莊穎昶
在法國(guó)演出榮獲巴黎中國(guó)曲藝節(jié)盧浮獎(jiǎng),鼓詞音視頻產(chǎn)品遠(yuǎn)播荷蘭、意大利、西班牙、美國(guó)、法國(guó)、加拿大等國(guó),深受華僑們的喜愛(ài)。
2017年10月24日,在巴黎中國(guó)曲藝節(jié)十周年紀(jì)念展演首場(chǎng)演出,來(lái)自浙江省瑞安市曲藝家協(xié)會(huì)的陳春蘭一身旗袍,用瑞安方言惟妙惟肖地表演了溫州鼓詞《殺廟》,獲得了觀眾熱烈的掌聲,法國(guó)人都豎起大拇指“OK”,她的表演節(jié)目獲巴黎中國(guó)曲藝節(jié)盧浮銅獎(jiǎng)。
溫州鼓詞《殺廟》,講述的是負(fù)心漢陳世美派人刺殺妻子秦香蓮的故事,是專(zhuān)門(mén)以陳春蘭擅長(zhǎng)抒情、內(nèi)斂穩(wěn)重的表演特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行改編的,之前曾獲中國(guó)曲藝最高獎(jiǎng)——第九屆中國(guó)曲藝牡丹獎(jiǎng)表演獎(jiǎng)。
陳春蘭告訴記者,這次的法國(guó)活動(dòng)共10天,她在法國(guó)多個(gè)城市作了表演,溫州鼓詞和中國(guó)其他曲藝一道用傳統(tǒng)的方式演繹在中國(guó)家喻戶曉的人文故事,在當(dāng)?shù)厣钍軞g迎。
溫州鼓詞登上國(guó)際舞臺(tái)
早在2010年5月30日,陳春蘭已經(jīng)參加過(guò)法國(guó)巴黎的中國(guó)曲藝節(jié)活動(dòng),當(dāng)時(shí),她現(xiàn)場(chǎng)演繹的溫州鼓詞《錦繡中華美如春》,以獨(dú)特的動(dòng)聽(tīng)旋律和優(yōu)美的琴鼓之聲響徹會(huì)場(chǎng),贏得巴黎市民和華僑2000多位觀眾的陣陣掌聲,也獲盧浮節(jié)目獎(jiǎng)。
同樣,在2010年9月28日的下午,上海世博會(huì)法國(guó)館里,中外游客欣賞溫州鼓詞后,都豎起了大拇指,他們佩服一個(gè)演員能夠演這么多角色,這正是溫州鼓詞青年藝人孫建丹、陳怡丹帶來(lái)的表演。牛筋琴、扁鼓、三粒板、小抱月組成的悠揚(yáng)動(dòng)聽(tīng)溫州鼓詞,散發(fā)出誘人的魅力……。
能使全球溫州人都能聽(tīng)到溫州鼓詞的,有賴(lài)于現(xiàn)代音像產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)生和網(wǎng)絡(luò)的普及。
瑞安人張瑞星是溫州鼓詞藝人出身,1983年就開(kāi)始創(chuàng)辦音像公司,專(zhuān)業(yè)把溫州鼓詞錄制成磁帶、VCD、DVD、MP3等音頻和視頻音像產(chǎn)品,推動(dòng)了溫州鼓詞的傳播,目前已錄制4000小時(shí)、200多本溫州鼓詞曲目,以滿足全球溫州人對(duì)溫州鼓詞的需求。他說(shuō),溫州鼓詞音像產(chǎn)品遠(yuǎn)銷(xiāo)荷蘭、意大利、西班牙、美國(guó)、法國(guó)、加拿大等,深受溫州華僑們的喜愛(ài)。僅在意大利專(zhuān)門(mén)經(jīng)銷(xiāo)音像制品的一位溫州麗岙華僑,一年就要1000套(個(gè))以上溫州鼓詞音頻和視頻音像產(chǎn)品。
《溫州年鑒》記載,溫州市有海外華僑華人、港澳同胞43萬(wàn),分布在世界131個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)。海外溫籍僑團(tuán)有247個(gè)。
瑞安人、歐洲僑愛(ài)基金會(huì)主席、荷蘭華人總會(huì)副會(huì)長(zhǎng)楊秀容曾在接受記者采訪時(shí)說(shuō):“在外的華人華僑中,一些年長(zhǎng)的還是十分喜愛(ài)溫州鼓詞的,我先生就是典型的一位,他從網(wǎng)絡(luò)電視上下載來(lái)觀看。從前,也是從國(guó)內(nèi)帶很多詞片(溫州鼓詞磁帶)出來(lái),我女兒還為他買(mǎi)了很多鼓詞的用品。溫州人比較喜歡徐玉燕和陳春蘭的詞片(溫州鼓詞磁帶)。”
瑞安市曲藝家協(xié)會(huì)主席黃良福說(shuō),網(wǎng)絡(luò)的普及使得溫州鼓詞更能飛洋過(guò)海,深入到海外的溫州人家庭,唱瑞安方言的溫州鼓詞依舊是溫州僑人中最?lèi)?ài)聽(tīng)的鄉(xiāng)音,也成為海外溫州人懷鄉(xiāng)戀土的特有情結(jié)和休閑娛樂(lè)的特有方式。
富有人文底蘊(yùn)的溫州鼓詞
溫州鼓詞,發(fā)源于浙江省溫州瑞安,并用瑞安方言表演,已有千百年歷史,現(xiàn)屬?lài)?guó)家級(jí)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)項(xiàng)目,是流行于溫州及其周邊地區(qū)的特有地方曲藝,當(dāng)?shù)厮追Q(chēng)為“唱詞”。而鼓詞藝人,不論男女都被稱(chēng)為“唱詞先生”。其伴奏所用的牛筋琴是一種全球獨(dú)有的樂(lè)器。
相傳,早在南宋就出現(xiàn)了溫州鼓詞。南宋時(shí)期,隨著宋代政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化中心的南移,曲藝也隨之南下,經(jīng)當(dāng)?shù)厮嚾撕兔耖g小調(diào)結(jié)合和演繹,產(chǎn)生了鼓詞。曾在瑞安做過(guò)主簿的詩(shī)人陸游,賦詩(shī)“夕陽(yáng)古柳趙家莊,負(fù)鼓盲翁正作場(chǎng),身后是非誰(shuí)管得,滿村聽(tīng)說(shuō)蔡中郎”,生動(dòng)描繪了在瑞安農(nóng)村里,打著小鼓的盲人在演唱鼓詞的盛況。
清代瑞安人趙鈞(1786—1866)就更明確記載了溫州鼓詞的盛況時(shí)期,在其《過(guò)來(lái)語(yǔ)》中有云:“嘉慶、道光年間,有白門(mén)松最善唱詞,到處皆懸燈結(jié)彩,傾動(dòng)一時(shí)……”
溫州鼓詞演唱時(shí)所使用的主要樂(lè)器,有牛筋琴、扁鼓、三粒板、小抱月等。表演上的最大特色,就是一個(gè)人能敲奏三至四件樂(lè)器,要兼扮各種角色,塑造多種不同性格和神態(tài),更會(huì)模仿各種聲音,以渲染故事情節(jié)和氣氛。一個(gè)人表演生活場(chǎng)景,一個(gè)人演繹各類(lèi)角色,這是對(duì)鼓詞藝人的生動(dòng)寫(xiě)照。不過(guò)隨著表演的需要,現(xiàn)在也出現(xiàn)了雙檔、多檔演唱形式。
溫州鼓詞有唱有說(shuō),以唱為主。它的唱腔、曲調(diào),帶有濃郁的南國(guó)民歌風(fēng)味,鼓詞的基本曲調(diào)有慢板、流水、緊板等幾十種板式。唱韻很講究押韻自然、音節(jié)和諧,保留了民間說(shuō)唱音樂(lè)的特色。題材大都取材于民間傳說(shuō)和歷史小說(shuō),大多數(shù)跟中國(guó)戲劇內(nèi)容相結(jié)合。
溫州鼓詞在演唱方式上可以分為兩種:
一種叫“平詞”,凡逢喜事、祝壽、孩子滿月,或款待客人等,一般只唱一場(chǎng)或一天。
另外一種叫“大詞”,也稱(chēng)“娘娘詞”,是清代鼓詞藝人將陳靖姑為民除害收妖滅怪事跡改編成鼓詞《陳十四娘娘》(又稱(chēng)《南游傳》或《陳十四收妖》),屬于溫州鼓詞專(zhuān)有的曲目,過(guò)去大都在供奉陳十四娘娘女神的太陰宮中演唱。清嘉慶《瑞安縣志》記載著的太陰宮有10處,“俱祀陳十四夫人?!倍髞?lái)的《瑞安縣志稿》記載,達(dá)200多處太陰宮,是專(zhuān)為祈奉陳靖姑(陳十四娘娘)的。唱大詞時(shí),擂大鼓、敲大鑼?zhuān){(diào)高亢、粗獷,比較原始。根據(jù)故事情節(jié),可以日夜連唱一周以上?,F(xiàn)代的“大詞”還有《楊府傳》《封神榜》等。
有研究人員認(rèn)為,溫州鼓詞用瑞安方言演唱,是因?yàn)槿鸢卜窖员A糁拼郧暗臐h語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法和稱(chēng)呼,韻部數(shù)目較少,噴口重,快捷溫柔,適于押韻,便于背誦和記憶。
鼓詞名藝人阮世池
今年89歲退休在家的阮世池,偶爾會(huì)在家邊的湖濱公園演唱上一段溫州鼓詞,他以豐富的肢體語(yǔ)言,惟妙惟肖的“阮派”腔調(diào),給“粉絲”們解解“饞”,帶來(lái)美妙的享受。endprint
阮世池是溫州鼓詞“阮派”藝術(shù)創(chuàng)始人,被人尊稱(chēng)為阿池先生。12歲拜師學(xué)藝,13歲登臺(tái)演唱,17歲藝術(shù)成名,當(dāng)年以溫州鼓詞《十二紅》《五鳳圖》等曲目名噪浙南。阮世池演唱的特色是:語(yǔ)言通俗易懂,吐字清晰,表情傳神,唱腔婉約柔和,感情細(xì)膩,以刻畫(huà)大家閨秀、小家碧玉和農(nóng)婦村姑見(jiàn)長(zhǎng),形成了“阮派”唱腔之纖細(xì)華美的獨(dú)特風(fēng)格。
當(dāng)年,溫州城內(nèi)有18家鼓詞館,幾乎每家的鼓詞館都與他預(yù)簽了演出合同。阮世池在哪家鼓詞館唱詞,哪家鼓詞館就會(huì)人山人海,座位常常不夠,鼓詞館老板只好臨時(shí)添加木凳、竹椅,滿足“詞迷”們的要求。
特別是鐵桿“粉絲”們,阿池先生到哪個(gè)鼓詞館唱,“粉絲”們就跟到哪里。當(dāng)年聽(tīng)他唱《十二紅》的鐵桿“粉絲”就有40多位。那時(shí),阮世池以演唱女性主角的故事為主,有溫州鼓詞的“梅蘭芳”之稱(chēng)。若看到城里鼓詞館和農(nóng)村戲臺(tái)的木牌上寫(xiě)的是“瑞安詞師阿池先生演唱”,就紛紛相告給親朋好友,邀請(qǐng)來(lái)聽(tīng)阿池先生唱詞,“詞迷”們則早早去搶好的座位。
1958年“全國(guó)首屆曲藝會(huì)演”在北京舉行,阮世池演唱的溫州鼓詞《不靠天》榮獲優(yōu)秀演出獎(jiǎng),受到周恩來(lái)、董必武等中央領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的接見(jiàn),并作為青年演員代表登上全國(guó)曲藝代表大會(huì)主席臺(tái)。如今,阮世池以溫州鼓詞代表性傳承人入選國(guó)家級(jí)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表性傳承人,并獲中國(guó)曲藝牡丹獎(jiǎng)“終身成就曲藝藝術(shù)家”榮譽(yù)稱(chēng)號(hào)。
久負(fù)盛名的陳春蘭目前正在和先生黃良福不斷研究鼓詞,一起琢磨練習(xí);在瑞安市職業(yè)中專(zhuān)教育集團(tuán)學(xué)校的鼓詞特色班,她手把手教學(xué)生唱鼓詞,讓溫州鼓詞更好地傳承。
鼓詞唱詞藝人以柔軟纏綿的瑞安方言唱腔,演繹著令人著迷的溫州鼓詞,在當(dāng)?shù)匾殉恋頌橐环О倌暌琅f的風(fēng)情畫(huà)卷。而新近,瑞安被中國(guó)曲藝家協(xié)會(huì)授予“中國(guó)曲藝之鄉(xiāng)”稱(chēng)號(hào),更為這片溫州鼓詞的孕育之地掀開(kāi)了新的篇章,相信溫州鼓詞定能唱響全球。
(本文照片由作者提供)
Wenzhou Ballads in Paris
By Zhuang Yingchang
is a musical performance art form popular in Ruian, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province. A performance by Wenzhou artists won the Louvre Bronze Award in France in 2017. The ancient art has come back to life among the Chinese communities in Holland, Italy, Spain, the US, France and Canada.
The performance by Chen Chunlan, representing the Ruian Folk Arts Association in Wenzhou, opened the eyes of everyone in the Parisian audience on the night of October 24, 2017. During the 10-day ‘Chinese Folk Arts Festival, Chen Chunlan toured a dozen cities in France, bringing the magnificent folk culture of Wenzhou into the art Mecca of Europe. Chens adaptation is titled ‘Shamiao, telling the story of Chen Shimei (a Chinese opera character and a byword in China for a heartless and unfaithful man) and his wife Qin Xianglian, and had won a major award from the 9th Chinese Folk Arts ‘Peony Award back home.
This was not the artists debut in Paris, however. The art, with unique, powerful melody and the magic of traditional Wenzhou instruments, was first brought to Paris by Chen Chunlan in 2010. Chens team was also seen performing at the France Pavilion at the 2010 Shanghai World Expo. Thanks to the power of social media and modern audio-video technologies, is reaching all Wenzhou communities in the world.
A artist himself, Ruian native Zhang Ruixing is a leading figure behind the global promotion of this folk musical tradition. He has been running a recording and video company since 1983, making all kinds of audio-video products to meet the needs of overseas Wenzhounese. Statistics indicate that about 430,000 Wenzhou natives are living in 131 countries and regions.endprint
“My husband is a huge fan of Wenzhou . Having spent most of his life in Holland, he has gotten more and more homesick with age. He used to go out of his way to collect tapes and download programs performed by famous artists such as Xu Yuyan and Chen Chunlan, and my daughter bought him a lot of musical instruments. For my husband and many others living abroad, the melody is ‘the sound of home and brings immense solace,” shared Yang Xiurong, who is from Ruian and living in Holland.
Wenzhou originated from Ruian. Featuring the use of Ruian local dialect, it has a history of more than 1,000 years dating back to the Southern Song (1127-1279) of China. Such a long history has also laid a solid foundation for its development. One of the instruments used for accompaniment is called ‘niujinqin, a handmade “ox tendon” zither-like musical instrument, is the worlds only one of its kind. The heyday of the folk art was mentioned by Song poet Lu You in one of his poems, and described vividly in a book by Zhao Jun (1786-1866), a native of Ruian.
The stage presentation of Wenzhou features the use of 3-4 instruments and each performer playing multiple roles and mimicking all kinds of sounds. Usually performed solo, can also take the forms of a duet or a trio, depending on the scenario. Taking the form of ‘pingci (an one-off session) and ‘daci (usually a week-long, non-stop performance), the vocal music has a strong ‘story-telling flavor, with most of the stories adapted from folklores and historical novels.
Ruan Shichi, 89-year-old, is the founder of the ‘Ruan school of Wenzhou . His stage debut came when he was only 13. By the age of 17, he had built a reputation as a master. In the old days, fans in Wenzhou were served by 18 theaters, where Ruan Shichi was the most popular performer and a box office guarantee. In his younger years, the man was acclaimed as “ Mei Lanfang”. In 1958, Ruan Shichis performance titled ‘ (God helps those who help themselves) in Beijing caught the eye of Zhou Enlai and Dong Biwu, two top national leaders. At the Ruian Technical Secondary School, master Chen Chunlan is passing the relay baton into the hands of the younger generations.endprint