劉永宏 馮丹
(1.樂山市老年病??漆t(yī)院,四川 樂山 614000;2.延安大學醫(yī)學院,陜西 延安 716000)
流行病學研究顯示卵圓孔未閉(PFO)在正常成人中的發(fā)病率約為20% ~ 30%[1-2],而在隱源性腦梗死(CCI)患者中PFO的檢出率卻高達50% ~ 60%[3-4]。通常因PFO的分流量太小,認為其不會造成嚴重的臨床后果。近年,由于CCI的患病率逐年上升,PFO的致病作用才越來越受到廣大專家和學者的關注。
在胚胎發(fā)育6~7周時,心房間隔先后發(fā)出2個隔,先發(fā)出者稱原發(fā)隔(第一隔),后發(fā)出者稱繼發(fā)隔(第二隔),二者在胚胎發(fā)育過程中未能完全融合,中間遺留下一斜形缺損稱為卵圓孔。胎兒期,卵圓孔作為一個生理通道使血液從右心房流入左心房,維持胎兒血液循環(huán)。出生以后,肺開始有呼吸功能,肺血管阻力降低,從下腔靜脈注入右心房的血液減少,右心房壓力低于左心房,使卵圓孔閉合。正常情況下,卵圓孔在出生后一年閉合,若>3歲的幼兒卵圓孔仍未關閉,則稱為PFO。Timsit和Breuilly[5]認為,經(jīng)現(xiàn)有檢查仍不能解釋患者發(fā)生腦梗死的原因時,稱之為CCI。當腦梗死的病因分型趨向于CCI時,需進行常規(guī)以外的深入檢查,如經(jīng)食道超聲心動圖、動態(tài)心電圖、甚至進行病理和基因?qū)W診斷,以尋找PFO、陣發(fā)性心律失常、Fabry病等潛在或明確的病因[6-8]。
PFO作為CCI的致病因素已被證實[9],2013年幾個多中心臨床隨機對照研究表明[10-12],PFO致CCI的發(fā)生機制主要為反常栓塞(paradoxical embolism,PDE)。即靜脈系統(tǒng)的栓子經(jīng)過未閉的卵圓孔進入動脈,從而引起缺血性腦卒中。眾多研究[13-15]提示,PFO的右向左分流(right to left shunt,RLS)是引起CCI的危險因素,可能與RLS致腦血流自動調(diào)節(jié)異常有關[16-18]。
2.1 經(jīng)胸壁超聲心動圖(transthoracic echocardiography,TTE) 常規(guī)TTE可直接了解心臟的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)和血流動力學狀況,但圖像質(zhì)量受多種因素的影響,除與儀器的性能有關外,還受到患者身體狀況(如肥胖、肺氣腫、胸廓畸形等)的影響,故常規(guī)TTE對PFO的檢出率較低。TTE結(jié)合聲學造影(cTTE)可將PFO的檢出率提高至88%,特異性為97%[19]。cTTE的造影劑為8ml生理鹽水、1ml空氣和1ml自體血液混合而成。分別在靜息和做Valsalva動作(囑患者深吸氣后緊閉聲門再用力呼氣)狀態(tài)下注射造影劑,造影過程中均留存動態(tài)圖像,造影后逐幀回放并觀察,前三個心動周期內(nèi)左心房內(nèi)出現(xiàn)微氣泡信號(microbubble,MB),可診斷為PFO。TTE屬無創(chuàng)性檢查,因痛苦小可為大多數(shù)人所接受。
2.2 經(jīng)食道超聲心動圖(transesophageal echocardiography,TEE) TEE屬半侵入性檢查(可出現(xiàn)氣管痙攣、心律失常、咽部粘膜損傷等并發(fā)癥),是將超聲探頭放入患者的食道內(nèi),因避免了患者身體狀況(如肥胖、肺氣腫、胸廓畸形等)的影響,可以清楚的從心臟的后方觀察其解剖結(jié)構(gòu),準確測量PFO的大小,結(jié)合彩色多普勒顯像技術(shù)可探查異常血流的方向、速度和分布。與cTTE一樣,cTEE(TEE聲學造影)亦可用于檢測心房內(nèi)右向左分流情況,對PFO診斷的靈敏度和特異性可達100%[20],長期以來,被認為是診斷PFO的“金標準”。但由于操作過程中,患者比較痛苦,不能有效配合行Valsalva動作,可出現(xiàn)假陰性的結(jié)果。且有研究認為由cTEE檢出的PFO不足以證明其就是CCI的直接病因[21]。
2.3 心腔內(nèi)超聲心動圖(intracardiac echocardiography,ICE) ICE是采用導管術(shù)將安裝有微型超聲換能器的心導管經(jīng)血管插入心腔內(nèi)進行心臟解剖結(jié)構(gòu)和病理生理功能觀察的技術(shù)[22]。與TEE相比,應用ICE將探頭置于房間隔時可清楚地顯示壁薄弱的卵圓孔部位,同時可使患者免于食管插管的痛苦。對診斷結(jié)構(gòu)復雜的PFO,ICE提高了空間定向,并減少了并發(fā)癥[23],在定位PFO封堵的位置時也發(fā)揮了較好的作用[24]。
2.4 經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲(transcranial Doppler,TCD)發(fā)泡實驗 TCD是利用多普勒超聲效應檢測顱內(nèi)腦底動脈環(huán)上各主要動脈的血流動力學的一項技術(shù)。結(jié)合聲學造影即TCD發(fā)泡實驗(cTCD)可間接用于檢測PFO。其原理是有PFO時,心臟存在RLS的通道,微泡可不經(jīng)過肺循環(huán)而直接進人顱內(nèi),10 s內(nèi)在大腦中動脈檢測到MB,證明存在PFO[25]。陽性患者應常規(guī)檢查經(jīng)胸心臟超聲除外合并其他心內(nèi)(如房缺、室缺)或心外分流(肺動靜脈畸形)的情況。TCD發(fā)泡實驗配合Valsalva動作可以提高陽性率,神經(jīng)病學專家廣泛使用這一方法來診斷PFO。TCD發(fā)泡實驗診斷PFO的高敏感性與特異性已經(jīng)得到國內(nèi)外多項研究的證實[26-28]。對右向左分流的敏感性為68% ~ 100%,特異性為65% ~ 100%[29-31]。
2.4.1 造影劑的種類 目前較多應用于臨床的造影劑有激活生理鹽水(agitated saline solution,AS),即9ml生理鹽水+1ml空氣;加血激活生理鹽水(agitated saline solution with blood,ASB),即8ml生理鹽水+1ml空氣+1ml自體血液;碳酸氫鈉與維生素B6溶液(Vitamin B6 and sodium bicarbonate solution,VSBS),即6ml碳酸氫鈉+4ml維生素B6。眾多研究表明應用ASB與AS進行cTCD檢查觀察PFO患者RLS時,可獲得更好的效果[32-34]。國內(nèi)有研究報道,ASB組靜息狀態(tài)或Valsalva動作后PFO陽性率均顯著高于AS組,ASB組靜息狀態(tài)或VM后RLS程度亦顯著高于AS組[35]。其機制可能與血液可穩(wěn)定微泡本身從而延長微泡在血液循環(huán)中懸浮的時間,使更多的微泡通過PFO。亦有報道指出,用VSBS行cTCD檢查,對PFO患者RLS檢測的敏感性及顯影效果均優(yōu)于AS和ASB[36]。
2.4.2 影響右向左分流的因素 許多日常活動,如負重、嘆氣、大笑、咳嗽、潛水、用力排便,劇烈運動、蹲起動作等均可導致RLS[37-38]。體位對cTCD檢測右向左分流亦有影響,有研究表明正常呼吸時仰臥位敏感性最低,右側(cè)臥位較高,以坐位結(jié)合Valsalva動作檢出率最高[39-40]。而研究結(jié)果表明左側(cè)臥位高于右側(cè)臥位及仰臥位[41-42]。但左側(cè)臥位與直立坐位無顯著差異。
2.4.3 陽性結(jié)果的判斷 目前較新的分級方法有6級分級法[43],0級(無心臟RLS,即0個MB)、1級(輕度心臟RLS,行Valsalva動作后采集到1~20個MB),2級(中度心臟RLS,行Valsalva動作后采集到>20個MB,非雨簾狀)、3級(中度心臟RLS,行Valsalva動作后采集到雨簾狀MB)、4級(持續(xù)輕/中度心臟RLS,靜息狀態(tài)下<10個MB,行Valsalva動作后采集到雨簾狀MB)、5級(持續(xù)重度心臟RLS,靜息狀態(tài)下采集到雨簾狀MB);4分法[44](0 MB、1~10個MB、10~30個MB但未形成雨簾、雨簾)及3分法[45](0 MB、1~10個MB、>10個MB)等。
3.1 藥物治療 PFO的藥物治療包括抗凝和抗血小板治療,一項臨床隨機對照試驗認為兩者治療PFO患者缺血性卒中復發(fā)率無顯著差異性[46],任何藥物治療對其防治均無效[47]。2014年美國卒中協(xié)會二級預防指南[48]指出:目前尚無足夠證據(jù)支持PFO患者抗凝治療等效或優(yōu)于抗血小板治療,缺血性卒中伴PFO未進行抗凝治療的患者,建議進行抗血小板治療(I類,B級);缺血性卒中伴PFO及深靜脈血栓的患者,建議進行抗凝治療(I類,A級)。近年也有學者提出[49-50],安全、有效的新型口服抗凝劑可能成為PFO患者的更佳治療方法。
3.2 介入治療 國內(nèi)有學者對26例缺血性腦卒中患者進行介入封堵治療,24例封堵成功,術(shù)后隨訪6個月至1年,復查TTE及cTCD均無右向左分流,所有患者均未發(fā)生缺血性腦卒中[51]。陳林坤等[52]對國外3項隨機對照試驗的2303名CCI患者進行方法學質(zhì)量評價,結(jié)果表明,目前尚無足夠證據(jù)證明卵圓孔封堵術(shù)在預防CCI患者復發(fā)方面優(yōu)于藥物治療,且兩種療法安全性相當。Messe SR[53]基于對3項隨機對照試驗的分析,不推薦經(jīng)皮封堵術(shù)用于治療PFO。
自CCI概念被提出以來,我們致力于尋找CCI的病因、發(fā)病機制、檢測手段及治療方法,在此基礎上獲得二級預防的有效證據(jù),以提高患者生存質(zhì)量,減輕家庭和社會負擔。PFO可能是中青年缺血性卒中的危險因素之一,PFO致缺血性卒中的發(fā)病機制可能與右向左分流的嚴重程度有關,但其確切機制仍未完全明了,需要進一步臨床研究觀察,為預防和治療缺血性卒中提供理論依據(jù)。
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