書蟲系列》《英語循序漸進(jìn)階梯閱讀》《英語沙龍》等。經(jīng)過一段時(shí)間的訓(xùn)練，我們感到這種閱讀方式擴(kuò)大了閱讀面，拓展了視野，加大了學(xué)生對(duì)英語國(guó)家的文化、風(fēng)俗及習(xí)慣的了解。但教師和同學(xué)們感覺這種閱讀不利于評(píng)估反饋，而且由于有的學(xué)生元認(rèn)知能力較差，對(duì)理解閱讀材料不知從何下手，沒有側(cè)重，沒有主次，閱讀效果不理想；此外，因?yàn)槊總€(gè)學(xué)生的閱讀材料不同，老師無法對(duì)所有的材料了如指掌，這就導(dǎo)致了老師無法對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行很好的具體的指導(dǎo)。后來，我們意識(shí)到讓學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)不是“放羊”學(xué)習(xí)，應(yīng)該在教師正確的具體指導(dǎo)下培養(yǎng)學(xué)生良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣，發(fā)展他們的認(rèn)知策略，學(xué)生在這種自學(xué)、自做、自悟和自助的學(xué)習(xí)過程中，形成了自己動(dòng)手、自我監(jiān)測(cè)、自我調(diào)控的學(xué)習(xí)能力。學(xué)生在設(shè)題和講解中充分發(fā)揮了想象力，也提高了他們的應(yīng)變能力。另外，讓學(xué)生設(shè)計(jì)課、講課也培養(yǎng)了他們的其他能力，如表演表達(dá)能力、行為約束能力等，全方位地提高了學(xué)生的素質(zhì)。學(xué)生只有具備多方面的能力，具有較高的綜合素質(zhì)才能適應(yīng)這個(gè)充滿機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)的社會(huì)。為此，在課堂教學(xué)中，為了極大限度地培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的自學(xué)、自做、自悟和自助的能力，我們讓學(xué)生自己動(dòng)手選擇語言純正的課外閱讀材料，從中選出一篇自己最喜歡的文章或片段讓學(xué)生根據(jù)文章特點(diǎn)自己設(shè)計(jì)題型并且負(fù)責(zé)講解。經(jīng)過一段時(shí)間的摸索實(shí)踐，初步形成了英語自主閱讀賞析的教學(xué)模式。

二、探索過程

首先，關(guān)于安排(Arrangement)：要求學(xué)生自己選擇適合自己水平的、語言純正的課外閱讀材料，從中選出一篇自己最喜歡的文章或片段，這個(gè)過程實(shí)際上是搜集、選擇信息的過程(searching and selecting information)。

其次，組織指導(dǎo)(Organization and Direction)：學(xué)生選材后，老師要進(jìn)行篩選把關(guān)：衡量文章的難易程度，片段的內(nèi)容是否完整。確定了閱讀內(nèi)容以后，讓學(xué)生根據(jù)文章特點(diǎn)自己設(shè)計(jì)題型，在教師指導(dǎo)下，使問題的設(shè)置由淺入深，問題的排列有梯度，問題分布全面，問題的著眼點(diǎn)能引導(dǎo)學(xué)生揣摩文章主題、作者意圖。這種閱讀是一種廣義上的閱讀，它區(qū)別于高考中的閱讀。高考閱讀題型的設(shè)置出于一些考務(wù)方面的考慮，形式單一，而這種閱讀題型多樣、新穎，有時(shí)還包括一些微型完形題和寫作題。僅就猜詞一項(xiàng)就可以設(shè)置以下題型：(1)猜測(cè)中心詞；(2)根據(jù)所給英語提示猜測(cè)生詞或詞組；(3)通過上下文猜詞、換詞、填空；(4)適宜地設(shè)置啟發(fā)學(xué)生討論的題型，給學(xué)生充分的思維時(shí)間和空間，讓學(xué)生各抒己見，培養(yǎng)其思維的流暢性、變通性與創(chuàng)新性；(5)指導(dǎo)學(xué)生在閱讀中用自己的語言描述主人公或其他事物，續(xù)寫故事，將故事改編成對(duì)話等等。除以上所提到的，還有很多其他題型。

還有關(guān)于操作和發(fā)展（Operation and Development ）環(huán)節(jié)，要求選材的同學(xué)負(fù)責(zé)講解，課前充分預(yù)習(xí)，在課堂上完成傳遞信息、分析信息的過程（transferring and analyzing information），同時(shí)其他同學(xué)接受信息(accepting information)。在這個(gè)過程中，對(duì)于一些問題要給學(xué)生充分的時(shí)間與空間，各抒己見。

最后，關(guān)于反饋與總結(jié)（Feedback and Summary），課后及時(shí)做總結(jié)，向全體同學(xué)指出這堂課的長(zhǎng)處和不足，糾正錯(cuò)誤，提醒其他同學(xué)注意，避免再出現(xiàn)此類問題。課后與講課的同學(xué)做全面細(xì)致的交流，聽取他們的意見、見解和感想。為了更好地了解掌握學(xué)生的閱讀情況，教師可以設(shè)計(jì)反饋表格幫助學(xué)生進(jìn)行自我評(píng)價(jià)。如：

三、案例紀(jì)實(shí)

（一）安排同學(xué)選擇閱讀英語材料，然后選出自己欣賞的一篇文章或一個(gè)片段。

（二）組織學(xué)生選材并自己設(shè)題。收集上來兩組同學(xué)的選材。有些文章生詞過多，其中有一篇是偵探片《福爾摩斯》的一個(gè)片段，內(nèi)容是對(duì)一個(gè)背景的描寫，沒有具體的故事情景，非常難以理解，而且這位同學(xué)的設(shè)題也讓人無從下手。如：Please tell us what novel the part is chosen from.但是文章的內(nèi)容根本無法讓人猜出出處。還有一篇是韓亮同學(xué)從《21世紀(jì)英文報(bào)》上節(jié)選下來的，內(nèi)容是關(guān)于因特網(wǎng)的，專業(yè)用語多，篇幅長(zhǎng)，所以未被選中。老師經(jīng)過篩選確定了三篇(通常一堂課能完成三篇文章的內(nèi)容)。選材和設(shè)題如下：

【例1】（From Zhang Shiyao）

If you ever have a chance to go to Finland, you’ll probably be surprised to find how _______ the Finnish people are.

Take the taxi drivers for instance, taxis in Finland are mostly high class Benz with a fare of two US dollars a kilometer.You can go anywhere in one, tell the driver to drop you at any place, say that you have some business to attend to, and then stalk off without paying your fare.And the driver would not show the least sign of anxiety.

The dining rooms in all big hotels not only serve their guests, but also cater to outside diners.Hotel guests have their meals free, so they naturally go to the free dinning rooms to have their meals, and the most they would do to show their good faith is to wave their registration card to the waiter.With such a loose check, you can easily use any old registration card to take a couple of friends to wine and dine free of charge.

The Finnish workers are paid by the hour.If you work in Finland, you’ll be very much on your own as soon as you have agreed with the boss on the hourly rate.From then you just say how many hours you have worked and you’ll be paid accordingly.

With so many loopholes in everyday life, surely Finland must be a heaven to those who love to take“petty advantages”.But the strange thing is, all the taxi-passengers would invariably come back to pay their fare after they have attended to their business; not a single outsider has ever been found in the free hotel dining rooms, workers always give an honest account of the exact hours they have put in.

1.Please choose the best word for the blank.

A.interesting B.foolish C.clever D.stupid

2.Please guess the meaning of the word and the phrase according to the context:

cater_______ petty advantage__________

3.Please show the strange things that the Finnish people do.

4.Why does the author use“strange”to describe the Finnish people?

5.In your opinion, what are the Finnish people like?

【例2】（From Zhou Liwen）

“Are you happy?”I asked my brother, Ian, one day.“Yes.No.It depends on what you mean,”he said.

“Then tell me,”I said, “when was the last time you think you were happy?”

“April 1967,”he said.

It served me right putting a serious question to someone who has joked his way through life.But Ian’s answer reminded me that when we think about happiness, we usually think of something extraordinary, a pinnacle of sheer delight.And those pinnacles seem to get rarer the older we get.

For a child, happiness has a magical quality, I remember making hide-outs in newly cut hay, playing cops and rubbers in the woods, getting a speaking part in the school play.Of course, kids also experience lows, but their delight at such peaks of pleasure as winning a race or getting a new bike is unreserved.

In the teenage years the concept of happiness changes.Suddenly it’s conditional on such things as excitement, love,popularity and I can still feel the agony of not being invited to a party that almost everyone else was going to.

My dictionary defines happy as“l(fā)ucky”or“fortunate”，but I think a better definition of happiness is“the capacity for enjoyment”.The more we can enjoy what we have, the happier we are.It’s easy to overlook the pleasure we get from loving and being loved, the company of friends, the freedom to live where we please, even good health.

While happiness may be more complex for us, the solution is the same as ever.Happiness isn’t about what happens to us;It’s about how we feel about what happens to us.It’s the knack of finding a positive for every negative, and viewing a setback as a challenge.It’s not wishing for what we don’t have, but enjoying what we do possess.

1.Paraphrase the sentence：“someone who has joked his way through life.”

2.In the passage, what is happiness?

3.Please discuss with your partner how we can get happiness.

【例3】（From Wu Bo）

A Real Man

Somebody said that it couldn’t be done.But he with a chuckle replied that maybe it couldn’t, but he would be one who wouldn’t say so “till he tried”.So he buckled down to with the trace of a grin on his face.If he worried, he hid it.He started to sing as he tackled the thing that couldn’t be done,and he did it.Somebody scoffed：“Oh, you’ll never do that;at least no one has ever done it.”But he took off his coat and took off his hat.And the first thing he knew he’d begun it.With the lift of his chin and a bit if a grin, without any doubt, he started to sing as he tackled the thing that couldn’t be done; he did it.There are thousands to tell you it cannot be done; there are thousands to prophesy failure; there are thousands to point out to you, one by one , the dangers that wait to assail you.But just buckle right in with a bit of a grin, then take off your coat and go to it; just start in to sing as you tackle the thing that cannot be done, and you’ll do it.

1.To match the following words and expressions：

grin deal with

tackle foretell

prophesy attack

assail smile

2.Which words of the following can be used to describe“he”? And why?

a.encouraged b.passive c.sunshine d.independent

e.confident f.active g.conceited

3.The title of the passage is not very good, and can you think out a better one to replace it？___________________

確定這三篇文章是因?yàn)檫@三篇文章信息新，難易適度。下面我們選用了第一名學(xué)生的課堂教學(xué)紀(jì)實(shí)作為案例。（選材見上）張世堯開始的設(shè)題為：

1.Please use your own words to explain the following words：

A.stalk B.loose check C.registration D.invariably

2.Why does the writer use“foolish”to describe the Finnish people?

3.Why does the author use“strange”to describe the Finnish people?

4.What are the strange things?

5.In your opinion, what are the Finnish people like?

筆者認(rèn)為這幾個(gè)生詞較難，學(xué)生很難解釋，第二和第四題設(shè)題不夠新穎，第三題和第四題順序欠佳，所以，與張世堯一起商榷確定為以下各題：

1.Please choose the best word for the blank.

A.interesting B.foolish C.clever D.stupid

2.Please guess the meaning of the word and the phrase according to the context：

cater_______ petty advantage__________

3.Please show the strange things that the Finnish people do.

4.Why does the author use“strange”to describe the Finnish people?

5.In your opinion, what are the Finnish people like?

英語自主閱讀是出于學(xué)生個(gè)人興趣與真實(shí)需求而進(jìn)行的。自主閱讀不以考試和做題為最終目的，并且不依賴?yán)蠋熀驼n本，自主閱讀以持續(xù)的閱讀為主要形態(tài)。重點(diǎn)在于理解英文文本的內(nèi)容，在閱讀的過程中不僅要獲取信息，同時(shí)具有建構(gòu)意義和享受樂趣，并且也能夠處理語言問題和附帶學(xué)習(xí)語言知識(shí)和技能。這種閱讀有利于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的閱讀素養(yǎng)，也與以“立德樹人”為根本的學(xué)生核心素養(yǎng)發(fā)展的訴求相一致。英語自主閱讀模式取材廣泛，內(nèi)容新穎，形式多樣化，有利于學(xué)生的綜合能力的培養(yǎng)。現(xiàn)在的社會(huì)需要有信息素養(yǎng)的人才——也就是要具備捕捉信息的能力。學(xué)生自己選材講解，在這個(gè)過程中學(xué)生表現(xiàn)了他對(duì)作者所表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)的贊同和反對(duì)，培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生分析信息、取舍信息的能力，同時(shí)有利于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的想象能力和創(chuàng)新能力。