江西 王立新

with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)和獨(dú)立主格復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)是高三復(fù)習(xí)備考的重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)，也是每年高考的熱點(diǎn)。學(xué)生對(duì)這兩種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)頗感頭痛，有時(shí)覺(jué)得無(wú)從下手。筆者認(rèn)為，只要找出它們的異同點(diǎn)并進(jìn)行對(duì)比，這兩個(gè)重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目便很容易被突破。

一、兩種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的異同點(diǎn)

不同點(diǎn)：

with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成：with +賓語(yǔ)（名詞或賓格代詞）+賓補(bǔ)（名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞、不定式七種形式）。

獨(dú)立主格復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成：名詞或主格代詞+名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞、不定式七種形式。

相同點(diǎn)：

（1）with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語(yǔ)和賓補(bǔ)、獨(dú)立主格復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的前后兩部分都是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。后一部分的七種形式（即邏輯謂語(yǔ)）的用法特征相同。

（2)兩種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中主要用作狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)；句法功能相同時(shí)，通?？梢曰ハ噢D(zhuǎn)換。

二、兩種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的用法特征

（1）with + 賓語(yǔ)（名詞或賓格代詞）+ 名詞

名詞或主格代詞 + 名詞

名詞在這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中均表示前面名詞或代詞的身份或類屬。

With Mr. Wilson once the governor, the people had their rights to do everything.

= Mr. Wilson once the governor, the people had their rights to do everything.

（兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）

威爾遜先生以前執(zhí)政時(shí)，人民有權(quán)做一切事情。

With his first shot a failure, he fired again.

= His first shot a failure, he fired again.

（兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作原因狀語(yǔ)）

他第一槍沒(méi)打中，又打了第二槍。

The brave man fought the tiger, with astick his only weapon.

= The brave man fought the tiger, astick his only weapon.

（兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作狀語(yǔ)，表示伴隨情況或行為方式）

那位勇士和老虎搏斗，木棍是他唯一的武器。

（2）with + 賓語(yǔ)（名詞或賓格代詞）+ 形容詞

名詞或主格代詞 + 形容詞

形容詞在這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中均表示前面名詞或代詞的特征或狀態(tài)。

With the road muddy, they failed to arrive on time.

= The road muddy, they failed to arrive on time.

（兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作原因狀語(yǔ)）

由于道路泥濘，他們未能準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)。

They were making asnowman, with hands red with the cold.

= They were making asnowman, hands red with the cold.

（兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作狀語(yǔ)，表示伴隨情況或行為方式）

他們?cè)谧鲅┤耍謨龅冒l(fā)紅。

Close to the bank I saw deep pools, with the water blue like the sky.

= Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.

（兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作定語(yǔ)）

靠近岸時(shí)，我看見(jiàn)幾個(gè)深池塘，池水碧似藍(lán)天。

（3）with + 賓語(yǔ)（名詞或賓格代詞）+ 副詞

名詞或主格代詞 + 副詞

副詞在這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中均表示前面名詞或代詞所處的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)向。

With supper over, they would gather to chat in the courtyard.

= Supper over, they would gather to chat in the courtyard.

（兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）

晚飯以后，他們總是聚集在院子里聊天。

The man entered the office, with his hat off and his head down.

= The man entered the office, his hat off and his head down.

（兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作狀語(yǔ)，表示伴隨情況或行為方式）

那個(gè)人走進(jìn)辦公室，脫掉帽子，低著頭。

A damaged motorbike lay on the road, with the petrol out.

= A damaged motorbike lay on the road, the petrol out.

（兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作狀語(yǔ)，表示伴隨情況或行為方式）

一輛損壞了的摩托車倒在路上，汽油流出來(lái)了。

（4）with + 賓語(yǔ)（名詞或賓格代詞）+ 介詞短語(yǔ)

名詞或主格代詞 + 介詞短語(yǔ)

介詞短語(yǔ)在這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中均表示前面名詞或代詞所處的狀態(tài)。在這種類型的獨(dú)立主格復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，若邏輯主語(yǔ)與介詞短語(yǔ)中的名詞都是單數(shù)名詞，在這些名詞前習(xí)慣上不用限定詞（冠詞或物主代詞）；如果是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，則可用物主代詞。

A man, with a gun in his hand, suddenly appeared in front of the house.

= A man, gun in hand, suddenly appeared in front of the house.

（不用a gun in the / his hand）

（兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作狀語(yǔ)，表示伴隨情況或行為方式）

一個(gè)人手拿著槍，突然出現(xiàn)在屋子前方。

So Oliver rose from the table and went up to the master,with a bowl and aspoon in his hand.

= So Oliver rose from the table and went up to the master,bowl and spoon in hand.

（不用a bowl and aspoon in the / his hand）

（兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作狀語(yǔ)，表示伴隨情況或行為方式）

于是，奧利弗手拿飯碗和湯匙從桌旁站起來(lái)，向管事主人走去。

Hearing the news, she sat still, with (her) tears in her eyes.

= Hearing the news, she sat still, (her) tears in her eyes.

（兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作狀語(yǔ)，表示伴隨情況或行為方式）

一聽(tīng)到這消息，她在那里坐著發(fā)呆，兩眼淚汪汪。

（5）with + 賓語(yǔ)（名詞或賓格代詞）+ 現(xiàn)在分詞

名詞或主格代詞 + 現(xiàn)在分詞

現(xiàn)在分詞在這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中均表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。當(dāng)邏輯主語(yǔ)是現(xiàn)在分詞所表動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞應(yīng)用被動(dòng)形式；當(dāng)現(xiàn)在分詞所表動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞要用完成式。

With so many comrades being absent, the meeting had to be put off till the next week.

= So many comrades being absent, the meeting had to be put off till the next week.

（兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作原因狀語(yǔ)；邏輯主語(yǔ)和邏輯謂語(yǔ)之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用be的現(xiàn)在分詞形式。）

因很多同志不在場(chǎng)，會(huì)議只好延期到下周開(kāi)。

With the question being discussed, we didn’t go to have our lunch.

= The question being discussed, we didn’t go to have our lunch.

（兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作原因狀語(yǔ)；邏輯主語(yǔ)和邏輯謂語(yǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，being discussed是現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，表示正在進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作。）

由于在討論問(wèn)題，我們沒(méi)有去吃午飯。

With the rain having stopped, they hurried away.

= The rain having stopped, they hurried away.

（兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)；現(xiàn)在分詞所表動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前，故用完成式。）

雨一停他們就匆匆離去了。

With all his money having been spent, Jack started looking for work.

= All his money having been spent, Jack started looking for work.

（兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作原因狀語(yǔ)；現(xiàn)在分詞所表動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前，且邏輯主語(yǔ)和邏輯謂語(yǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞完成式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。）

由于所有的錢已花光，杰克開(kāi)始找活干。

（6）with + 賓語(yǔ)（名詞或賓格代詞）+ 過(guò)去分詞

名詞或主格代詞 + 過(guò)去分詞

過(guò)去分詞在這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中均表示被動(dòng)、完成的動(dòng)作。該動(dòng)作有時(shí)既帶被動(dòng)意義又帶完成意義，有時(shí)只帶被動(dòng)意義。

With the duty completed, he had three months ’leave.

= The duty completed, he had three months’ leave.

（兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)；過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)、完成的動(dòng)作。）

任務(wù)完成以后，他休了三個(gè)月的假。

The prisoner walked in front, with his hands tied behind him.

= The prisoner walked in front, his hands tied behind him.

（兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作狀語(yǔ)，表示伴隨情況或行為方式；過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)、完成的動(dòng)作。）

犯人走在前頭，兩手反綁著。

With enough time given, this can be done.

= Enough time given, this can be done.

（兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作條件狀語(yǔ)；過(guò)去分詞所表動(dòng)作只帶被動(dòng)意義。）

如果有足夠的時(shí)間，這事是能做得到的。

（7）with + 賓語(yǔ)（名詞或賓格代詞）+ 不定式

名詞或主格代詞 + 不定式

不定式的一般式表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生了，指動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程、事實(shí)，也可表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。邏輯謂語(yǔ)還可能用不定式的進(jìn)行式或完成式。當(dāng)邏輯主語(yǔ)是不定式所表動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

The two boys said good-bye to each other, with one to go home and the other to go to his friend’s.

= The two boys said good-bye to each other, one to go home and the other to go to his friend’s.

（兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作狀語(yǔ)，表示伴隨情況或行為方式；不定式表示過(guò)去動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程、事實(shí)。）

那兩個(gè)男孩相互告別了，一個(gè)回家去，另一個(gè)到他朋友家去了。

We divided the work, with him to clean the window and me to sweep the floor.

= We divided the work, he to clean the window and I to sweep the floor.

（兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)；不定式表示過(guò)去將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。）

我們分了工，他擦窗戶，我掃地。

Here are the first three volumes, with the fourth one to come out next month.

= Here are the first three volumes, the fourth one to come out next month.

（兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作狀語(yǔ)，表示補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明；不定式表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。）

這是頭三卷，第四卷下月出版。

That’s twenty thousand dollars a year, with normal raises to be expected.

= That’s twenty thousand dollars a year, normal raises to be expected.

（兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均作狀語(yǔ)，表示補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明；不定式表示將來(lái)的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作。）

那是一年兩萬(wàn)美元，還可以指望常規(guī)的加薪。

注意下面with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式的語(yǔ)態(tài)：

With a meeting to attend, we could not go to visit him.

由于有一個(gè)會(huì)要參加，我們未能去拜訪他。

（with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作原因狀語(yǔ)。雖然邏輯主語(yǔ)a meeting和邏輯謂語(yǔ)to attend之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，但是句子的主語(yǔ)we是to attend的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者，所以不定式用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。）

With several letters to be typed, I must go and ask him for help.

有幾封信要輸入，我得去請(qǐng)他幫忙。

（with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作原因狀語(yǔ)。邏輯主語(yǔ)與邏輯謂語(yǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，句子的主語(yǔ)并非不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，所以不定式仍然使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。）

練一練，用with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)和獨(dú)立主格復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)完成句子翻譯。

1. 學(xué)生們做完練習(xí)后，老師開(kāi)始講課文。

_______________, the teacher began to explain the text.

2. 工作做完之后，我們覺(jué)得很疲勞。

_______________, we felt very tired.

3. 他安靜地坐在角落里，閉著雙眼。

He sat quietly in the corner,_______________.

4. 地板又濕又臟，我們寧可站在外面。

_______________, we would rather stand outside.

5. 由于主任旅行在外，鮑勃負(fù)責(zé)這個(gè)部門的工作。

_______________, Bob is in charge of this department.

6. 老師走進(jìn)教室，腋下夾著書(shū)本和地圖。

The teacher entered the classroom,__________.

7. 他站在那里，嘴里叼著一根煙管。

He was standing there,__________ .

8. 他們同意分工干，每人翻譯全書(shū)的三分之一。

They agreed on a division of labor,_______________ .

9. 她以前總愛(ài)在晚上坐著看書(shū)，她的貓兒便是她唯一的陪伴。

She used to sit reading in the evening,_____ .

10. 這士兵肩上扛著紅旗，向大樓頂部沖去。

__________, the soldier rushed to the top of the building.

11. 由于沒(méi)有公共汽車，我們只好走路。

_______________, we had to walk.

12. 他的鞋子穿破了，他無(wú)法再繼續(xù)步行。

_______________, he couldn’t go on foot any longer.

13. 很多人參加了這次會(huì)議，其中大多數(shù)是來(lái)自美國(guó)的專家。

Many people attended the conference,__________ .

14. 所有的窗戶開(kāi)著，屋子里的空氣更新鮮了。

__________, the air in the room is fresher.

15. 考試結(jié)束了，我們有一段很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間可以休息。

_______________, we had a long time to rest.

16. 沒(méi)人叫醒我，我會(huì)錯(cuò)過(guò)火車的。

I would miss the train,__________ .

參考答案：

1. With the students having done the exercises / Thestudents having done the exercises

2. With the work having been done / The work havingbeen done

3. with his eyes closed / his eyes closed

4. With the floor (being) wet and dirty / The floor (being)wet and dirty

5. With the director (being) away on a journey / The director (being) away on a journey

6. with books and maps under his arm / books and maps under his arm

7. with a pipe in his mouth / pipe in mouth

8. with each to translate one third of the book / each totranslate one third of the book

9. with her cat her only companion / her cat her only companion

10. With a flag on his shoulder / Flag on shoulder

11. With no buses being there / There being no buses

12. With his shoes worn out / His shoes worn out

13. with most of the experts from the USA / most of theexperts from the USA

14. With all the windows open / All the windows open

15. With the examinations over / The examinations over

16. with no one to wake me up / no one to wake me up