姜哲 黃竹杭 吳放
摘 要:為更加準(zhǔn)確揭示足球技戰(zhàn)術(shù)表現(xiàn)與比賽勝負(fù)的關(guān)系,以2014—2016賽季中國(guó)足球超級(jí)聯(lián)賽結(jié)果(不包含平局)為樣本(n=519場(chǎng)),采用二元Logistic回歸模型,通過(guò)同時(shí)納入主客場(chǎng)、球隊(duì)實(shí)力和對(duì)方球隊(duì)實(shí)力3種比賽情境并進(jìn)行組合,共得到8種不同形式的多重比賽情境,分別對(duì)其影響比賽勝負(fù)的關(guān)鍵技戰(zhàn)術(shù)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行探析。研究結(jié)果顯示:(1)上游球隊(duì)主場(chǎng)比賽,對(duì)陣上游球隊(duì)時(shí),射正次數(shù)、攻入35 m次數(shù)、傳中次數(shù)、對(duì)等拼搶成功率是影響比賽勝率的關(guān)鍵指標(biāo);對(duì)陣下游球隊(duì)時(shí),射正次數(shù)、角球數(shù)、對(duì)等拼搶成功率、紅牌是影響比賽勝率的關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)。(2)下游球隊(duì)主場(chǎng)比賽,對(duì)陣上游球隊(duì)時(shí),射正次數(shù)、控球率是影響比賽勝率的關(guān)鍵指標(biāo);對(duì)陣下游球隊(duì),射正次數(shù)、總傳球成功率、角球數(shù)、向前傳球數(shù)、對(duì)等拼搶成功率是影響比賽勝率的關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)。(3)上游球隊(duì)客場(chǎng)比賽,對(duì)陣上游球隊(duì)時(shí),射正次數(shù)、對(duì)等拼搶成功率是影響比賽勝率的關(guān)鍵指標(biāo);對(duì)陣下游球隊(duì),射正次數(shù)、越位次數(shù)、黃牌是影響比賽勝率的關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)。(4)下游球隊(duì)客場(chǎng)比賽,對(duì)陣上游球隊(duì),射正次數(shù)、控球率、攻入禁區(qū)次數(shù)是影響比賽勝率的關(guān)鍵指標(biāo);對(duì)陣下游球隊(duì),射正次數(shù)、對(duì)方半場(chǎng)控球率、對(duì)等拼搶成功率是影響比賽勝率的關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)。
關(guān) 鍵 詞:競(jìng)賽與訓(xùn)練;多重比賽情境;技戰(zhàn)術(shù)表現(xiàn);比賽勝負(fù);中超足球聯(lián)賽;Logistic回歸模型
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):G843 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1006-7116(2018)02-0122-06
Effects of the technical and tactical performance of Chinese Football Association Super League teams on game winning or losing under multiple competition
JIANG Zhe,HUANG Zhu-hang,WU Fang
(School of Physical Education,Beijing Sport University,Beijing 100084,China)
Abstract: In order to more accurately reveal the relationship between football technical and tactical performance and game winning or losing, based on Chinese Football Association Super League competition results (tie games excluded) of the 2014–2016 competition seasons as the samples (n=519 match), by using a binary logistic regression model, and by simultaneously including such 3 competition scenarios as competition location, team strength and opponent team strength and carrying out combination, the authors derived totally 8 different forms of multiple completion scenarios, respectively analyzed their key technical and tactical indexes that affected game winning or losing, and revealed the following findings: 1) in a home game, when an upstream team played against an upstream team, shorts on target, 35m entries, passes succeeded and peer challenge success rate were game winning probability affecting key indexes; when it played against a downstream team, shots on target, corner kicks, peer challenge success rate and red cards were game winning probability affecting key indexes; 2) in a home game, when a downstream team played against an upstream team, shorts on target and possession percentage were game winning probability affecting key indexes; when it played against a downstream team, shots on target, total pass success rate, corner kicks, forward passes and peer challenge success rate were game winning probability affecting key indexes; 3) in an away game, when an upstream team played against an upstream team, shots on target and peer challenge success rate were game winning probability affecting key indexes; when it played against a downstream team, shots on target, offside counts and yellow cards were game winning probability affecting key indexes; 4) in an away game, when a downstream team played against an upstream team, shots on target, possession percentage and penalty area entries were game winning probability affecting key indexes; when it played against a downstream team, shots on target, opponent court possession percentage and peer challenge success rate were game winning probability affecting key indexes.
Key words: competition and training;multiple competition scenarios;technical and tactical performance;game winning or losing;Chinese Football Association Super League;Logistic regression model
足球比賽表現(xiàn)分析是指對(duì)足球比賽中的球員(隊(duì))的行為事件進(jìn)行客觀(guān)的記錄和分析[1],主要包括比賽跑動(dòng)分析和比賽技戰(zhàn)術(shù)分析[2],目前已被世界上高水平的職業(yè)足球俱樂(lè)部廣泛采用[3-4],以幫助教練員對(duì)球員(隊(duì))的運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)進(jìn)行客觀(guān)準(zhǔn)確的評(píng)價(jià)。足球比賽作為一個(gè)開(kāi)放的系統(tǒng),與外部比賽環(huán)境不斷相互作用,比賽情境會(huì)從行為學(xué)角度影響球員(隊(duì))的運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)[5],所以,在相關(guān)研究中應(yīng)考慮比賽情境因素的影響。其中比賽情境主要包括:比賽地點(diǎn)(主、客場(chǎng))、比賽結(jié)果(勝、平、負(fù))、球隊(duì)及對(duì)手水平(強(qiáng)隊(duì)、弱隊(duì))、比賽時(shí)段(上半場(chǎng)、下半場(chǎng))和比賽等級(jí)等[5-6]。其中比賽地點(diǎn)和雙方球隊(duì)實(shí)力被認(rèn)為是影響球員(隊(duì))比賽表現(xiàn)的重要因素[5,7-8]。
通過(guò)對(duì)納入比賽情境的技戰(zhàn)術(shù)研究的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)總結(jié)發(fā)現(xiàn),現(xiàn)有研究主要存在以下問(wèn)題:一是相關(guān)研究仍以描述性研究和對(duì)比研究為主[9-13],二是在技戰(zhàn)術(shù)表現(xiàn)與比賽結(jié)果的關(guān)系研究中,比賽結(jié)果往往被看作影響技戰(zhàn)術(shù)表現(xiàn)的情境變量,當(dāng)作自變量處理[14-18],把比賽結(jié)果作為因變量,探究不同比賽情境下技戰(zhàn)術(shù)表現(xiàn)與比賽結(jié)果關(guān)系的研究太少[19-20],而且在為數(shù)不多的研究中,存在納入比賽情境偏少的問(wèn)題,忽視了比賽情境因素之間的相互作用和影響,難以揭示足球比賽的真實(shí)特征。另外,在統(tǒng)計(jì)方法的選擇上,較多研究選擇了一般線(xiàn)性模型,如方差分析[9,19-22]、判別分析[7-8,22-23]等,但在足球比賽中技戰(zhàn)術(shù)表現(xiàn)與比賽結(jié)果往往是非線(xiàn)性關(guān)系,利用線(xiàn)性模型很難準(zhǔn)確地揭示兩者之間的關(guān)系,邏輯回歸模型被認(rèn)為可以有效地解決此問(wèn)題,利用該方法可以對(duì)多個(gè)變量或變量之間的交互作用進(jìn)行更加復(fù)雜綜合的分析研究[24]。
綜上所述,本研究以2014、2015和2016賽季中國(guó)足球超級(jí)聯(lián)賽(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)中超聯(lián)賽)非平局比賽(n=519場(chǎng))為研究對(duì)象,采用Logistic回歸模型,選取對(duì)中超聯(lián)賽具有重要影響的比賽地點(diǎn)(主、客場(chǎng))、球隊(duì)實(shí)力(上游球隊(duì)、下游球隊(duì))和對(duì)方球隊(duì)實(shí)力(上游球隊(duì)、下游球隊(duì))3種比賽情境并進(jìn)行組合,探究多重比賽情境下中超聯(lián)賽球隊(duì)技戰(zhàn)術(shù)表現(xiàn)與比賽勝負(fù)的內(nèi)在關(guān)系,揭示不同比賽情境下的關(guān)鍵技戰(zhàn)術(shù)指標(biāo),加深對(duì)中超聯(lián)賽比賽特征的認(rèn)識(shí),提高教練員比賽戰(zhàn)術(shù)安排的針對(duì)性。
1 研究方法
1.1 數(shù)據(jù)樣本及來(lái)源
樣本由2014、2015、2016三個(gè)賽季中超聯(lián)賽非平局的519場(chǎng)比賽、1038隊(duì)次的技戰(zhàn)術(shù)表現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)組成。數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源于歐洲領(lǐng)先的Amisco比賽分析系統(tǒng),該系統(tǒng)于2011年被中國(guó)足球協(xié)會(huì)引進(jìn)并應(yīng)用于中超比賽中,通過(guò)跟蹤、記錄球員的有球和無(wú)球狀態(tài)下的運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡和行為,最終形成球隊(duì)的體能報(bào)告和技戰(zhàn)術(shù)報(bào)告。同時(shí),Amisco比賽分析系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)信效度已得到驗(yàn)證[25-26]。
1.2 研究變量
本研究的因變量為比賽勝負(fù),自變量為17項(xiàng)影響比賽勝負(fù)的核心技戰(zhàn)術(shù)指標(biāo)。結(jié)合研究需要,并參考相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)[19,22],把本研究技戰(zhàn)術(shù)指標(biāo)分為射門(mén)相關(guān)變量、進(jìn)攻組織相關(guān)變量和防守相關(guān)變量,其中射門(mén)相關(guān)變量包括射門(mén)次數(shù)(X1)和射正次數(shù)(X2);進(jìn)攻組織相關(guān)變量包括控球率(X3)、對(duì)方半場(chǎng)控球率(X4)、角球數(shù)(X5)、向前傳球次數(shù)(X6)、向前傳球成功率(X7)、總傳球次數(shù)(X8)、總傳球成功率(X9)、攻入禁區(qū)次數(shù)(X10)、攻入35 m次數(shù)(X11)、越位次數(shù)(X12)和傳中次數(shù)(X13);防守相關(guān)變量包括犯規(guī)次數(shù)(X14)、對(duì)等拼搶成功率(X15)、黃牌數(shù)(X16)和紅牌數(shù)(X17)。
1.3 數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)與處理
將所有1 038隊(duì)次的技戰(zhàn)術(shù)指標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)導(dǎo)入到SPSS20.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析:
第1步:根據(jù)不同比賽地點(diǎn)對(duì)所有比賽進(jìn)行劃分,其中主場(chǎng)球隊(duì)比賽(n=519場(chǎng));客場(chǎng)球隊(duì)比賽(n=519 場(chǎng))。
第2步:根據(jù)球隊(duì)實(shí)力,分別對(duì)主場(chǎng)球隊(duì)、客場(chǎng)球隊(duì)比賽進(jìn)行劃分,本研究把每個(gè)賽季聯(lián)賽最終排名1~8名的球隊(duì)劃分為上游球隊(duì),9~16名為下游球隊(duì),這樣就可以把主場(chǎng)球隊(duì)比賽劃分為上游球隊(duì)主場(chǎng)比賽、下游球隊(duì)主場(chǎng)比賽,客場(chǎng)球隊(duì)比賽劃分為上游球隊(duì)客場(chǎng)比賽、下游球隊(duì)客場(chǎng)比賽。
第3步:根據(jù)對(duì)陣球隊(duì)實(shí)力,把第2步劃分結(jié)果進(jìn)一步細(xì)分,得到上游球隊(duì)主場(chǎng)對(duì)陣上游球隊(duì)比賽(簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)主上上)、上游球隊(duì)主場(chǎng)對(duì)陣下游球隊(duì)比賽(簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)主上下)、下游球隊(duì)主場(chǎng)對(duì)陣上游球隊(duì)比賽(簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)主下上)、下游球隊(duì)主場(chǎng)對(duì)陣下游球隊(duì)比賽(簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)主下下)、上游球隊(duì)客場(chǎng)對(duì)陣上游球隊(duì)比賽(簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)客上上)、上游球隊(duì)客場(chǎng)對(duì)陣下游球隊(duì)比賽(簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)客上下)、下游球隊(duì)客場(chǎng)對(duì)陣上游球隊(duì)比賽(簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)客下上)、下游球隊(duì)客場(chǎng)對(duì)陣下游球隊(duì)比賽(簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)客下下)共8種形式。
第4步:分別對(duì)8種形式球隊(duì)獲勝和失利中的各技戰(zhàn)術(shù)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行描述性分析,結(jié)果以 ±s的形式呈現(xiàn)。
第5步:分別對(duì)8種形式技戰(zhàn)術(shù)表現(xiàn)指標(biāo)與比賽勝負(fù)的關(guān)系進(jìn)行模型構(gòu)建。本研究采用二元邏輯回歸模型(Binary Logistic Regression Model),其中技戰(zhàn)術(shù)指標(biāo)為自變量X,比賽勝負(fù)(勝1、負(fù)-1)為因變量Y,采用“向前:條件”的回歸方法,步進(jìn)概率進(jìn)入(N)為0.05,刪除(V)為0.10,分類(lèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值(U)為0.5,最大迭代次數(shù)(M)為20。通過(guò)此模型的建立,不但可以揭示出對(duì)球隊(duì)比賽勝率具有顯著影響的技戰(zhàn)術(shù)指標(biāo),而且可以對(duì)影響程度和方向進(jìn)行清晰的界定。P﹤0.05被定義為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果及分析
表1、表2是利用二分類(lèi)Logistic回歸模型,對(duì)主客場(chǎng)、球隊(duì)實(shí)力和對(duì)方球隊(duì)實(shí)力3種比賽情境因素不同組合形式下球隊(duì)技戰(zhàn)術(shù)指標(biāo)與比賽勝負(fù)的關(guān)系分析。結(jié)果顯示,上游球隊(duì)主場(chǎng)比賽時(shí),對(duì)陣上游球隊(duì)時(shí),射正次數(shù)X2(B=0.254,OR=1.289,P=0.006)、攻入35 m次數(shù)X11(B=0.047,OR=1.048,P=0.027)、對(duì)等拼搶成功率X15(B=0.084,OR=1.088,P=0.019)與比賽勝率呈顯著正相關(guān),傳中次數(shù)X13(B=-0.133,OR=0.875,P=0.002)與比賽勝率呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān);對(duì)陣下游球隊(duì)時(shí),射正次數(shù)X2(B=0.372,OR=1.450,
P=0.001)、對(duì)等拼搶成功率X15(B=0.092,
OR=1.096,P=0.033)與比賽勝率呈顯著正相關(guān),角球數(shù)X5(B=-0.341,OR=0.711,P=0.001)、紅牌X17
(B=-2.271,OR=0.013,P=0.025)則呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。
下游球隊(duì)主場(chǎng)比賽,對(duì)陣上游球隊(duì)時(shí),射正次數(shù)X2(B=0.316,OR=1.372,P=0.000)與比賽勝率呈顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系,控球率X3(B=-0.908,OR=0.906,
P=0.006)呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系;對(duì)陣下游球隊(duì)時(shí),射正次數(shù)X2(B=0.277,OR=1.319,P=0.000)、總傳球成功率X8(B=0.180,OR=1.198,P=0.009)、對(duì)等拼搶成功率(X15)(B=0.092,OR=1.097,P=0.023)與比賽勝率呈顯著正相關(guān),角球數(shù)X5(B=-0.263,OR=0.769,P=0.024)、向前傳球數(shù)X6(B=-0.053,OR=0.948,
P=0.002)則呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。
上游球隊(duì)客場(chǎng)比賽,對(duì)陣上游球隊(duì)時(shí),射正次數(shù)X2(B=0.377,OR=1.458,P=0.000)、對(duì)等拼搶成功率X15(B=0.113,OR=1.120,P=0.002)與比賽勝率呈顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系;對(duì)陣下游球隊(duì)時(shí),射正次數(shù)X2
(B=0.491,OR=1.633,P=0.002)、越位次數(shù)X12
(B=0.152,OR=1.164,P=0.050)、黃牌X16(B=0.118,OR=1.125,P=0.011)3項(xiàng)技戰(zhàn)術(shù)指標(biāo)與比賽勝率呈顯著正相關(guān)。
下游球隊(duì)客場(chǎng)比賽,對(duì)陣上游球隊(duì)時(shí),射正次數(shù)X2(B=0.497,OR=1.644,P=0.019)和攻入禁區(qū)次數(shù)X10(B=0.144,OR=0.866,P=1.155)與比賽勝率呈顯著正相關(guān),控球率X3(B=-0.095,OR=0.909,P=0.000)則呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān);對(duì)陣下游球隊(duì)時(shí),射正次數(shù)X2
(B=0.390,OR=1.477,P=0.001)和對(duì)等拼搶成功率X15(B=0.077,OR=1.080,P=0.041)與比賽勝率呈顯著正相關(guān),對(duì)方半場(chǎng)控球率X4(B=-0.258,OR=0.773,P=0.000)與比賽勝率呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。
3 討論
足球比賽中,球員(隊(duì))技戰(zhàn)術(shù)表現(xiàn)要同時(shí)受到多重比賽情境的影響,只有充分考慮多種比賽情境,才能對(duì)技戰(zhàn)術(shù)表現(xiàn)與比賽結(jié)果的關(guān)系進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確的界定,所以,本研究通過(guò)把比賽主客場(chǎng)、球隊(duì)實(shí)力(上游球隊(duì)、下游球隊(duì))和對(duì)方球隊(duì)實(shí)力(上游球隊(duì)、下游球隊(duì))3種比賽情境同時(shí)納入并進(jìn)行組合,分別對(duì)8種多重比賽情境下的關(guān)鍵技戰(zhàn)術(shù)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行探析。結(jié)果見(jiàn)表3。
3.1 多重比賽情境下關(guān)鍵射門(mén)相關(guān)技戰(zhàn)術(shù)指標(biāo)
射門(mén)相關(guān)變量主要表現(xiàn)為射門(mén)機(jī)會(huì)多少和射門(mén)質(zhì)量高低,一般用射門(mén)次數(shù)和射正次數(shù)兩個(gè)指標(biāo)表示。射門(mén)相關(guān)變量和比賽結(jié)果的關(guān)系研究,根據(jù)有無(wú)納入比賽情境因素,前人研究可以分為兩類(lèi),一類(lèi)為沒(méi)有納入比賽情境因素,從比賽整體的角度出發(fā),探究?jī)烧叩年P(guān)系,研究的結(jié)論主要為射門(mén)次數(shù)和射正次數(shù)均是區(qū)分球隊(duì)比賽勝負(fù)的顯著性指標(biāo)[3,11,22-23,27-28];另一類(lèi)通過(guò)納入比賽情境因素,如劉鴻優(yōu)等[20]通過(guò)納入球隊(duì)自身實(shí)力,發(fā)現(xiàn)射門(mén)次數(shù)只在上游球隊(duì)比賽中對(duì)結(jié)果有顯著的區(qū)分作用,而射正次數(shù)在上游、下游球隊(duì)比賽中對(duì)結(jié)果均有顯著的區(qū)分作用,從而證明了射正次數(shù)才是真正決定球隊(duì)比賽結(jié)果的射門(mén)相關(guān)指標(biāo),體現(xiàn)了射門(mén)質(zhì)量的重要性。本研究通過(guò)同時(shí)納入3種比賽情境因素并進(jìn)行組合,發(fā)現(xiàn)射正次數(shù)對(duì)所有比賽情境下的比賽勝率都有顯著影響,且預(yù)估系數(shù)較高(見(jiàn)表3),再次證明了射門(mén)質(zhì)量的重要性,射正次數(shù)或許可以作為一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的指標(biāo),在一定程度上預(yù)測(cè)球隊(duì)的比賽結(jié)果。同時(shí),本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),不同比賽情境下,射正次數(shù)對(duì)比賽勝率的影響程度不同,體現(xiàn)出了不同比賽情境下兩者關(guān)系的動(dòng)態(tài)性特點(diǎn)。
3.2 多重比賽情境下關(guān)鍵進(jìn)攻組織相關(guān)技戰(zhàn)術(shù)指標(biāo)
關(guān)于進(jìn)攻組織相關(guān)變量與比賽結(jié)果關(guān)系研究,傳中次數(shù)和控球率兩項(xiàng)指標(biāo)被最多證明是決定球隊(duì)比賽結(jié)果的關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)[3,21-23],但均缺乏對(duì)比賽情境的考慮。劉鴻優(yōu)等[19]通過(guò)納入雙方球隊(duì)實(shí)力,并且證明,傳中次數(shù)只在下游球隊(duì)對(duì)上游球隊(duì)的比賽情境下對(duì)比賽結(jié)果有顯著的影響,充分說(shuō)明了考慮比賽情境的必要性。
本研究結(jié)果表明,主場(chǎng)比賽時(shí),上游球隊(duì)對(duì)陣上游球隊(duì),攻入35 m次數(shù)與比賽勝率呈顯著正相關(guān),而傳中次數(shù)呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),說(shuō)明上游球隊(duì)在主場(chǎng)對(duì)陣同等實(shí)力的球隊(duì)時(shí),利用主場(chǎng)優(yōu)勢(shì),采取主動(dòng)積極的進(jìn)攻策略,盡量多的把球攻入到對(duì)方防守三區(qū),同時(shí),在進(jìn)攻方式上應(yīng)減少盲目的傳中次數(shù),提高進(jìn)攻的多元化,是取得勝利的關(guān)鍵;上游球隊(duì)對(duì)陣下游球隊(duì),角球是唯一顯著影響球隊(duì)比賽勝率進(jìn)攻組織相關(guān)變量,提示上游球隊(duì)主場(chǎng)對(duì)陣下游球隊(duì)時(shí),保持球隊(duì)進(jìn)攻的連續(xù)性,避免進(jìn)攻時(shí)過(guò)多中斷,給對(duì)手重新組織防守的機(jī)會(huì)可以提高比賽獲勝的可能性;下游球隊(duì)陣上游球隊(duì),控球率與比賽勝率呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),說(shuō)明下游球隊(duì)主場(chǎng)對(duì)陣上游球隊(duì)時(shí),不追求對(duì)球權(quán)過(guò)多的控制,直接簡(jiǎn)捷戰(zhàn)術(shù)打法是取勝的關(guān)鍵;下游球隊(duì)陣下游球隊(duì),總傳球成功率與比賽勝率呈顯著正相關(guān),角球和向前傳球數(shù)呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),說(shuō)明下游球隊(duì)在主場(chǎng)對(duì)陣同等實(shí)力的球隊(duì)時(shí),過(guò)多選擇直接戰(zhàn)術(shù)打法難以取得理想的比賽結(jié)果,提高傳球的準(zhǔn)確性以及進(jìn)攻的流暢性才是取勝的關(guān)鍵。
客場(chǎng)比賽時(shí),上游球隊(duì)對(duì)陣下游球隊(duì),越位次數(shù)是唯一顯著影響比賽勝率的進(jìn)攻組織相關(guān)指標(biāo),呈顯著正相關(guān),越位次數(shù)可以從側(cè)面體現(xiàn)出球隊(duì)進(jìn)攻的欲望,所以上游球隊(duì)在客場(chǎng)對(duì)陣下游球隊(duì),積極主動(dòng)的進(jìn)攻會(huì)大大增加比賽取勝的概率。下游球隊(duì)對(duì)陣上游球隊(duì),控球率與比賽勝率呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),攻入禁區(qū)次數(shù)則呈顯著正相關(guān),提示客場(chǎng)比賽的下游球隊(duì),在和上游球隊(duì)比賽時(shí),簡(jiǎn)單直接的進(jìn)攻戰(zhàn)術(shù),爭(zhēng)取把球更多攻入對(duì)方禁區(qū)才是取勝的關(guān)鍵所在;下游球隊(duì)對(duì)陣下游球隊(duì),對(duì)方半場(chǎng)控球率是唯一顯著影響比賽勝率的進(jìn)攻組織相關(guān)指標(biāo),呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),說(shuō)明下游球隊(duì)客場(chǎng)對(duì)陣同等實(shí)力球隊(duì),簡(jiǎn)單快速的進(jìn)攻方式才是球隊(duì)取得的關(guān)鍵。
3.3 多重比賽情景下關(guān)鍵防守相關(guān)技戰(zhàn)術(shù)指標(biāo)
關(guān)于防守相關(guān)變量,黃牌數(shù)、紅牌數(shù)、搶斷次數(shù)被證實(shí)為區(qū)分比賽結(jié)果顯著性指標(biāo)[3,22,27]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,不存在任何一項(xiàng)防守指標(biāo),對(duì)本研究所有比賽情境的比賽勝率都產(chǎn)生顯著影響。黃牌數(shù)只是上游球隊(duì)客場(chǎng)比賽對(duì)陣下游球隊(duì)時(shí)對(duì)比賽勝率具有顯著的正向影響,紅牌數(shù)只是在上游球隊(duì)主場(chǎng)比賽對(duì)陣下游球隊(duì)時(shí)對(duì)比賽勝率具有顯著的負(fù)向影響,兩者對(duì)其他比賽情境下的比賽勝率影響均不顯著,體現(xiàn)了不同比賽情境下影響球隊(duì)比賽勝率的防守相關(guān)技戰(zhàn)術(shù)指標(biāo)的差異性。同時(shí),本研究還第一次納入對(duì)等拼搶成功率防守指標(biāo),它對(duì)上游球隊(duì)主場(chǎng)對(duì)陣上游球隊(duì)、上游球隊(duì)主場(chǎng)對(duì)陣下游球隊(duì)、下游球隊(duì)主場(chǎng)對(duì)陣下游球隊(duì)、上游球隊(duì)客場(chǎng)對(duì)陣上游球隊(duì)、下游球隊(duì)客場(chǎng)對(duì)陣下游球隊(duì)5種比賽情境下的比賽勝率都呈顯著的正相關(guān)關(guān)系,證明其重要性,對(duì)等拼搶成功率是球隊(duì)重新獲得球權(quán)的重要途徑,有研究證明重新獲得球權(quán)的能力[29]是影響比賽結(jié)果和球隊(duì)排名的顯著性變量。
通過(guò)把比賽主客場(chǎng)、球隊(duì)實(shí)力以及對(duì)方球隊(duì)實(shí)力同時(shí)納入到技戰(zhàn)術(shù)表現(xiàn)與比賽勝負(fù)的關(guān)系模型中,使得研究背景更加貼近真實(shí)的比賽情境,從而可以對(duì)兩者的關(guān)系進(jìn)行更加準(zhǔn)確的界定,提高教練員、運(yùn)動(dòng)員對(duì)足球比賽特征的認(rèn)識(shí)。如下游球隊(duì)主場(chǎng)對(duì)陣上游球隊(duì)時(shí),控球率的提高對(duì)比賽勝率會(huì)產(chǎn)生顯著的負(fù)向影響,提示下游球隊(duì)教練員,主場(chǎng)對(duì)陣實(shí)力較強(qiáng)的球隊(duì)時(shí),快速簡(jiǎn)潔的反擊戰(zhàn)術(shù)才是取勝的關(guān)鍵,所以教練員在賽前的訓(xùn)練、賽中的布置與調(diào)整都應(yīng)圍繞這一戰(zhàn)術(shù)打法進(jìn)行。
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