王彩霞+王俊
[摘要] 目的 探討飲食護(hù)理干預(yù)對(duì)糖尿病性胃輕癱(DGP)患者血糖達(dá)標(biāo)及胃排空的作用。 方法 選取2015年1~12月門診就診的DGP患者72例,隨機(jī)分為干預(yù)組和對(duì)照組。兩組患者均予以藥物控制血糖及適量運(yùn)動(dòng)等基礎(chǔ)治療。對(duì)照組患者予以常規(guī)飲食調(diào)整,干預(yù)組加以飲食護(hù)理干預(yù),兩組均干預(yù)12周。觀察并比較兩組患者干預(yù)后血糖達(dá)標(biāo)的情況及臨床效果,并隨訪觀察其半年和1年的復(fù)發(fā)率。 結(jié)果 干預(yù)12周后,干預(yù)組患者FBG、2hPG和HbA1C的達(dá)標(biāo)率分別為94.44%、91.67%和86.11%,明顯高于對(duì)照組的77.78%、72.22%和63.89%(P<0.05),且干預(yù)組患者的臨床總有效率為94.44%,明顯高于對(duì)照組的75.00%(χ2=5.21,P<0.05)。干預(yù)后隨訪觀察半年和1年,觀察組患者的復(fù)發(fā)率分別為8.33%和19.44%,均明顯低于對(duì)照組的27.78%和41.67%(χ2=4.60、4.19,P<0.05)。結(jié)論 飲食護(hù)理干預(yù)用于DGP患者的近期療效確切,有利于血糖及糖化血紅蛋白的達(dá)標(biāo),促進(jìn)胃排空,改善其臨床癥狀,且其遠(yuǎn)期療效亦較確切,能明顯降低其復(fù)發(fā)率,具有減少或預(yù)防其復(fù)發(fā)的作用。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 胃輕癱;糖尿病;飲食護(hù)理干預(yù);血糖達(dá)標(biāo);胃排空
[中圖分類號(hào)] R473.5 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2017)35-0148-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of dietary nursing intervention on blood glucose targeting and gastric emptying in the patients with diabetic gastroparesis(DGP). Methods A total of 70 patients with DGP who were diagnosed in the outpatient clinic from January to December 2015 were selected and randomly divided into the intervention group and the control group. The two groups of patients were given medication for the control of blood glucose and appropriate exercises and other basic treatment. The control group was given routine diet adjustment. The intervention group was given dietary nursing intervention on the basis of the control group. Both groups were given the intervention for 12 weeks. The blood glucose targeting and clinical effects after the intervention were observed and compared between the two groups, and the six-month and one-year recurrence rate was observed in the follow-up visits. Results After 12 weeks of intervention, the compliance rates of FBG, 2hPG and HbA1C were 94.44%, 91.67% and 86.11% respectively in the intervention group, which were significantly higher than those of 77.78%, 72.22% and 63.89% respectively in the control group(P<0.05). The clinical total effective rate in the intervention group (94.44%) was significantly higher than that in the control group (75.00%) (χ2=5.21, P<0.05). The recurrence rates were 8.33% and 19.44% in six months and one year after the intervention in the observation group respectively, which were significantly lower than those of 27.78% vs 41.67% in the control group(χ2=4.60, 4.19, P<0.05). Conclusion Dietary nursing intervention for DGP patients has an exact short-term curative effect, which is conducive to the targeting of blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin, promoting gastric emptying, and improving its clinical symptoms. Also, its long-term efficacy is relatively accurate, which can significantly reduce the recurrence rate, with the effect of reducing or preventing the recurrence.endprint
[Key words] Gastroparesis(DGP); Diabetes mellitus; Dietary nursing intervention; Blood glucose targeting; Gastric emptying
糖尿病胃輕癱(DGP)是糖尿病常見的慢性并發(fā)癥之一,其發(fā)病率約35%~55%,主要表現(xiàn)為胃動(dòng)力障礙和胃排空延遲,不但影響患者血糖的控制,而且會(huì)引起患者消化不良、營養(yǎng)缺乏[1,2]。以往對(duì)DGP患者臨床上常采用少食多餐和規(guī)律進(jìn)餐,盡量少食高膽固醇食物的飲食原則,但患者血糖控制不平穩(wěn),胃排空效果欠佳,遠(yuǎn)期療效差,治療后病情易復(fù)發(fā),治療頗棘手[3-5]。飲食護(hù)理是制定科學(xué)合理的護(hù)理計(jì)劃,幫助維持或恢復(fù)患者良好的身體,但有關(guān)飲食管理在DGP中的應(yīng)用目前研究不多[4,6,7]。本文分析了飲食護(hù)理干預(yù)促進(jìn)糖尿病性胃輕癱患者血糖達(dá)標(biāo)及胃排空作用,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1一般資料
選擇72例我院內(nèi)科就診的DGP患者,納入病例均為2015年1~12月就診的患者。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):符合《中國2型糖尿病防治指南》中的糖尿病診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[8],且鋇餐造影檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)吞鋇>6 h胃內(nèi)仍存在鋇條。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)以往有消化道手術(shù)或器質(zhì)性疾病史;(2)合并低血糖、高滲性昏迷或酮癥酸中毒等急性并發(fā)癥。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表分為干預(yù)組和對(duì)照組。兩組性別、年齡、病程和空腹血糖等情況相接近(P>0.05),具有可比性。見表1。
1.2 治療方法
兩組患者均予以藥物控制血糖及適量運(yùn)動(dòng)等基礎(chǔ)治療。對(duì)照組患者予以常規(guī)飲食調(diào)整,包括根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體質(zhì)量計(jì)算日飲食量,少食多餐和規(guī)律進(jìn)餐,盡量少食高膽固醇食物。干預(yù)組患者在對(duì)照組基礎(chǔ)上予以飲食護(hù)理干預(yù),具體內(nèi)容:(1)進(jìn)餐次數(shù)調(diào)整:堅(jiān)持少食多餐的飲食原則,將每日早、中、晚3餐調(diào)整分為6~7餐,除早、中、晚及臨睡前進(jìn)餐外,餐間安排點(diǎn)心;(2)食物形態(tài)調(diào)整:飲食以流質(zhì)食物為主或?qū)⒐虘B(tài)食物勻漿,對(duì)癥狀重者以流質(zhì)為主;(3)食物成分調(diào)整:應(yīng)食用含纖維素低的飲食,避免油炸、油煎、高纖維素和不易消化的食物,控制蔬菜的攝入量(100~120 g);(4)進(jìn)餐時(shí)間調(diào)整:根據(jù)餐后每隔30 min的血糖變化情況及超聲檢測(cè)的胃排空率來調(diào)整進(jìn)餐時(shí)間與胰島素注射時(shí)間,若胃排空率<60%,則在注射胰島素后15 min內(nèi)進(jìn)餐;若胃排空率在60%~70%,則在注射后20 min內(nèi)進(jìn)餐,以此類推以使患者血糖得到良好控制;(5)加強(qiáng)營養(yǎng)支持:加強(qiáng)營養(yǎng)知識(shí)的宣教工作,在嚴(yán)格控制血糖基礎(chǔ)上增加足夠營養(yǎng),建議患者增加液體熱量,可選擇強(qiáng)化乳、豆?jié){和米粉以增加蛋白質(zhì)。兩組均干預(yù)12周。觀察并比較兩組患者干預(yù)后血糖達(dá)標(biāo)的情況及臨床效果,并隨訪觀察其半年和1年的復(fù)發(fā)率。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)
1.3.1 血糖達(dá)標(biāo)監(jiān)測(cè)[9] 以空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(2hPG)和糖化血紅蛋白(HbA1C)的達(dá)標(biāo)率評(píng)估血糖達(dá)標(biāo)情況。FBG和2hPG水平采用己糖激酶法測(cè)定,以FBG≤6.1 mmol/L和2hPG≤8.0 mmol/L為完全達(dá)標(biāo);HbA1C水平采用高壓液相法測(cè)定,以HbA1C≤7.0%為完全達(dá)標(biāo).。
1.3.2 療效判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[10] 顯效:治療后癥狀完全消失或明顯減輕,鋇餐造影檢查示吞鋇6 h后胃完全排空;有效:治療后癥狀較前減輕,鋇餐造影檢查示吞鋇6 h后胃殘留<50%;無效:治療后癥狀較前無明顯改善或較前加重,鋇餐造影檢查示吞鋇6 h后胃殘留≥50%??傆行Ю龜?shù)包括顯效和有效的總例數(shù)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS18.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)處理,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率[n(%)]表示,比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組干預(yù)后血糖達(dá)標(biāo)率比較
干預(yù)12周后,干預(yù)組患者FBG、2hPG和HbA1C的達(dá)標(biāo)率分別為94.44%、91.67%和86.11%,明顯高于對(duì)照組的77.78%、72.22%和63.89%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.2 兩組療效比較
干預(yù)12周后,干預(yù)組臨床總有效率為94.44%,較對(duì)照組的75.00%更佳(χ2=5.21,P<0.05)。見表3。
2.3兩組患者干預(yù)后隨訪期間復(fù)發(fā)率比較
干預(yù)后隨訪觀察半年和1年,觀察組患者的復(fù)發(fā)率分別為8.33%和19.44%,均明顯低于對(duì)照組的27.78%和41.67%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=4.60、4.19,P<0.05)。見表4。
3 討論
糖尿病是臨床常見、多發(fā)疾病,其發(fā)病率近年來呈現(xiàn)不斷上升的趨勢(shì)。DGP是糖尿病患者常見并發(fā)癥之一,近年來其發(fā)病率也呈遞增趨勢(shì)。DGP主要由于糖尿病患者胃自主神經(jīng)功能紊亂引起的胃排空障礙性疾病,主要表現(xiàn)為胃動(dòng)力障礙和胃排空延遲,臨床上一般不伴有機(jī)械性梗阻,其病情常反復(fù)發(fā)作,遷延難愈,臨床治療頗棘手[2,11-13]。DGP的病因及發(fā)病機(jī)制至今尚不完全明確,研究已發(fā)現(xiàn)高血糖毒性作用、間質(zhì)細(xì)胞數(shù)量下降或功能異常、幽門螺桿菌感染、胃腸激素分泌或調(diào)節(jié)功能紊亂、氧化應(yīng)激及脂質(zhì)過氧化效應(yīng)、血管內(nèi)皮功能障礙、鈉尿肽功能障礙、神經(jīng)與微血管受損等因素參與DGP發(fā)病過程[12,14-16]。DGP患者由于存在明顯的消化不良,存在胃納差、噯氣泛酸、惡心嘔吐等癥狀,加上患者進(jìn)食不規(guī)律,易發(fā)生水電解質(zhì)酸堿平衡紊亂及血糖不穩(wěn)定,易發(fā)生低血糖休克、高滲昏迷或酮癥酸中毒等急性并發(fā)癥,加重患者病情威脅患者健康,嚴(yán)重時(shí)危及生命[17,18]。由于DGP的發(fā)病機(jī)理迄今不明,臨床上尚無有效的根治干預(yù)及治療手段。因此,促進(jìn)胃腸道運(yùn)動(dòng),提高其療效一直是DGP干預(yù)治療的關(guān)鍵[19]。endprint
以往傳統(tǒng)飲食干預(yù)采取少食多餐和規(guī)律進(jìn)餐等措施促進(jìn)胃排空,由于高纖維食物可引起食物在胃排空滯留時(shí)間延長,臨床上常要求限制食用,這也導(dǎo)致患者蔬菜類等攝入相對(duì)減少。由于不同患者的本身營養(yǎng)狀態(tài)并不完全相同,患者所需營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和維生素的構(gòu)成與比例也不完全相同,因此,不能采取統(tǒng)一的膳食計(jì)劃。合理的飲食干預(yù)對(duì)縮短胃排空時(shí)間、緩解患者臨床癥狀具有明顯作用,有助于血糖控制。本研究飲食護(hù)理干預(yù)根據(jù)患者具體情況,制定符合患者需求的飲食計(jì)劃,以幫助或恢復(fù)患者良好身體為目的,通過調(diào)整食物成分與形態(tài)、進(jìn)餐頻率與時(shí)間以及增加營養(yǎng)支持,可有效保證營養(yǎng)搭配的均衡性[20-24];從固體食物逐漸過渡到流質(zhì)食物,并適當(dāng)補(bǔ)充高纖維食物,可促進(jìn)消化道運(yùn)動(dòng)能力的自我修復(fù),增強(qiáng)胃腸的運(yùn)動(dòng);根據(jù)胃排空率調(diào)整進(jìn)餐時(shí)間,較傳統(tǒng)的按時(shí)進(jìn)餐,可避免餐前饑餓和飽餐,可以更好地控制胃內(nèi)容物量,減輕消化道負(fù)擔(dān),促進(jìn)胃排空[25-30]。由于血糖控制達(dá)標(biāo)仍然是首要問題,因此,還要認(rèn)真做好胰島素注射時(shí)間和進(jìn)餐時(shí)間的調(diào)整,加強(qiáng)對(duì)食物攝入的監(jiān)督以及加強(qiáng)血糖監(jiān)測(cè)等工作[31,32]。徐麗燕等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)糖尿病性胃輕癱患者予以飲食干預(yù)的效果較好,可提高遵醫(yī)行為,增強(qiáng)胃腸蠕動(dòng)功能,加快胃排空。本研究示干預(yù)12周后,干預(yù)組FBG、2hPG和HbA1C達(dá)標(biāo)率、臨床總有效率均較對(duì)照組更高,表明飲食護(hù)理干預(yù)用于DGP患者的近期療效明顯優(yōu)于常規(guī)飲食調(diào)整,能明顯提高降糖藥效果,有利于血糖及糖化血紅蛋白的達(dá)標(biāo),并能加快胃腸運(yùn)動(dòng),促進(jìn)胃排空。同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)觀察組隨訪半年和1年復(fù)發(fā)率較對(duì)照組更低。提示飲食護(hù)理干預(yù)用于DGP患者的遠(yuǎn)期療效亦較確切,能明顯降低其復(fù)發(fā)率,具有減少或預(yù)防其復(fù)發(fā)作用。
總之,飲食護(hù)理干預(yù)用于DGP患者的近期療效確切,有利于血糖及糖化血紅蛋白的達(dá)標(biāo),促進(jìn)胃排空,改善其臨床癥狀,且其遠(yuǎn)期療效亦較確切,能明顯降低其復(fù)發(fā)率,具有減少或預(yù)防其復(fù)發(fā)作用,但本研究觀察的病例數(shù)偏少、干預(yù)時(shí)間偏短,必要時(shí)可增加病例數(shù)及延長干預(yù)時(shí)間進(jìn)一步深入研究探討。
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(收稿日期:2017-07-05)endprint