山東 李秀萍

閱讀理解七選五根據(jù)設(shè)題位置通常分為：標(biāo)題句、段首句、段中句和段尾句。標(biāo)題句、段首句和段尾句通常是主題句或總結(jié)性的句子，目標(biāo)比較單一，可以認(rèn)真閱讀文中的內(nèi)容，根據(jù)分總、總分或總分總的段落結(jié)構(gòu)，推斷出主題句或總結(jié)句。段中句是一種細(xì)節(jié)理解題型，在段中設(shè)題位置比較靈活，可以靠前，可以靠后，似乎無(wú)蹤可尋。然而只要我們遵循“承上啟下”這一原則，理清段中句與上下文的六種關(guān)系：總分關(guān)系、例證關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系和并列關(guān)系，段中句題即可迎刃而解。下面以2017年高考閱讀理解第二節(jié)七選五中的段中句題為例，印證一下段中句題“1+6”解題策略。

一個(gè)原則：承上啟下原則

段中句每句都與本段主題緊密相連，支撐本段主題，且與上下文聯(lián)系密切，即“承上啟下”，因此，概括地說(shuō)，都可以通過(guò)上下文的語(yǔ)義邏輯一致性原則來(lái)突破。

例1.【2017年全國(guó)卷Ⅱ】

Interruptions are one of the worst things to deal with while you’re trying to get work done.36 , there are several ways to handle things.Let’s take a look at them now.

A.If you’re busy, don’t feel bad about saying no

B.When you want to avoid interruptions at work

C.Set boundaries for yourself as far as your time goes

D.If you’re in the other person’s off i ce or in a public area

E.It’s important that you let them know when you’ll be available

F.It might seem unkind to cut people short when they interrupt you

G.Leave it open when you’re available to talk and close it when you’re not

【解題思路】36.B。第一句是為了引出主題，說(shuō)明“工作時(shí)受到打擾是最糟糕的事之一”，先提出了問(wèn)題，那么如何解決呢? 下句就提出了解決問(wèn)題的辦法，B項(xiàng)“當(dāng)你在工作中想免受打擾時(shí)”，與后面的主句“有幾種處理辦法”緊密銜接，故而選B。

六種關(guān)系：總分關(guān)系、例證關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系和并列關(guān)系

在遵循“承上啟下”的原則下，可以分析段中句與上下文的具體關(guān)系，從而鎖定正確選項(xiàng)。

一、總分關(guān)系

設(shè)空句與下文是總分關(guān)系，是段落主題句。段落主題句通常以概括性的、理論性的、評(píng)價(jià)性的或比較抽象的內(nèi)容為主，是理解這一段的主要內(nèi)容的關(guān)鍵，而下文往往是一些具體的實(shí)例，因此要求考生在理解下文的事實(shí)基礎(chǔ)上能運(yùn)用概括、歸納等邏輯思維來(lái)合理地概括總結(jié)。

例2.【2017年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ】

The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer.37 We slept in a tent, cooked over an open fi re, and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom.This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work, recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctor’s bill for my son’s food poisoning.

A.This time there was no tent.

B.Things are going to be improved.

C.The trip they took me on was a rough one.

D.I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.

E.I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.

F.After the trip, my family became quite interested in camping.

G.There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.

【解題思路】37.C。根據(jù)下文具體描述的實(shí)例“睡帳篷、在篝火上做飯、走長(zhǎng)距離的路去洗澡以及這次野營(yíng)帶來(lái)的曬傷和治療兒子食物中毒的賬單”可知，這次野營(yíng)并非易事，可以推斷設(shè)題句是主題句，與下文是總分關(guān)系，故選C項(xiàng)。

二、例證關(guān)系

設(shè)題句是為了證明前面的主題句而舉的例子。例證關(guān)系就是具體的實(shí)例和抽象的觀點(diǎn)的關(guān)系，因此需要從實(shí)例到觀點(diǎn)的或從觀點(diǎn)到例子的歸納或推斷。這類題可在遵循“承上啟下”的原則下，結(jié)合語(yǔ)境或上下文的復(fù)現(xiàn)詞或近義詞等進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的推斷，或根據(jù)文章的關(guān)鍵詞找到正確選項(xiàng)。

例3.【2017年全國(guó)卷Ⅱ】

If you have a door to your off i ce, make good use of it.40.If someone knocks and it’s not an important matter, excuse yourself and let the person know you’re busy so they can get the hint(暗示 ) that when the door is closed, you’re not to be disturbed.

A.If you’re busy, don’t feel bad about saying no

B.When you want to avoid interruptions at work

C.Set boundaries for yourself as far as your time goes

D.If you’re in the other person’s off i ce or in a public area

E.It’s important that you let them know when you’ll be available

F.It might seem unkind to cut people short when they interrupt you

G.Leave it open when you’re available to talk and close it when you’re not

【解題思路】40.G。段首句即本段主題句：“你的辦公室有門(mén)的話，好好利用它”。給讀者提供了一個(gè)“免受打擾”的策略，那么具體如何實(shí)施呢？下文肯定要舉例進(jìn)行詳細(xì)說(shuō)明，G選項(xiàng)中的指代詞“it”即代指主題句中的“door”，再結(jié)合下文一個(gè)相反的實(shí)例，鎖定G項(xiàng)。

三、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系

轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系即設(shè)題句前后兩句話之間是邏輯上的逆轉(zhuǎn)關(guān)系，前后兩種情況相反或是對(duì)比關(guān)系。這類題中出現(xiàn)的表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連接詞有：however(然而)，nevertheless(然而,不過(guò))，though(不過(guò),然而)，instead(代替)，on the contrary（相反), otherwise(否則)等。

例4.【2017年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ】

I was, nevertheless, talked into going on another funfilled holiday in the wilderness.38 Instead, we had a popup camper with comfortable beds and an air conditioner.My nature-loving friends had remembered to bring all the necessities of life.

A.This time there was no tent.

B.Things are going to be improved.

C.The trip they took me on was a rough one.

D.I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.

E.I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.

F.After the trip, my family became quite interested in camping.

G.There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.

【解題思路】38.A。段首句是本段的主題句，下文展開(kāi)詳細(xì)的舉例說(shuō)明。由題空后轉(zhuǎn)折副詞“Instead”后的描述“這次我們有配備著舒適的床和空調(diào)的野營(yíng)車(chē)”可鎖定A選項(xiàng)“這次野營(yíng)沒(méi)有使用帳篷”。

四、因果關(guān)系

因果關(guān)系即前后的句子有原因和結(jié)果的關(guān)系，說(shuō)明前后句子是前因后果或前果后因的關(guān)系。表示因果關(guān)系的連接詞有：so（因此），therefore（因此），as a result/consequence（結(jié)果）等以及常用句型that’s because + 原因，that’s why + 結(jié)果，the reason why...is that...等。

例5.【2017年北京卷】

One idea is that sleep helps us strengthen new memories.72 We know that, while awake, fresh memories are recorded by reinforcing (加強(qiáng)) connections between brain cells, but the memory processes that take place while we sleep have been unclear.

A.We should also try to sleep well the night before.

B.It’s as if the brain is preserving its most important memories.

C.Similarly, when people go for a few days without sleeping, they get sick.

D.The processes take place to stop our brains becoming loaded with memories.

E.That’s why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning.

F.“Sleep is the price we pay for learning,”says Giulio Tononi, who developed the idea.

G.Tononi’s team measured the size of these connections,or synapses, in the brains of 12 mice.

【解題思路】72.E。段首句是本段主題句，“睡眠能幫助我們加強(qiáng)記憶”，提出一個(gè)依據(jù)，以此為據(jù)可以推斷出下句“學(xué)習(xí)后有機(jī)會(huì)休息的學(xué)生在考試中表現(xiàn)更好”，屬于前因后果，故選E項(xiàng)。

五、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系

遞進(jìn)關(guān)系指在行文中后句與前句是一種順承邏輯關(guān)系。表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的連接詞語(yǔ)有：moreover(而且，此外)，furthermore(另外 )，or rather(更確切地說(shuō) )，similarly(類似地，同樣地)，in addition(另外，再者)，what’s more(另外，還有)等。

例6.【2017年北京卷】

Every animal sleeps, but the reason for this has remained foggy.When lab rats are not allowed to sleep, they die within a month.71

…

Their research also suggests how we may build lasting memories over time even though the synapses become thinner.The team discovered that some synapses seem to be protected and stayed the same size.75 “You keep what matters,”Tononi says.

A.We should also try to sleep well the night before.

B.It’s as if the brain is preserving its most important memories.

C.Similarly, when people go for a few days without sleeping, they get sick.

D.The processes take place to stop our brains becoming loaded with memories.

E.That’s why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning.

F.“Sleep is the price we pay for learning,”says Giulio Tononi, who developed the idea.

G.Tononi’s team measured the size of these connections,or synapses, in the brains of 12 mice.

【解題思路】71.C。段首句是本段主題句,“每種動(dòng)物都需要睡眠”，提出一個(gè)論點(diǎn)，接下來(lái)具體例證,“如果實(shí)驗(yàn)室的老鼠被剝奪了睡眠，一月內(nèi)就會(huì)死去”,而本文主要說(shuō)明的是人類睡眠的原因及睡眠對(duì)人類的影響，因此，自然就由實(shí)驗(yàn)鼠進(jìn)一步引到人類身上,“同樣地，人類如果幾天不睡覺(jué)，也會(huì)生病”,也為引出下段內(nèi)容陳述這種現(xiàn)象的原因做了鋪墊，故選C項(xiàng)。

75.B。題前、題中、題后三句均為層層遞進(jìn)關(guān)系。上句說(shuō)明了“一些（神經(jīng)元的）突觸似乎得到了保護(hù)，保持了原來(lái)的大小”,題中句進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明“似乎大腦在保存它最重要的記憶”,題后句又順承總結(jié)“你就記住了要緊的事情”,故選B項(xiàng)。

六、并列關(guān)系

并列關(guān)系即前后句是平行關(guān)系。常用的標(biāo)志詞語(yǔ)有：first（ly），second（ly），third（ly）...（首先，第二，第三）；first，next，then...（首先，其次，再次）；for one thing，for another（thing）（ 首 先，其 次 ）；on one thing，on another（一方面，另一方面）；one...，the other（一者，另一者）；some...，others（一些，另一些）等。

例7.【2017年全國(guó)卷Ⅲ】

Keep a record and evaluate it weekly.Keep track of your efforts and write down how you feel.After you’ve tried a new method for a week, take a look at your record.40 If not,take another look at other methods you could try.

A.Get a sleep specialist.

B.Find the right motivation.

C.A better plan for sleep can help.

D.And consider setting a second alarm.

E.If the steps you take are working, keep it up.

F.Stick to your set bedtime and wake-up time, no matter the day.

G.Reconsider the 15 minutes you spend in line at the café to get coffee.

【解題思路】 40.E。本段的段首句即主題句，講的是“每周都要記錄評(píng)價(jià)你的計(jì)劃，一周后審查一下記錄，即評(píng)估一下實(shí)施計(jì)劃的成效如何”,因此承接上句“如果有效就堅(jiān)持”,又與下句并列“如果無(wú)效就看看其他可以嘗試的方法”,故選E項(xiàng)。

以上介紹的“1 + 6”閱讀理解第二節(jié)七選五中的段中句的解題方法在實(shí)戰(zhàn)中行之有效，只要在讀題時(shí)沉下心來(lái)正確分析設(shè)題處與上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，這種題目就會(huì)迎刃而解。