李文燕 郭亞楠 鄭昕蕊 張紅霞 于麗 江洪
[摘要] 目的 探討孕期PM2.5暴露影響子代大腦發(fā)育中HMGB1/NF-κB p65通路的作用。 方法 40只昆明小鼠孕鼠隨機(jī)分5組,每組8只。氣管滴注法向?qū)φ战M注30 μL PBS,PM2.5低、中、高劑量組各注0.25920、1.56695、3.45600 μg/μL PM2.5混懸液30 μL,孕期每3天注1次,共7次??瞻捉M無處理。ELISA法檢測子代大腦皮層腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、γ-干擾素(IFN-γ)、高遷移率族蛋白1(HMGB1)、核因子κB p65(NF-κB p65)濃度;Western blot、RT-PCR法檢測HMGB1、NF-κB p65蛋白及mRNA變化。 結(jié)果 ELISA示與對照組相比,高、中劑量組IFN-γ、NF-κB p65升高而HMGB1下降(P < 0.05),高劑量組TNF-α升高(P < 0.05)。Western blot示高、中劑量組與對照組相比,HMGB1下降且NF-κB p65上升(P < 0.05)。PCR示HMGB1 mRNA無變化,高劑量組NF-κB p65 mRNA高于對照組(P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 孕期PM2.5暴露使子代鼠大腦皮層產(chǎn)生炎癥,HMGB1/NF-κB通路可能起重要作用。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 大腦皮層;PM2.5;γ-干擾素;腫瘤壞死因子-α;高遷移率族蛋白1;核因子κB p65;子代鼠
[中圖分類號] R715.3 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2018)04(a)-0022-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the mechanism of HMGB1/NF-κB signal pathway affecting cerebral development of offspring after exposure to PM2.5 during pregnancy. Methods Fourty pregnant Kunming mice were randomly divided into 5 groups, 8 rats in each group. PM2.5 low-dose group, medium-dose group and high-dose group were instilled 30 μL PM2.5 suspension of 0.25920, 1.56695, 3.45600 μg/μL respectively by improved technique for rapid intratracheal instillation. The control group was instilled PBS of the same volume. The blank group received no treatments. Mice were instilled tracheally once every 3 days for 7 times during pregnancy. ELISA was used to measure the levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, HMGB1 and NF-κB p65 in the cerebral cortex of offspring mice. Western blot and RT-PCR were used to detect the protein and mRNA expression of HMGB1 and NF-κB p65. Results ELISA showed that compared with the control group, the levels of IFN-γ, NF-κB p65 and HMGB1 in the high and middle dose groups were significantly lower (P < 0.05); high-dose group TNF-α increased (P < 0.05). Western blot showed that HMGB1 decreased and NF-κB p65 increased in the high and middle dose groups compared with the control group (P < 0.05). PCR showed HMGB1 mRNA unchanged; high-dose group NF-κB p65 mRNA was higher than the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy may cause inflammation in the cerebral cortex of offspring mice, and HMGB1/NF-κB pathway may play an important role.
[Key words] Cerebral cortex; PM2.5; IFN-γ; TNF-α; HMGB1; NF-κB p65; Offspring mice
大氣細(xì)顆粒物(AD≤2.5 μm,PM2.5)成分復(fù)雜,可吸附細(xì)菌、病毒、重金屬等。PM2.5通過呼吸進(jìn)入機(jī)體經(jīng)血液循環(huán)及胎盤影響孕婦和新生兒[1]。炎性反應(yīng)是孕期PM2.5暴露影響子代認(rèn)知的首要機(jī)制[2]。本課題組前期發(fā)現(xiàn)孕期PM2.5暴露使子代鼠心、脾、肝等臟器結(jié)構(gòu)紊亂,出現(xiàn)炎癥等病理改變[3]。目前關(guān)于PM2.5對子代腦發(fā)育影響機(jī)制的研究尚少。本研究通過檢測孕期PM2.5暴露后子代鼠大腦皮層TNF-α、IFN-γ、HMGB1、NF-κB p65變化,評估孕期空氣污染對胎兒神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的毒性作用。
1 材料與方法
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動物與模型制備
雌性昆明小鼠40只,6~8周齡,體重(34±2)g,購自青島動物實(shí)驗(yàn)中心,生產(chǎn)許可證號:SCXK(魯)20140001。按動物倫理學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)處理動物。室溫25℃,自由飲水、進(jìn)食。雌雄比2∶1合籠,次日查有陰栓者記為孕第1天。孕鼠隨機(jī)分為空白組、對照組及PM2.5低、中、高劑量組,每組8只。空白組無處理;對照組注30 μL PBS;PM2.5低、中、高劑量組各注30 μL濃度為0.25920、1.56695、3.45600 μg/μL的PM2.5混懸液,采用氣管滴注法孕期每3天(即孕第1、4、7、10、13、16、19天)滴注,共7次。
1.2 PM2.5的采集和處理
用采樣器收集供暖季濰坊市大氣細(xì)顆粒物。細(xì)顆粒物濾膜裁成小塊浸入去離子水,低溫超聲振蕩,收集濾液。顆粒物懸液冷凍真空干燥,-20℃保存[4]。根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)用PBS稀釋細(xì)粒子。
1.3 主要試劑與儀器
HMGB1單克隆抗體購自美國Abcom公司,NF-κB p65單克隆抗體購自美國CST公司,Multiskan FC型酶標(biāo)儀購自美國Thermo公司等。
1.4 實(shí)驗(yàn)方法
1.4.1 ELISA檢測子代鼠大腦皮層TNF-α、IFN-γ、HMGB1、NF-κB p65濃度變化 解剖各組2周齡子代鼠,剝離大腦皮層組織,冰上勻漿,4℃ 10 000 r/min離心15 min,測定蛋白濃度。按ELISA試劑盒操作。酶標(biāo)儀測450 nm吸光度值。
1.4.2 Western blot檢測子代鼠大腦皮層HMGB1、NF-κB p65蛋白表達(dá) 子代鼠(2周齡)大腦皮層組織置于冰上裂解提蛋白。取30 μg蛋白樣品行SDS-PADE電泳,恒壓90 V將蛋白轉(zhuǎn)至PVDF膜。將膜置于5%脫脂奶粉中,室溫封閉抗原2 h后分別放入一抗兔抗HMGB1(1∶8000)、兔抗NF-κB p65(1∶1000)中4℃低溫?fù)u床孵育過夜,二抗IgG室溫?fù)u床孵育2 h。GAPDH(1∶8000)作為對照,ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光系統(tǒng)檢測。
1.4.3 RT-PCR檢測HMGB1、NF-κB p65 mRNA表達(dá) 測定子代鼠(2周齡)大腦皮層組織總RNA濃度和純度,各樣品反轉(zhuǎn)錄成cDNA行PCR擴(kuò)增。HMGB1上游引物:5′-GGCGAGCATCCTGGCTTATC-3′,下游引物: 5′-GGCTGCTTGTCATCTGCTG-3′,擴(kuò)增片段長度88 bp。NF-κB p65上游引物:5′-AGGCTTCTGGGCCTTATGTG-3′,下游引物:5′- TGCTTCTCTCGCCAGGAATAC-3′,產(chǎn)物長度111 bp。β-actin上游引物:5′-GGCTGTATTCCCCTCCATCG-3′,下游引物:5′-CCAGTTGGTAACAATGCCATGT-3′,產(chǎn)物長度154 bp。PCR反應(yīng)條件:95℃ 2 min,95℃ 30 s、60℃ 30 s、72℃ 30 s,30個循環(huán),72℃延伸10 min。5 μL擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物1.5%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳30 min獲圖像。
1.5 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 子代鼠大腦皮層中TNF-α、IFN-γ、HMGB1、NF-κB p65濃度變化情況
與對照組相比,PM2.5各劑量組子代鼠大腦皮層中TNF-α、IFN-γ、NF-κB p65濃度均升高,其中,高劑量組TNF-α濃度與對照組相比,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),高、中劑量組IFN-γ、NF-κB p65濃度與對照組相比,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);PM2.5各劑量組與對照組相比HMGB1濃度下降,其中,高、中劑量組與對照組相比差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。對照組與空白組各指標(biāo)差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見表1。
2.2 子代鼠大腦皮層中HMGB1、NF-κB p65蛋白表達(dá)情況
Western blot示PM2.5各劑量組與對照組相比,子代鼠大腦皮層HMGB1蛋白表達(dá)降低,NF-κB p65蛋白表升高,其中高、中劑量組差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);對照組與空白組各指標(biāo)差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見圖2、3。
2.3子代鼠大腦皮層中HMGB1及NF-κB p65 mRNA表達(dá)情況
PCR擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物凝膠電泳示PM2.5模型組與對照組相比,HMGB1 mRNA表達(dá)無明顯改變(P > 0.05)。高劑量組與對照組相比,子代鼠大腦皮層NF-κB p65 mRNA表達(dá)升高,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。而對照組與空白組差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見圖4、5。
3 討論
我國每年P(guān)M2.5污染可致約120萬人過早死亡和2500萬健康生命損失[5]。動物腦組織暴露于PM2.5會損傷小腦、海馬等[6-8]。生命早期是中樞神經(jīng)形成的關(guān)鍵時期,孕期母體暴露于汽車尾氣顆粒物危害胎仔神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的正常發(fā)育[9]。污染空氣中雌鼠子代認(rèn)知受損,考慮是綜合因素作用于腦的先天免疫識別基因與神經(jīng)炎癥的級聯(lián)反應(yīng)所致[10]。孕期PM2.5暴露對胎兒神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的毒性機(jī)制有待深入研究。
HMGB1是非組蛋白,在腦、肝、肺等器官極豐富。一般情況下主要在細(xì)胞內(nèi)表達(dá),參與細(xì)胞分化、DNA修復(fù)等。機(jī)體受損時,細(xì)胞內(nèi)HMGB1經(jīng)活化細(xì)胞主動分泌或壞死細(xì)胞被動釋放進(jìn)入胞外或外周循環(huán)發(fā)揮致炎作用[11-14]。細(xì)胞外HMGB1能與晚期糖基化終末產(chǎn)物受體和Toll樣受體4結(jié)合[15-16],激活NF-κB通路[16-17],產(chǎn)生大量TNF-α等炎癥因子,引發(fā)炎癥[18-19]。本研究顯示與對照組相比,孕期PM2.5暴露導(dǎo)致模型組子代鼠大腦皮層中HMGB1蛋白表達(dá)下降,HMGB1 mRNA無改變,推測壞死或活化細(xì)胞經(jīng)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)-高爾基體途徑釋放HMGB1到細(xì)胞外或外周循環(huán),星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞等分泌的HMGB1主要來自細(xì)胞核儲備而非新合成[20],故檢測到模型組子代鼠大腦皮層HMGB1蛋白降低。PM2.5模型組NF-κB p65蛋白與對照組相比升高,高劑量組與對照組相比NF-κB p65 mRNA上升。孕期PM2.5暴露引起模型組大腦皮層TNF-α、IFN-γ濃度增高。
綜上所述,孕期一定劑量PM2.5暴露使子代鼠大腦皮層炎癥因子表達(dá)改變,HMGB1/NF-κB通路可能起關(guān)鍵作用。孕期PM2.5暴露影響子代腦發(fā)育是多機(jī)制調(diào)節(jié)的復(fù)雜過程,了解其對子代腦發(fā)育的影響對提高空氣污染預(yù)防意識及盡早建立孕婦和胎兒特異監(jiān)測指標(biāo)有重要意義。
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