李月紅
日本民間“水滸熱”帶動(dòng)文學(xué)創(chuàng)作,20多部文學(xué)作品爭相模仿《水滸傳》創(chuàng)作,改編、衍生的電影、電視劇、舞臺(tái)劇、動(dòng)漫、游戲等更是不計(jì)其數(shù)
19世紀(jì)前后,日本民間流行“水滸熱”。學(xué)術(shù)界評(píng)價(jià):“在明治以前最深入、廣泛滲入日本民間的外國小說是《水滸傳》?!泵耖g的閱讀熱潮,也帶動(dòng)了文學(xué)界的積極創(chuàng)作,20多部日本文學(xué)作品爭相模仿《水滸傳》創(chuàng)作。
在這些作品中,一部名為《南總里見八犬傳》的200萬字小說得以流傳,并成為日本文化超級(jí)IP,衍生出《七龍珠》《犬夜叉》等多部動(dòng)漫作品。
2017年10月,由浙江文藝出版社出版、曲亭馬琴著、李樹果譯的《八犬傳》(精裝全七冊(cè))正式出版。這也是這本模仿中國古典名著創(chuàng)作的日本文學(xué)名著修訂本首次面世國內(nèi),從中或可一窺文學(xué)之引進(jìn)、消化、創(chuàng)新,通向經(jīng)典之路是如何煉成的。
江戶文壇的“水滸熱”
《八犬傳》是日本江戶時(shí)代著名小說家曲亭馬琴用了28年時(shí)間寫成的集歷史、俠義、神魔于一體的超長篇小說。這部小說是日本文學(xué)史上罕見的史詩巨著,至今尚有深遠(yuǎn)影響。
這部小說以日本戰(zhàn)國時(shí)代為背景,以大名里見家的一段史實(shí)為依據(jù),借用稗史中“里見八犬士”的名字,安排了姓中有犬字的八名中心人物,以八犬士的出世、邂逅、離散、團(tuán)圓為內(nèi)容進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。
作者曲亭馬琴是江戶時(shí)代著名小說家。他本姓瀧澤,曲亭是他以中國的“霸陵曲亭”典故所取的筆名,另有蓑笠漁隱,也是他的常用筆名之一。馬琴是個(gè)多產(chǎn)作家,僅讀本類小說就著有四十多部,《八犬傳》是他的代表作,自問世后便受到廣大讀者的熱烈歡迎。
《八犬傳》連載刊行時(shí)就是江戶時(shí)代的暢銷書之首,曲亭馬琴因此成為了日本歷史上第一個(gè)靠稿費(fèi)生活的職業(yè)作家。日本著名漢文學(xué)家、森鷗外的漢文老師依田學(xué)海對(duì)《八犬傳》當(dāng)時(shí)的出版盛況是這樣描述的:“文辭絕妙,引證精博,海內(nèi)莫不讀馬琴之書焉,而《八犬傳》最著云。書賈雕工,日踵其門,待一紙成刻一紙,一篇成刻一篇,萬本立售,遠(yuǎn)邇爭觀。三都七道,邊陬僻邑,公侯貴富,士女農(nóng)商,道小說必稱《八犬傳》為巨擘。”
十九世紀(jì)初,在江戶文壇曾出現(xiàn)模仿《水滸傳》改編創(chuàng)作的“水滸熱”。在此期間出現(xiàn)了不少改編水滸的讀本類小說。馬琴讀過建部綾足的《本朝水滸傳》,很受啟發(fā),便想寫出一部能與《水滸傳》《三國演義》《西游記》等中國小說相媲美的小說,《八犬傳》便是在他的這個(gè)愿望下所完成的作品。
致敬中國古典文學(xué)名著
作為一部向中國古典文學(xué)名著致敬的作品,《八犬傳》的構(gòu)思主要來自《水滸傳》,在這部作品中隨處都可看到中國小說的痕跡。如開頭的一段楔子:
“義實(shí)向愛犬八房戲言許諾,若能銜來敵首景連首級(jí),便將女兒伏姬許配,八房竟應(yīng)允條件破敵成功。后伏姬于富山中因犬氣受孕,但深以為恥。當(dāng)伏姬當(dāng)用短劍剖腹時(shí),從傷口閃出一團(tuán)白氣,席卷了頸上的念珠升入天空。眨眼間念珠被弄斷,一百顆小珠子落地,八顆帶字的大珠子留在天空,發(fā)出燦爛的光芒,向八方散去?!?/p>
據(jù)譯者李樹果研究考證,《八犬傳》的開端很明顯是蹈襲了《水滸傳》第一回“洪太尉誤走妖魔”的情節(jié)。此“八顆帶字的大珠子”就是8位義士出世的先兆,珠子共108顆,也和一百單八條好漢不謀而合。
在它的后編中,即在第一百三十一回之后,移植了不少《三國演義》中的故事情節(jié),如親兵衛(wèi)被扣留在京都,猶如關(guān)云長之被困曹營。管領(lǐng)政元贈(zèng)給他金銀美女他都不受,只要了匹名馬,以備回歸東國之用。最后以放他回國為條件,前去打虎。在單騎回國的途中,于關(guān)隘受阻,政元追來相送。這些情節(jié)都是模仿《三國演義》中關(guān)云長的故事改編創(chuàng)作的。此外,還有在與鐮倉兩管領(lǐng)的三浦海戰(zhàn)中,則蹈襲了赤壁之戰(zhàn)中的許多場(chǎng)面,如草船借箭、巧獻(xiàn)連環(huán)、蔣干盜書、南屏借風(fēng)等等。
同時(shí),在小說的格式上,馬琴也極力攀模中國的章回小說,如每回的標(biāo)題都基本上是按作者的原詞刊出的。又如開頭和結(jié)尾的卻說、話說、再說和閑話休提、話分兩頭、且聽下回分解等等,都是借鑒了中國的章回小說。
中日文化交流的結(jié)晶
“它是一部別開生面的日本小說,可以說是中日文化交流的結(jié)晶?!痹陬}為《江戶小說之冠,中日文化結(jié)晶》的譯者序中,李樹果如是認(rèn)為。
在他看來,這部小說會(huì)令中國讀者感到格外親切,為中國古代的文學(xué)作品在海外所產(chǎn)生的影響感到自豪;此外,日本人民擅于移植外國的東西使之化為己有,這種引進(jìn)消化的學(xué)習(xí)精神也值得我們借鑒。
比如,致敬中國古典名著,并不妨礙馬琴批判性地看待名著中的不足。馬琴認(rèn)為,《水滸傳》一百零八條好漢為數(shù)太多,而《西游記》只有師徒四人又為數(shù)太少;前者以虎頭蛇尾而告終,后者又多重復(fù)。他所創(chuàng)作的《八犬傳》,除八犬士外,再加上八犬女、里見侯父子與大法師,主人公一共是十九名,他認(rèn)為既不多也不少。
關(guān)于這部巨著的創(chuàng)作思想,馬琴一以貫之的創(chuàng)作態(tài)度是勸懲。他認(rèn)為《水滸傳》對(duì)勸懲考慮得不夠。他在《八犬傳》中所創(chuàng)作的八個(gè)英雄人物,可以說是仁義道德的化身,他們的一舉手一投足無不合乎道義的行動(dòng)。他們通過與邪惡的斗爭,最后戰(zhàn)勝了邪惡,是以小說的形式頌揚(yáng)了儒家的道德精神,從而使沒有讀過圣人書的婦幼得到教育,起到了寓教于樂的作用。
值得注意的是,盡管作品中隨處可見《水滸傳》的痕跡,但并不那么明顯。它不是整段引用,或是生搬硬套,而是掰開揉碎了穿插在其間,使之渾然成一體。從而表現(xiàn)了作者高超的改編技巧,不僅改頭換面,而且真正達(dá)到了脫胎換骨的程度。
同時(shí),馬琴善于總結(jié)運(yùn)用中國稗史小說的許多創(chuàng)作方法。他歸納為稗史七原則,即:主客、伏線、襯染、照應(yīng)、反對(duì)、省筆、隱微。他在《八犬傳》的創(chuàng)作中著重發(fā)揮了隱微的手法。隱微就是隱晦,不把作者的真意直接說出來,而讓讀者自己去琢磨、回味,比如一個(gè)命題或一個(gè)名字,幾乎無不含有隱微。endprint
此外,馬琴把儒家的道德觀念和佛教的因果觀念融合在一起,建立了以勸懲主義為標(biāo)識(shí)的小說觀,寫出了這部具有濃厚浪漫主義色彩的傳奇小說巨著?!栋巳畟鳌泛汀端疂G傳》雖然有某些相似之處,具體內(nèi)容則顯然有所不同?!端疂G傳》的結(jié)局是宋江等接受招安和遭到陷害致死,而《八犬傳》的結(jié)局則是八犬士同侍仁君里見將軍,得到大團(tuán)圓。學(xué)術(shù)界認(rèn)為,這樣的結(jié)局安排便是馬琴的理想世界——他奉行儒教,反對(duì)“作亂犯上”,期待仁君治理,從而得以驅(qū)除邪惡,使好人得勢(shì),這大概便是馬琴的最大隱微,也是這部小說的寓意之所在。
寫給有教養(yǎng)的讀者看
俄羅斯科學(xué)院高爾基世界文學(xué)研究所編撰的《世界文學(xué)史》中,如是評(píng)價(jià)《八犬傳》:“他的書首先是寫給有教養(yǎng)的讀者看的?!?/p>
不可否認(rèn),這部作品其中包含的靈魂高尚與正義思想,明顯表現(xiàn)出來的傳奇特點(diǎn)和情節(jié)的多樣性,又使它成了廣大讀者的財(cái)富。日本“商業(yè)之父”澀澤榮一、日本“經(jīng)營之神”松下幸之助、諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)得主湯川秀樹,都從小嗜讀《八犬傳》,成為伴隨一生的閱讀記憶。
日本當(dāng)代作家京極夏彥在《八犬傳》推薦語中說道:“馬琴用長達(dá)28年的時(shí)間不間斷地連綴文字,是日本小說史上不可不提的偉業(yè)。他那種連插畫也要精心安排,一直徹底追求完滿的風(fēng)格,我想將之作為自己的楷模?!?/p>
《八犬傳》是日本文化的超級(jí)IP,改編、衍生的文學(xué)作品、電影、電視劇、舞臺(tái)劇、動(dòng)漫、游戲等不計(jì)其數(shù),幾乎成了日本人的“集體無意識(shí)”。日本漫畫家鳥山明曾說,他創(chuàng)作的漫畫《七龍珠》混合了兩個(gè)故事:中國的《西游記》和日本的《八犬傳》,收集龍珠的想法事實(shí)上來自《八犬傳》。漫畫家高橋留美子創(chuàng)作的超人氣漫畫《犬夜叉》,更是在各種細(xì)節(jié)上受到《八犬傳》的巨大影響,《八犬傳》中“仁義禮智忠信孝悌”八顆靈珠的構(gòu)想,便是《犬夜叉》中“四魂之玉”的原型。當(dāng)年在日本受歡迎程度遠(yuǎn)高于《圣斗士星矢》的動(dòng)畫片《魔神壇斗士》,故事原型也是來自《八犬傳》。日本當(dāng)代女作家櫻庭一樹創(chuàng)作了同人小說《伏贗作·里見八犬傳》,漫畫家阿部美幸創(chuàng)作了同人動(dòng)漫《八犬傳—東方八犬異聞》。甚至《八犬傳》中虛構(gòu)的“拔刀時(shí)刀身滴露如注”的武士刀村雨丸,也成了動(dòng)漫《通靈王》、小說《龍族》和眾多動(dòng)漫游戲中著名妖刀村雨的原型。
《八犬傳》影視改編作品眾多。日本知名演員真田廣之、瀧澤秀明、山崎賢人都曾領(lǐng)銜主演同名電影、電視劇、舞臺(tái)劇。著名導(dǎo)演侯孝賢在《煮海時(shí)光——侯孝賢的光影記憶》中回憶說:“《里見八犬傳》——這個(gè)重拍好幾次……我看了好幾次,有仁義禮智忠信孝悌八顆珠,每一顆珠都在一個(gè)勇士身上?!?/p>
此次浙江文藝出版社新版《八犬傳》,裝幀上凸顯日本古典質(zhì)感,選用淺棕大地紙封面,白色大地紙護(hù)封,護(hù)封以八犬士浮世繪造型為主題。每冊(cè)收入《八犬傳》高清浮世繪彩插2幅,出自日本浮世繪大師歌川國貞、歌川國芳、歌川芳虎、月岡芳年、豐原國周等人之手。本書譯者李樹果,是著名日本古典文學(xué)翻譯家,早年留學(xué)日本,就讀東京商科大學(xué)(現(xiàn)一橋大學(xué)),后任南開大學(xué)外語學(xué)院日語系教授,多年從事日本古典文學(xué)研究,譯著《八犬傳》是目前唯一中文全譯本,典雅優(yōu)美。此次推出,對(duì)譯本進(jìn)行了全面修訂。
(本文照片由作者提供)
Complete Chinese Translation of Biographies of Eight Dogs Launched by Zhejiang Publisher
By Li Yuehong
In October 2017, Zhejiang Literature and Art Press launched a complete Chinese translation of , an epic novel written by Japanese author Kyokutei Bakin (1767-1848) on the basis of several Chinese classic novels.
Around the beginning of the 19th century, by Shi Naian (1296-1370) became the most popular Chinese novel in Japan. It was so popular that it inspired over 20 Japanese novelists to write imitations and fan fictions. is one of them. It has long since been a masterpiece in Japanese literature and has generated its own offshoots since then.
Set in the tumultuous Sengoku period (350 years before Bakin lived), it is the story of eight samurai half-brothers—all of them descended from a dog and bearing the word “dog” in their surnames—and their adventures, with themes of loyalty and family honor, as well as Confucianism, samurai moral values and Buddhist philosophy.
Translated by Li Shuguo, the complete Chinese version of is in the form of seven-book hardback. It is the first time that a Japanese imitation of Chinese classic novels was published in China.endprint
Kyokutei Bakin wrote and published the epic novel over a period of twenty-eight years. The magnum opus is more than 2 million words long.
Li Shuguo is a well known translator in China. Born in 1923, he studied in Japan. Back in China, he worked as a professor with Nankai University in Tianjin. He specializes in Japanese literature and the literature of the Ming (1368-1644) and the Qing (1644-1911) of China.
Li wrote a long introduction to the complete Chinese translation published in 2017. The introduction explores how the author skillfully integrates the plots of Chinese classical masterpieces into the epic novel and how Chinese philosophy and Confucianism, and Buddhist concepts get into the novel.
Li points out in the introduction that Kyokutei Bakins epic novel is by no means a pure imitation. The author supposedly amended the defects of the Chinese masterpieces. For example, he thought the 108 heroes of were too many and the four heroes of were too few. In , there are 19 heroes. He thought the number was perfect.
A careful reader can spot the traces of in , but Bakin did not merelyt transplant the original plots into his story. Instead, the original plots are absorbed and transformed so skillfully that some readers may be unaware of their origins. Li Shuguo notes that the author perfectly understood the seven strategies ancient Chinese writers employed in writing unofficial biographies and fictions and applied them deftly in writing his own masterpiece. was another inspiration source. Many plots in the book after the 131 chapters can be traced back to this Chinese source.
Bakin carefully studied the format of Chinese fiction and copied some rules and practice into his own masterpiece. In addition, he borrowed many original Chinese words and phrases.
Though the masterpiece is extremely entertaining and influential, some critics comment that it was meant for educated readers and it was meant to uphold some values such as loyalty and family honor, as well as Confucianism, samurai moral values and Buddhist philosophy to strengthen the moral fibers of the Japanese society.
was undisputedly the very bestseller of the Edo period (1603-1867). And Bakin was the first Japanese author who was able to make a living on writing. A prolific writer Bakin wrote over 40 fictions in his lifetime.
has been a super inspiration for numerous adaptations since the 20th century and up into the 21st century in the form of fiction, film, television series, theater, manga, and electronic games. Some minor characters of the fiction have become main heroes in fan fictions.
For translator Li Shuguo, the complete translation is an opportunity for Chinese readers to see how original Chinese fictions have morphed into Japanese fictions and how cultural exchanges have created such literary waves across national borders. And Chinese readers can see how Japanese people have deftly absorbed the best from the outside and created something as great as .endprint