弓瑾 李建強(qiáng)
[摘要]肺癌是目前世界范圍內(nèi)最常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤,死亡率居所有惡性腫瘤之首,其中非小細(xì)胞肺癌所占比例最高。至今為止,非小細(xì)胞肺癌的治療方式有限且效果不佳,所以急需一種更為有效的治療方式。近幾年,隨著程序性死亡因子-1(PD-1)及其配體(PD-L1)研究的不斷深入,作用于免疫檢查點(diǎn)的新型治療方案已逐漸應(yīng)用于臨床,并取得了巨大的成果,其中,PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑的問(wèn)世則對(duì)晚期非小細(xì)胞肺癌的治療有極其重要的臨床意義。本文旨在綜述目前常用的PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑在非小細(xì)胞肺癌中的臨床應(yīng)用及進(jìn)展。
[關(guān)鍵詞]非小細(xì)胞肺癌;程序性死亡因子-1及配體抑制劑;臨床應(yīng)用;應(yīng)用進(jìn)展
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R734.2 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2018)3(c)-0029-04
[Abstract]Lung cancer is the most common malignant tumor in the world,and the mortality of lung cancer still is the first in all of tumors.Non-small cell lung cancer has a large proportion of the lung cancer.However,the current treatments for non-small cell lung cancer are limited and ineffective.Therefore,it is urgent to find a more effective treatment for non-small cell lung cancer.Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand,an important immunosuppressive molecule,whose ligand is PD-L1,has been discovered for over 20 years.In recent years,with the deepening research of programmed death-1(PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1),the new treatment methods on the immune checkpoint has been gradually applied in clinical and gotten great achievements.Among them,the PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors used to treat non-small cell lung cancer that have been significant clinical effect for the advanced patients.This paper reviewed the clinical effect and application of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors used commonly for non-small cell lung cancer.
[Key words]Non-small cell lung cancer;PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors;Clinical effect;Clinical application
肺癌是目前世界范圍內(nèi)最常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤,其中非小細(xì)胞肺癌約占肺癌患者的80%~85%[1]。雖然目前肺癌治療的研究在不斷地深入,但肺癌患者的死亡率依然居所有惡性腫瘤之首,其中非小細(xì)胞肺癌的患者死亡率最高[2]。目前非小細(xì)胞肺癌的治療方式主要有手術(shù)、放療和化療,但治療效果不佳,患者接受治療后遠(yuǎn)期生存率仍處于較低的水平[3]。多數(shù)非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者在確診時(shí)已處于晚期或發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移,且部分患者常伴有其他難治性疾病,失去手術(shù)治療的機(jī)會(huì),預(yù)后更差。
對(duì)早期非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者,常規(guī)治療方式主要為手術(shù)切除聯(lián)合放、化療,而對(duì)晚期患者,目前治療方式主要為化療。非小細(xì)胞肺癌的傳統(tǒng)一線(xiàn)治療方案是細(xì)胞毒類(lèi)藥物聯(lián)合含鉑類(lèi)藥物,此方案中位生存期為8~12個(gè)月[4-5]。多西他賽作為二線(xiàn)用藥,適用于以順鉑為主的化療失敗的晚期或轉(zhuǎn)移性非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者[6-8]。雖然大多數(shù)非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者在行放、化療后病情有所改善,但因疾病進(jìn)展迅速,總體療效仍不理想。近幾年,隨著對(duì)程序性死亡因子-1(Programmed death-1,PD-1)的深入研究,及PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑的問(wèn)世,作用于免疫檢查點(diǎn)的新型治療方案已逐漸應(yīng)用于臨床,并取得了巨大的成果[9]。
1 PD-1/PD-L1概述
PD-1最初是在凋亡的T細(xì)胞雜交瘤中得到,故得其名。PD-1主要表達(dá)于多種免疫細(xì)胞,如T細(xì)胞表面和初級(jí)B細(xì)胞表面,在這些細(xì)胞的分化和凋亡中發(fā)揮作用。PD-1有兩個(gè)配體,分別是PD-L1和PD-L2,屬于B7家族蛋白,主要表達(dá)于腫瘤細(xì)胞和樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞。初始T細(xì)胞的活化需要兩個(gè)不同的細(xì)胞外信號(hào)的共同刺激,其中第二信號(hào)為共刺激分子,B7家族即為其中之一。PD-1與PD-L1相互作用可抑制機(jī)體的免疫反應(yīng)[10]。有大量文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道在非小細(xì)胞肺癌的腫瘤細(xì)胞中存在PD-L1的表達(dá),因此,通過(guò)阻斷PD-1/PD-L1的結(jié)合可恢復(fù)免疫細(xì)胞對(duì)腫瘤的有效免疫應(yīng)答[11]。
2 PD-1/PD-L1抑制機(jī)體免疫反應(yīng)的作用機(jī)制
免疫系統(tǒng)發(fā)揮抗癌作用是一個(gè)多步驟的過(guò)程,很大一部分是通過(guò)CD8+細(xì)胞毒性T細(xì)胞進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié),但多種因素作用于這個(gè)過(guò)程的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)則推動(dòng)或抑制了免疫功能[12-13]。其中,PD-1/PD-L1在腫瘤微環(huán)境中屬于抑制免疫反應(yīng)的重要因素,因此,如何抑制PD-1/PD-L1對(duì)腫瘤的治療具有直接和現(xiàn)實(shí)的意義[14-15]。目前已有大量文獻(xiàn)研究證明PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑在非小細(xì)胞肺癌中可啟動(dòng)免疫系統(tǒng)的免疫應(yīng)答從而起到對(duì)抗腫瘤的作用。任何一種類(lèi)型的腫瘤都可伴隨炎癥反應(yīng)或非炎癥反應(yīng)[16]。特定的腫瘤類(lèi)型一般表現(xiàn)為特定的免疫反應(yīng),例如黑色素瘤、肺癌、腎癌和移行細(xì)胞癌一般伴隨炎癥反應(yīng),而結(jié)直腸癌和胰腺癌則一般不伴隨炎癥反應(yīng)[17-20]。其中,伴隨炎癥反應(yīng)的免疫反應(yīng)的共同特點(diǎn)包括密集的CD8+細(xì)胞毒性T細(xì)胞滲入、廣泛的趨化因子、PD-L1的表達(dá)、IFN-1和高表達(dá)的IFN-r基因[16,21]。目前有一種假設(shè)認(rèn)為伴隨腫瘤的炎癥反應(yīng)中存在一種因果關(guān)系:CD8+細(xì)胞毒性T細(xì)胞識(shí)別癌癥相關(guān)抗原,誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生IFN-г,最終導(dǎo)致PD-L1在相鄰的腫瘤浸潤(rùn)的免疫細(xì)胞上表達(dá),在某些情況下,也可表達(dá)在腫瘤細(xì)胞上[22-23]。CD8+T細(xì)胞表達(dá)的PD-1可以抑制T細(xì)胞受體信號(hào),所以PD-L1可通過(guò)其受體PD-1和B7.1作為一種負(fù)性反饋調(diào)節(jié)器。因此,伴隨腫瘤的炎癥反應(yīng)是通過(guò)已有的CD8+細(xì)胞毒性T細(xì)胞與腫瘤細(xì)胞相互作用建立一種抗癌免疫機(jī)制,而腫瘤細(xì)胞內(nèi)PD-L1的表達(dá)則抑制該機(jī)制的建立。
3目前臨床用于治療非小細(xì)胞肺癌的PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑及面臨的問(wèn)題
目前由于靶向藥物本身的毒性、應(yīng)用靶向藥物后的治療效果不佳及腫瘤對(duì)靶向藥物的耐藥性,大多數(shù)治療非小細(xì)胞肺癌的新型靶向藥物較難應(yīng)用于臨床或臨床試驗(yàn)取得理想的效果[24-25]。此外,這些靶向藥物在單獨(dú)治療非小細(xì)胞肺癌時(shí),其生存率對(duì)多西他賽無(wú)明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)。因此非小細(xì)胞肺癌的治療藥物更需要盡快研發(fā)。目前一些PD-1與PD-L1的單克隆抗體靶向藥物已經(jīng)應(yīng)用于臨床,而另一部分藥物仍處于臨床試驗(yàn)階段。
3.1 Nivolumab
Nivolumab是一種美國(guó)食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局(FDA)批準(zhǔn)的用于治療非小細(xì)胞肺癌的人體免疫球蛋白(IgG4)抗PD-1的單克隆靶向藥物,主要用于單一化療或聯(lián)合其他化療藥物治療[26]。目前,進(jìn)展期非小細(xì)胞肺癌在使用含鉑類(lèi)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一線(xiàn)化療方案失敗后,可使用Nivolumab作為二線(xiàn)治療藥物。Brahmer等[27]隨機(jī)選取了272例經(jīng)過(guò)鉑類(lèi)一線(xiàn)化療失敗的非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者,將其分為兩組,一組使用Nivolumab(3 mg/kg,每2周使用),另一組使用多西他賽(75 mg/m2,每3周使用),結(jié)果顯示相較于多西他賽,使用Nivolumab有更長(zhǎng)的中位生存期(9.2個(gè)月 vs. 6個(gè)月,HR=0.59,P<0.001)和更高的客觀(guān)緩解率(20% vs. 9%)。而就安全性來(lái)說(shuō),Nivolumab比多西他賽則有更低的3級(jí)或4級(jí)化療相關(guān)不良事件(7% vs. 55%)。Borghaei等[28]在一個(gè)Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn)選取582例進(jìn)展期非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者也顯示了相似的結(jié)果,相較于多西他賽,Nivolumab有更長(zhǎng)的總生存期(12.2個(gè)月vs. 9.4個(gè)月,HR=0.73,P=0.002)。而對(duì)于經(jīng)過(guò)多種方案治療后的進(jìn)展期非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者,有研究顯示單獨(dú)使用Nivolumab的緩解率為14.5%[29]。而且,這些研究結(jié)果還有實(shí)際意義,因?yàn)榧词鼓[瘤患者中PD-L1不表達(dá),這些患者使用該藥物后仍可有緩解。
Nivolumab在治療非小細(xì)胞肺癌的療效得到充分肯定,但尚存在很多問(wèn)題需進(jìn)一步的研究及探索,如用于一線(xiàn)治療,與傳統(tǒng)化療方案比較能否勝出;Nivolumab能否與其他治療手段及治療藥物聯(lián)合應(yīng)用;其方案如何制定;PD-L1的表達(dá)是否可以預(yù)測(cè)療效;是否可以聯(lián)合兩種免疫檢驗(yàn)點(diǎn)抑制劑等。
3.2 Pembrolizumab
Pembrolizumab是另一種用于治療非小細(xì)胞肺癌的人體免疫球蛋白(IgG4)抗PD-1的單克隆靶向藥物。Edward等[30]評(píng)估了一批非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者(其中一部分人以前接受過(guò)治療,一部分人沒(méi)有接受過(guò)治療),讓其接受不同劑量抗PD-1抑制劑Pembrolizumab的治療。在10 mg/kg(2周或3周)或2 mg/kg(每3周)的劑量下,Pembrolizumab的副作用可忽略并能產(chǎn)生持久的療效。發(fā)現(xiàn),在給予10 mg/kg 2周與10 mg/kg 3周的劑量的患者中,在療效或副作用方面沒(méi)有顯著差異。在具有相似療效的劑量中,通常建議使用最低劑量。在未經(jīng)治療的和治療過(guò)的患者中,有超過(guò)50%的患者獲得更好的療效和更長(zhǎng)的總生存期,這表明PD-L1通路可以作為一個(gè)治療靶點(diǎn)[21,31-32]。另外,PD-L1表達(dá)也可識(shí)別Pembrolizumab來(lái)發(fā)揮作用,腫瘤細(xì)胞中存在的CD8+T細(xì)胞和細(xì)胞因子可作為PD-L1的補(bǔ)充來(lái)識(shí)別Pembrolizumab[33-34]。
總之,Garon等[30]已證明了在之前接受過(guò)治療和未接受治療的非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者使用Pembrolizumab的有效性和安全性,且PD-L1表達(dá)的前瞻性試驗(yàn)是可行的,并且回顧性地分析了患者臨床受益于Pembrolizumab的治療。目前正進(jìn)行隨機(jī)臨床試驗(yàn),該藥物也正在評(píng)估,并與其他試劑相結(jié)合,以期更快的應(yīng)用于非小細(xì)胞肺癌的治療中。
3.3 Atezolizumab
Atezolizumab是一種程序性死亡配體(PD-L1或CD274抗原)的單克隆抗體靶向藥物,是由Genentech開(kāi)發(fā)的用于各種血液系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤和實(shí)體瘤的治療。它在美國(guó)已被批準(zhǔn)作為移行細(xì)胞癌的二線(xiàn)治療,作為非小細(xì)胞肺癌的二線(xiàn)治療正在進(jìn)行臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)[35]。在之前治療非小細(xì)胞肺癌隨機(jī)Ⅱ期實(shí)驗(yàn)中,相較于多西他賽每3周75 mg/m2,Atezolizumab 1200 mg 3周可顯著提高生存率。在隨訪(fǎng)了13個(gè)月的患者中,相對(duì)于多西他賽組9.7個(gè)月的治療生存期(n=143;P=0.04), Atezolizumab組的治療生存期為12.6個(gè)月(n=144),同時(shí),無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期是2.7和3個(gè)月,每組中有15%的患者達(dá)到了可觀(guān)的療效[36]。腫瘤細(xì)胞或免疫細(xì)胞中PD-L1的高水平表達(dá)明顯改善了總生存期。接受Atezolizumab和多西他賽治療的腫瘤細(xì)胞(≥50%的PD-L1表達(dá)細(xì)胞)患者或免疫細(xì)胞(≥10%的PD-L1表達(dá)細(xì)胞)患者,中位總生存期為15.5個(gè)月和11.1個(gè)月,說(shuō)明與多西他賽相比,接受Atezolizumab的患者有更長(zhǎng)的總生存期。 一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的Ib期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)采用Atezolizumab 每3周15 mg/kg聯(lián)合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療(卡鉑+紫杉醇、培美曲塞或清蛋白結(jié)合型紫杉醇4~6周期)治療晚期或轉(zhuǎn)移性非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者的客觀(guān)緩解率為67%,表明Atezolizumab單用或聯(lián)合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療均有較高的客觀(guān)緩解率及較長(zhǎng)的總生存期。
3.4目前面臨的問(wèn)題
因腫瘤免疫藥物使用后有些代表性的反應(yīng)特征,如延遲反應(yīng),部分患者治療反應(yīng)或疾病穩(wěn)定出現(xiàn)時(shí)間晚,甚至出現(xiàn)在按照傳統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)治療進(jìn)展后;持久的臨床獲益:治療終止后仍可繼續(xù)獲得療效并長(zhǎng)期生存,這些都可能引起目前臨床試驗(yàn)中PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑的有效性有所下降,因此需要進(jìn)行更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的隨訪(fǎng),評(píng)估或?qū)ふ蚁嚓P(guān)的免疫特異性研究終點(diǎn)來(lái)評(píng)估療效。
4展望
免疫抑制劑的應(yīng)用是近年來(lái)出現(xiàn)的最激動(dòng)人心、最有希望攻克晚期腫瘤的治療方案。PD-1/PD-L1的發(fā)現(xiàn)已經(jīng)有20多年,大量研究證實(shí)了PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑在治療大范圍的實(shí)體瘤和血液系統(tǒng)的惡性腫瘤有著重要的臨床意義,在治療癌癥方面提供了一個(gè)新的手段。PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑已經(jīng)迅速確立了作為非小細(xì)胞肺癌二線(xiàn)治療的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療的地位。此外,最近的腫瘤免疫學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)研究證實(shí)了PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑在腫瘤的免疫監(jiān)視、免疫編輯、免疫逃逸中發(fā)揮著重要作用[37]。然而,PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑仍處于起步階段,目前正在進(jìn)行大量的臨床試驗(yàn),探索能夠優(yōu)化預(yù)后、預(yù)測(cè)療效、克服耐藥性的方案。這些研究的結(jié)果將有助于指導(dǎo)臨床醫(yī)師如何更好地將PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑應(yīng)用到非小細(xì)胞肺癌的治療中,使患者獲得最優(yōu)的治療效果。
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