王麗麗+石磊+范大鵬
【摘要】 目的:探討洋蔥中黃酮類化合物對(duì)結(jié)核分枝桿菌的抑菌作用。方法:選用56株結(jié)核分枝桿菌臨床分離株作為研究對(duì)象,結(jié)核分枝桿菌標(biāo)準(zhǔn)菌株(H37RV)為對(duì)照用菌株,通過分格平板瓊脂比例法抑菌試驗(yàn),觀察不同濃度洋蔥中黃酮類化合物、黃酮與一線抗結(jié)核藥物聯(lián)合使用對(duì)結(jié)核分枝桿菌的抑菌作用;小鼠腹腔巨噬細(xì)胞與結(jié)核分枝桿菌共同孵育后,將細(xì)胞分為對(duì)照組、560 μg/mL黃酮組、280 μg/mL黃酮組、140 μg/mL黃酮組、28 μg/mL黃酮組、異煙肼(INH)組,給予相應(yīng)藥物干預(yù),通過實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR法檢測(cè)巨噬細(xì)胞吞噬的結(jié)核分枝桿菌DNA水平,通過酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液中細(xì)胞因子水平。結(jié)果:(1)與2.0 μg/mL INH、1.0 μg/mL利福平(REP)、5.0 μg/mL乙胺丁醇(EMB)、2.0 μg/mL鏈霉素(SM)比較,28 μg/mL黃酮敏感率較低,560、280 μg/mL黃酮敏感率較高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),560、280 μg/mL黃酮敏感率比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。(2)與2.0 μg/mL INH、1.0 μg/mL REP、5.0 μg/mL EMB、2.0 μg/mL SM比較,各藥物聯(lián)合使用280 μg/mL黃酮后敏感率均較高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。(3)與INH組比較,280 μg/mL黃酮組、560 μg/mL黃酮組巨噬細(xì)胞吞噬的結(jié)核分枝桿菌DNA擴(kuò)增Ct值較低及拷貝數(shù)較高,28 μg/mL黃酮組巨噬細(xì)胞吞噬的結(jié)核分枝桿菌DNA擴(kuò)增Ct值較高及拷貝數(shù)較低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。(4)與INH組比較,280 μg/mL黃酮組、560 μg/mL黃酮組細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液中水平γ-干擾素、白細(xì)胞介素-1β水平較高,28 μg/mL黃酮組細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液中水平γ-干擾素、白細(xì)胞介素-1β、白細(xì)胞介素-6水平較低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:洋蔥中黃酮類化合物對(duì)結(jié)核分枝桿菌有明顯的體外抑菌作用,能夠協(xié)同INH、REP、EMB及SM抑菌,還能促進(jìn)巨噬細(xì)胞釋放γ-干擾素、白細(xì)胞介素-1β等細(xì)胞因子,提高巨噬細(xì)胞吞噬結(jié)核分枝桿菌的能力,在≤280 μg/mL范圍內(nèi),黃酮類化合物濃度越高作用越強(qiáng)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 洋蔥提取物; 黃酮類化合物; 結(jié)核分枝桿菌; 抑菌
【Abstract】 Objective:To analyze the inhibitory effect of Flavonoids from onion on Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Method:A total of 56 clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were selected as the object and divided into blank control group,mycobacterium tuberculosis standard strain(H37RV) as control strain,through the agar plate agar method,the inhibitory effect of different concentrations of flavonoids,flavonoids combined with first-line anti tuberculosis drugs on Mycobacterium tuberculosis was observed; after co incubation of mouse peritoneal macrophages with Mycobacterium tuberculosis,the cells were divided into control group,560 μg/mL flavone group,280 μg/mL flavone group,140 μg/mL flavone group,28 μg/mL flavone group and isonicotinylhydrazide(INH) group,received the corresponding drug intervention,DNA level of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR,cytokine levels in cell culture medium were detected by ELISA.Result:(1)Compared with 2.0 μg/mL INH,1.0 μg/mL REP,5.0 μg/mL EMB,2.0 μg/mL SM,sensitive rate of 28 μg/mL flavonoids was lower,sensitive rate of 560 μg/mL flavonoids and 280 μg/mL flavonoids were higher,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05),the sensitive rate in 560 μg/mL and 280 μg/mL flavonoids were not significantly different(P>0.05).(2)Compared with 2.0 μg/mL INH,1.0 μg/mL REP,5.0 μg/mL EMB,2.0 μg/mL SM,the sensitivity rate of each drug combined with 280 μg/mL flavonoids were higher,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).(3)Compared with INH group,the amplified DNA Ct value was lower and copy number of Mycobacterium tuberculosisengulfed by macrophage was higher in 280 μg/mL flavone group and 560 μg/mL flavone group,the amplified DNA Ct value was higher and copy number of Mycobacterium tuberculosisengulfed by macrophage was lower in 28 μg/mL flavone group,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).(4)Compared with INH group,the levels of interferon-γ,interleukin-1βin cell culture medium were higher in 280 μg/mL flavone group and 560 μg/mL flavone group,the levels of interferon-γ,interleukin-1βin cell culture medium were lower in 28 μg/mL flavone group,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:Flavonoids in onion has obvious antibacterial effect in vitro of Mycobacterium tuberculosis,able to cooperate with INH,REP,EMB and SM inhibiting Mycobacterium tuberculosis,also can promote macrophage release interferon-γ,interleukin-1βand other cytokines,increase the ability of macrophages to phagocytosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis,in≤280μg/mL range,the higher the concentration of flavonoids,the stronger the effect.endprint
【Key words】 Onion extract; Flavonoids; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Bacteriostasis
First-authors address:Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital,Hangzhou 310003,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2018.02.009
結(jié)核分枝桿菌感染能夠侵犯肺臟、胃、肝等各種器官,導(dǎo)致的結(jié)核病是當(dāng)今人類主要慢性傳染病之一[1]。近年來,結(jié)核病的發(fā)病率不斷上升,資料顯示,全球感染結(jié)核分枝桿菌的人口約占總?cè)丝?/3,新發(fā)病例約為800萬(wàn)/年,死亡率高達(dá)200萬(wàn)/年,我國(guó)活動(dòng)性結(jié)核病患者約占全球發(fā)病的14.3%,給社會(huì)公共安全造成了很大威脅[2-3]。目前,結(jié)核病的治療以異煙肼(isonicotinylhydrazide,INH)、利福平(rifampicin,REP)、乙胺丁醇(ethambutol,EMB)、鏈霉素(streptomycin,SM)一線抗結(jié)核藥物為主,對(duì)于敏感菌,規(guī)范治療可取得較好的療效。但是,作為結(jié)核病的病原菌,結(jié)核分枝桿菌具有多形性、抗酸性、生長(zhǎng)緩慢、抵抗力強(qiáng)、變異性等生物學(xué)特性,很容易發(fā)生耐藥問題,增加了臨床治療的困難[4-5]。耐藥問題甚至增加了結(jié)核性腦膜炎等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[6]。有研究顯示,我國(guó)2012年多重耐藥結(jié)核分枝桿菌感染的發(fā)病率在3.0%~5.9%[7],這一數(shù)字正不斷增加,且多重耐藥結(jié)核分枝桿菌有發(fā)展為廣泛耐藥結(jié)核菌的可能,大大提高了結(jié)核病的治療難度,因此尋找新的抗結(jié)核分枝桿菌藥物已成為迫在眉睫的問題。我國(guó)應(yīng)用中藥治療肺結(jié)核歷史悠久且效果較好,洋蔥為草本藥食同源植物,具有抗菌、抗癌、抗氧化、抗血小板聚集等功效。洋蔥對(duì)廣泛耐藥結(jié)核菌具有一定的抗菌活性,含有黃酮類化合物。黃酮類化合物被認(rèn)為是潛在的抗結(jié)核藥物[8],但提取自洋蔥的黃酮類化合物能否抑制結(jié)核分枝桿菌未見報(bào)道。本研究主要探討洋蔥中黃酮類化合物對(duì)結(jié)核分枝桿菌的抑菌作用,現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 材料
1.1.1 研究對(duì)象 56株結(jié)核分枝桿菌臨床分離株來自本實(shí)驗(yàn)室;結(jié)核分枝桿菌標(biāo)準(zhǔn)菌株(H37RV)為對(duì)照用菌株,購(gòu)自北京市結(jié)核與胸部腫瘤研究所;小鼠腹腔巨噬細(xì)胞,依照文獻(xiàn)[9]方法提取自昆明小鼠。
1.1.2 藥品與試劑 洋蔥黃酮類化合物,采用乙醇回流提取法自新鮮洋蔥中提取,并經(jīng)大孔吸附樹脂分離純化獲得;異煙肼(純度>99.0%)、利福平(純度>98.0%)、乙胺丁醇(純度>98.5%)、鏈霉素(純度>98.0%),美國(guó)Sigma公司產(chǎn)品;7H10瓊脂、OADC營(yíng)養(yǎng)液,購(gòu)自美國(guó)BD公司;RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基,購(gòu)自上海博升生物科技有限公司;小鼠干擾素-γ(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)、白細(xì)胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)ELISA試劑盒,購(gòu)自上海信裕生物科技有限公司;結(jié)核分枝桿菌基因(TB-SA)檢測(cè)試劑盒(熒光定量PCR法),購(gòu)自成都永安制藥有限公司。
1.1.3 儀器 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)板,上海朗晟生物科技有限公司產(chǎn)品;AHWS-150L恒溫恒濕培養(yǎng)箱,常州愛華儀器制造有限公司;產(chǎn)品;3K15型離心機(jī),德國(guó)Sigma公司產(chǎn)品;Freedom EVO 75全自動(dòng)酶聯(lián)免疫吸附分析儀,瑞士帝肯公司產(chǎn)品;AM5000實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR檢測(cè)系統(tǒng),美國(guó)AmCell公司。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 黃酮的分格平板瓊脂比例法抑菌試驗(yàn) (1)藥物溶液配制:采用無菌生理鹽水,分別配制濃度為560、280、140、28 μg/mL黃酮溶液,INH(濃度0.2 μg/mL)、REP(濃度1.0 μg/mL)、EMB(濃度5.0 μg/mL)、SM(濃度2.0μg/mL)溶液。(2)培養(yǎng)基制備:7H10瓊脂900 mL經(jīng)高壓后冷卻至53 ℃左右,加入OADC營(yíng)養(yǎng)液100 mL?;靹蚝笾糜诜指癜鍍?nèi),每格10 mL,并分別滴加1 mL藥物溶液制成含不同濃度的黃酮平板、含INH平板、含REP平板、含EMB平板、含SM平板,對(duì)照培養(yǎng)管(不含藥物的普通平板)滴加1 mL無菌生理鹽水。(3)菌懸液配置:挑取在羅氏培養(yǎng)基上培養(yǎng)的結(jié)核分枝桿菌臨床分離株和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)菌株菌落,利用無菌的0.5%吐溫80生理鹽水溶解稀釋,與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)麥?zhǔn)蠞岫缺葷幔涑? mg/mL的懸液,采用無菌的0.5%吐溫80生理鹽水10倍比稀釋,至接種濃度分別為10-2、10-4 mg/mL。(4)接種:采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)接種環(huán)分別取0.01 mL菌液,分別接種到對(duì)照培養(yǎng)基及含藥培養(yǎng)基表面,接種菌液盡可能分散于培養(yǎng)基上。(5)培養(yǎng):將接種后的培養(yǎng)基置于37 ℃環(huán)境中,培養(yǎng)4周,待對(duì)照培養(yǎng)管的菌體生長(zhǎng)良好后,進(jìn)行菌體藥物敏感性鑒定;若對(duì)照培養(yǎng)管菌體不生長(zhǎng),則需重新試驗(yàn)。(6)結(jié)果判讀:37 ℃培養(yǎng)4周后觀察計(jì)數(shù)培養(yǎng)基上菌落生長(zhǎng)情況,并計(jì)算耐藥百分比,耐藥百分比=(含藥培養(yǎng)基上菌落數(shù)/對(duì)照培養(yǎng)基上菌落數(shù))×100%。耐藥百分比≥0.1%為耐藥,耐藥百分比<1.0%為敏感[10]。
1.2.2 黃酮和抗結(jié)核藥物協(xié)同抑菌試驗(yàn) 根據(jù)步驟1.2.1的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,選取最適黃酮濃度,分別與0.2 μg/mL INH、1.0 μg/mL REP、5.0 μg/mL EMB、2.0 μg/mL SM溶液,配置成含黃酮及一線抗結(jié)核藥物的平板,按照步驟1.2.1的操作檢測(cè)各藥物的耐藥百分比。
1.2.3 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng) 將小鼠腹腔巨噬細(xì)胞濃度調(diào)整為1×109/L,接種于48孔板中,500 μL/孔,并分別加入500 μL RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基(含100 mL/LFBS)及500 μL密度為1×1010/L的H37RV菌株;將細(xì)胞分為對(duì)照組、不同濃度黃酮組及INH組,對(duì)照組加入100 μL無菌生理鹽水,黃酮組分別加入560、280、140、28 μg/mL黃酮溶液100 μL,INH組加入0.2 μg/mL INH溶液100 μL,每組6個(gè)培養(yǎng)孔;置于37 ℃、5%CO2的培養(yǎng)箱培養(yǎng)5 h。endprint