宋文娟,顧 偉
(1.上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué) 上海 200021;2.第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)海醫(yī)院 上海 200433)
龍葵是我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的中草藥,別名苦菜、苦葵、老鴉眼、天茄子,味苦,性寒。龍葵作為茄科屬一年至多年生野生草本植物,生于路旁或田野中,全國(guó)各地均有分布。書(shū)中對(duì)其記載較多,《唐本草》:“食之解勞少睡,去虛熱腫”[1]?!妒朝煴静荨罚骸爸鞫∧[,患火丹瘡。和土杵,敷之”[2]?!侗静菥V目》:“消熱散血”[3]?!冬F(xiàn)代實(shí)用中藥》:“利尿消炎”[4]?,F(xiàn)代藥理學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)龍葵全草含生物堿、龍葵多糖、皂苷及少量阿托品,此外龍葵中還含維生素、氨基酸、色素、樹(shù)脂,龍葵漿果的提取物中還含有酯、羧基化合物、甾醇、酚性化合物等[5-6]。本文對(duì)近年龍葵的研究情況作以詳細(xì)的總結(jié),從而為進(jìn)一步的研究和應(yīng)用提供一定思路。
1.1.1 促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡
研究者從龍葵中提取出六糖苷生物堿,通過(guò)MTT(methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium)、流式細(xì)胞儀、比色法、免疫細(xì)胞化學(xué)技術(shù)檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)化合物1(solasonine),2(β1-solasonine),3(solamargine)和 6(solanigroside P)降低p53突變,增加Bax與Bcl-2的比值,促進(jìn)Caspase-3活化,從而誘導(dǎo)胃癌細(xì)胞MGC-803凋亡[7]。另外Li J等在對(duì)宮頸癌U14荷瘤小鼠在龍葵多糖給藥12天后測(cè)得血清中TNF-α水平下降和突變型基因p53顯著下降進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡[8]。Oh P S等對(duì)宮頸癌HeLa細(xì)胞研究發(fā)現(xiàn),50μg.ml-1的龍葵糖蛋白使細(xì)胞色素C釋放到胞漿中,Caspase 8,Caspase 3激活,PARP裂解,作用4 h后與對(duì)照組相比,龍葵組NF-κB和AP-1活性下降,發(fā)揮了其促凋亡的效應(yīng)[9]。
1.1.2 調(diào)控細(xì)胞周期
Ji Y B等發(fā)現(xiàn)龍葵堿對(duì)肝癌細(xì)胞,胃癌細(xì)胞,結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞HepG2,SGC-7901和LS-174-T的半抑制濃度分別為14.47μg.ml-1,>50μg.ml-1,>50μg.ml-1,龍葵組肝癌細(xì)胞數(shù)量在S期顯著增長(zhǎng),到G2/M卻消失[10]。同樣的,Nawab A等也發(fā)現(xiàn)5-20μg.ml-1的龍葵漿果多酚提取物導(dǎo)致前列腺癌細(xì)胞PZ-HPV-7在G2/M期阻滯[11]。
1.1.3 抗侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移
Wang H C等在龍葵水提取物(Solanum nigrum Linn.water extract,SNWE)抗黑色素瘤試驗(yàn)中,發(fā)現(xiàn)1%SNWE喂養(yǎng)的動(dòng)物瘤體重量較對(duì)照組減少超過(guò)50%,肺轉(zhuǎn)移結(jié)節(jié)也相對(duì)減少。其能顯著抑制細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲,可能是通過(guò)降低Akt的活性,PKCα,RAS,和NF-κB蛋白的表達(dá)[12]。Shen K H等報(bào)道龍葵堿α-Solanine對(duì)前列腺細(xì)胞癌PC-3產(chǎn)生顯著抑制作用,機(jī)制是通過(guò)調(diào)控Vimentin、E-cadherin表達(dá),抑制上皮細(xì)胞-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化;調(diào)控MMPs基因轉(zhuǎn)錄,抑制腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移;抑制ERK、PI3K、Akt的磷酸化,干擾腫瘤信號(hào)通路;下調(diào)致癌基因miR-21,上調(diào)抑癌基因miR-138表達(dá)等[13]。
1.1.4 免疫調(diào)節(jié)
Li J等發(fā)現(xiàn)龍葵多糖減少腹水瘤細(xì)胞數(shù),延長(zhǎng)宮頸癌U14荷瘤小鼠的生存時(shí)間,龍葵多糖治療后T淋巴細(xì)胞亞群測(cè)試CD4+/CD8+比值恢復(fù),IFN-γ顯著增加,IL-4顯著降低,揭示龍葵多糖可能通過(guò)免疫調(diào)節(jié)起到抗腫瘤作用[14]。Razali FN等使用龍葵多糖干預(yù)乳腺癌荷瘤小鼠10天后,測(cè)量發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤體積和腫瘤重量分別抑制65%和40%,組織學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤細(xì)胞形態(tài)的破壞,血清中TNF-α水平,IFN-γ和IL-4γ均升高,而IL-6水平明顯降低[15]。他還發(fā)現(xiàn)了龍葵多糖激活巨噬細(xì)胞,提高吞噬作用,拮抗腫瘤。紅細(xì)胞具有清除循環(huán)免疫復(fù)合物、增強(qiáng)T細(xì)胞依賴(lài)性應(yīng)答等作用[16]。Yuan H L等研究報(bào)道龍葵多糖能顯著提高S180和H22荷瘤小鼠紅細(xì)胞膜流動(dòng)性和封閉度,通過(guò)增強(qiáng)紅細(xì)胞免疫功能起到抗腫瘤作用[17]。
1.1.5 增加藥物細(xì)胞毒作用
Zhang Y H等在文獻(xiàn)中論述用中藥細(xì)胞毒基因治療腫瘤,是一個(gè)潛在的策略[18]。Wang C K等發(fā)現(xiàn)在肝癌細(xì)胞系Hep3B和HepJ5中,AESN增加順鉑和阿霉素的細(xì)胞毒性[19]。其他研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)AESN作用于大腸癌細(xì)胞DLD-1和HT-29中后48 h后的半抑制濃度分別為0.541和0.948 μg.ml-1,其聯(lián)合順鉑、阿霉素、紫杉醇、5-氟尿嘧啶的化療,增強(qiáng)細(xì)胞毒性[20]。另外研究報(bào)道AESN作用于子宮內(nèi)膜癌細(xì)胞HEC1A,HEC1B中,細(xì)胞毒性測(cè)試顯示和多西他賽具有協(xié)同作用[21]。
1.1.6 其他
生物活性肽可以通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡、抑制腫瘤增殖、免疫調(diào)節(jié)發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用[22]。多肽Lunasin最初在大豆中發(fā)現(xiàn),具有良好的抗氧化性質(zhì)[23]。近來(lái)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道Lunasin在中藥龍葵中含量高于其他中藥、豆類(lèi)及谷類(lèi),且該物質(zhì)只存在于龍葵種子中[24-25]。其抗腫瘤作用也在進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。Shidal C等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Lunasin通過(guò)調(diào)控干細(xì)胞NANOG基因,酪氨酸酶和小眼畸形轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(MITF)表達(dá),靶向性干預(yù)黑素瘤腫瘤啟動(dòng)細(xì)胞,對(duì)黑色素瘤治療提供了新思路[26]。Jeong J B等從龍葵中分離提純Lunasin,發(fā)現(xiàn)其能抑制核心組蛋白H3和H4的乙?;蚏b蛋白的磷酸化,對(duì)腫瘤治療有借鑒意義[25]。
Javed T等試驗(yàn)認(rèn)為無(wú)毒劑量龍葵種子甲醇和氯仿提取物分別顯示37%和>50%的丙型肝炎病毒抑制效力[27]。且氯仿提取物顯示出抗HCV NS3蛋白酶活性,且呈劑量依賴(lài)性。Chowdhury S等報(bào)道龍葵生物堿抑制白色念珠菌的粘附和形態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變,破壞其生物膜屏障,減弱白色念珠菌的毒力,對(duì)其在抗真菌領(lǐng)域的作用有借鑒作用[28]。
研究者通過(guò)對(duì)糖尿病模型大鼠的血檢測(cè),發(fā)現(xiàn)龍葵1 g/L加入飲用水8周可以使糖尿病大鼠的Ca2+/Mg2、Glu、HDL、LDL、VLDL、TC和TG的含量恢復(fù)到正常水平[29]。Lee S J也發(fā)現(xiàn)高脂血癥小鼠模型使用龍葵糖蛋白干預(yù)后對(duì)照組血脂情況改善,推測(cè)其機(jī)制可能是龍葵糖蛋白可以提高SOD、CAT和GPX活性,抑制肝羥甲基戊二酰輔酶AHMG-CoA還原酶[30]。Sohrabipour S通過(guò)對(duì)腸系膜上動(dòng)脈灌注壓的監(jiān)測(cè),發(fā)現(xiàn)低濃度龍葵果提取物(0.000 01-0.02 μg/ml)對(duì)糖尿病和非糖尿病大鼠有血管舒張作用,高濃度提取物(0.05-0.6μg/ml)初始顯著收縮,隨后兩組都發(fā)生繼發(fā)性松弛[31]。進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn),糖尿病組血管舒張是內(nèi)皮和平滑肌共同作用,而非糖尿病組是通過(guò)平滑肌的直接作用,對(duì)治糖尿病血管并發(fā)癥有指導(dǎo)意義。
Lin H M等在龍葵水提取對(duì)抗四氯化碳中進(jìn)行誘導(dǎo)的大鼠慢性肝損傷試驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn)龍葵水提取物顯著降低大鼠異常的肝功能指標(biāo)包括GOT、GPT、ALP和TBIL,并且使下降的GSH、SOD、GST、GST Al、GST Mu恢復(fù)至正常水平[32]。肝組織病理學(xué)顯示減少肝細(xì)胞混濁腫脹,淋巴細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),肝細(xì)胞壞死,纖維結(jié)締組織增生的發(fā)生率。龍葵水提物對(duì)其保護(hù)作用體現(xiàn)在對(duì)肝酶的調(diào)控、抗氧化和自由基的作用。
Abdel-Rahim E A等在氯化鉻中毒大鼠試驗(yàn)中除了肝功能指標(biāo)恢復(fù)正常外,發(fā)現(xiàn)龍葵果提取物和龍葵乙醇提取物干預(yù)后的大鼠Hb、Hct、RBC、WBC、ALB、TP由降低均恢復(fù)至正常[33]。
Hsieh C C等認(rèn)為龍葵提取物可降低硫代乙酰胺誘導(dǎo)的小鼠肝纖維化,降低肝組織羥脯氨酸和α-平滑肌肌動(dòng)蛋白水平,抑制其肝臟中I型膠原蛋白和轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子(TGF-β1)的mRNA表達(dá)水平[34]。
此外龍葵作用還有臟器保護(hù)、解熱鎮(zhèn)痛、抑制突變等。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道高劑量龍葵果提取物對(duì)治胃潰瘍模型大鼠胃粘膜病變和奧美拉唑具有相同甚至更高的效能[35],可能通過(guò)抑制H+-K+-ATP酶和胃泌素減少胃酸分泌。Prashanth Kumar V等在慶大霉素誘導(dǎo)的腎臟細(xì)胞毒性研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)龍葵全草50%乙醇提取物可以顯著清除羥自由基,從而起到細(xì)胞保護(hù)作用[36]。Nirmal S A等發(fā)現(xiàn)龍葵漿果的石油醚提取物顯著改善可樂(lè)定導(dǎo)致的小鼠僵住證,抑制牛奶過(guò)敏原導(dǎo)致白細(xì)胞和嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)增加,對(duì)可樂(lè)定導(dǎo)致的肥大細(xì)胞脫顆?,F(xiàn)象顯示最大限度的保護(hù)作用,揭示其平喘活性[37]。Zakaria Z A等用龍葵葉粉劑在蒸餾水中浸泡72 h后大鼠皮下注射給藥,在扭體實(shí)驗(yàn)、熱板實(shí)驗(yàn)、福爾馬林實(shí)驗(yàn)表現(xiàn)出明顯的鎮(zhèn)痛活性。在角叉菜膠致大鼠足跖腫脹和啤酒酵母所致發(fā)熱試驗(yàn)中顯示明顯的抗炎解熱活性[38]。Yen G C等使用間接致突變劑——苯并a芘(B[a]P)甲基咪唑[4,5-f]喹啉(IQ),直接致突變劑——4-硝基喹啉-N-氧化物(NQNO)誘導(dǎo)鼠傷寒沙門(mén)氏菌突變?cè)囼?yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)龍葵提取物沒(méi)有致突變效應(yīng)反而是抑制突變作用[39]。
中藥在預(yù)防腫瘤的發(fā)生,減輕毒副反應(yīng)、減少腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移、提高腫瘤患者生存質(zhì)量中有重要作用[40]?,F(xiàn)代藥理學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)龍葵有較多的生物活性,且多數(shù)集中在抗腫瘤領(lǐng)域。而其抗腫瘤途徑也是多成分多靶點(diǎn)共同參與的。但臨床研究不夠,也缺少以龍葵作為主要組份的藥物劑型,使其應(yīng)用受到限制。通過(guò)文獻(xiàn)整理發(fā)現(xiàn)龍葵作為較有前景的中藥材可以從以下幾方面涉及:①龍葵果具有較好的營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分,國(guó)內(nèi)研究龍葵果具有大量氨基酸、蛋白質(zhì)、維生素C和B1及微量元素,可考慮將其進(jìn)一步開(kāi)發(fā)利用。②雖然國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)龍葵提取物抗腫瘤研究多集中在細(xì)胞毒作用,但相比于蟾酥、蜂毒、莪術(shù)等傳統(tǒng)中藥其細(xì)胞毒作用仍較弱,而其免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用更令人期待。③龍葵有效成分能抗丙肝病毒,保護(hù)肝細(xì)胞及抑制肝癌細(xì)胞增殖,對(duì)于其能不能阻斷“肝炎——肝硬化——肝癌”這一疾病進(jìn)程有待更深入研究。
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