新疆 陳 菲 常玉國(特級教師)
冠詞,可以說是英文十項詞類中數(shù)量最少的單詞,但是它的用法卻是最難以掌握的。它在考試中出現(xiàn)的頻率很高,幾乎可以說是從初中(甚至是小學)到高中,逢考必考的項目,而在考試中又是出錯率極高的一個考點項目。不管是在傳統(tǒng)的單項填空、短文改錯和新題型的語法填空中,還是在書面表達中,冠詞錯誤比比皆是。難怪許多具有多年備考經(jīng)驗的老師在面對考生在此類題上所犯的錯誤時,常常會慨嘆:“考不盡的冠詞,犯不完的錯呀!”
為此,筆者特別總結(jié)出“冠詞學習一、二、三”這樣的規(guī)律方法,以幫助廣大師生應(yīng)對這一“簡單的難題”。
冠詞為虛詞,被用作限定詞時,只能位于名詞、形容詞等被限定詞之前,不可單獨作句子成分。
1. 細讀句子,判斷是特指還是泛指
【高考鏈接】
(2017 · 全國卷Ⅱ,語法填空,64)This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building astrong roof over ________ top.
【解析】the。此處特指在軌道的頂部,故要用定冠詞the。
【高考鏈接】(2017 · 全國卷Ⅲ,語法填空,62)Instead, she is earning £6500 a day as ________ model in New York.
【解析】a。她在紐約當模特一天掙6500英鎊。根據(jù)句意可知,此處表示職業(yè),為泛指,故要用不定冠詞a。
2.觀察名詞,辨別是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞
【經(jīng)典考題】(單句改錯)I plan to take part-time job in a foreign company during the summer holiday.
【解析】take后加a。job是可數(shù)名詞且為單數(shù),可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式前面用不定冠詞表示泛指,故在take后加a。
3. 結(jié)合語境,選擇定冠詞、不定冠詞或零冠詞
【高考鏈接】(2009 · 全國卷Ⅰ,單選22,改編)Let’s go to_____ cinema —that’ll take your mind off the problem for a while.
【解析】the。go to the cinema是固定搭配,意為“去電影院”。
【高考鏈接】(2017 ·全國卷Ⅰ,語法填空,65)As_____result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.
【解析】a。 as a result是固定搭配,意為“結(jié)果”。
【經(jīng)典考題】(單句改錯)It is known to us that life is not asmooth journey, which is full of ups and downs, so never lose the heart.
【解析】刪除the。lose heart 是固定短語,之間不加冠詞,意為“喪失信心”,故刪除the。
1. 某些短語中,有t h e無t h e大不同
【高考鏈接】(2010 · 山東卷,單選22,改編)If we sit near _______ front of the bus, wel’l have a better view.
【解析】the。in the front of...表示“在某空間內(nèi)部的前部”時,front前要加定冠詞the。而in front of則為“在某物件外部的前面”。
2. 序數(shù)詞前,用t h e用a意不同
【高考鏈接】(2009 · 四川卷,單選14,改編)In order to find a better job, he decided to study ________ second foreign language.
【解析】a。句意:為了找一份更好的工作,他決定再學習另外一門外語。a +序數(shù)詞+名詞表示“又一,再一”。
【高考鏈接】(2013 ·陜西卷,單選19,改編)Marco Polo is said to have sailed on the Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in _______thirteenth century.
【解析】the。此句中的序數(shù)詞的前面用定冠詞the,意為“在13世紀”。
3. 一冠兩名雙身份,兩冠兩名兩個人(此處常常和主謂一致互設(shè)考點)
【經(jīng)典句型】①A writer and director is going to give a talk on how to write this afternoon.(一名作家兼導演今天下午將要舉辦一個關(guān)于如何寫作的講座。)
②The writer and the director are going to visit our school this afternoon.(那位作家和那位導演今天下午將來參觀我們學校。)
【經(jīng)典考題】(單句改錯)Born in America, Thomas Edison was a great scientist and an inventor.
【解析】inventor前an刪去。此處a great scientist and inventor是同一個人。
1. 元音音素前用a n,輔音音素前用a(就是看其后單詞或字母的第一個音標)
【高考鏈接】(2017 · 全國卷Ⅱ,短文改錯)...and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day.
【解析】第一個a改為an。后面的名詞hour是以元音音素開頭的單詞,需要使用an。
2. 初次提到某個可數(shù)名詞
【高考鏈接】(2008 · 陜西卷,單選10,改編)I ate_________ sandwich while I was waiting for the 20:08 train.
【解析】a。sandwich是可數(shù)名詞, 且在句中首次出現(xiàn),故用a。
3. 表示數(shù)量,相當于o n e
【高考鏈接】(2017 ·全國卷Ⅱ,書面表達)I am writing to tell you there will be a paper-cutting exhibition from 8:00 am to 5:00 pm this weekend in the city park.
4.用于事物的單位前,表示“每一”
【高考鏈接】(2011 · 江西卷,單選22,改編)—It’s said John will be in a job paying over $60000 ______ year.—Right, he will also get paid by the week.
【解析】a。句意:據(jù)說John將會有一份年工資超過60000美金的工作。表時間單位每年,用a。另,本句中的by the week是“按周”的意思。表示“以……為單位”時,要用定冠詞the。如,Apples are sold by the kilogram.蘋果是按公斤出售的。
5. 用于抽象名詞前,常常表示“抽象名詞具體化”
【高考鏈接】(2013 ·浙江卷,單選15,改編)People develop ______ preference for a particular style of learning at an early age and these preferences affect learning.
【解析】a。preference可以是抽象名詞“偏好”,而在這里是抽象名詞preference具體化,表示“一種偏好”。
1. 用于上文已提到的名詞前
【高考鏈接】(2017 · 全國卷Ⅲ,短文改錯)When I look at this picture of myself, ... Around me in picture are the things that/which were very important in my life at that time:car magazines and musical instruments.
【解析】in和picture之間加the或this。文章第一句話中已經(jīng)提到了this picture,此處屬于特指這張照片,因此需要加the。同時,this 可用于指上文已提到的事物,因此也可以加this。
2. 用于世界上獨一無二的名詞前
【高考鏈接】(2016 · 全國卷Ⅱ,短文改錯)But in that case, we will learn little about world.
【解析】在world之前加the。the world即特指我們所生活的這個世界。
3. 用于形容詞的最高級前
【高考鏈接】(2014 · 全國卷Ⅰ,語法填空,63)Now,years later,this river is one of _____ most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.
【解析】the。句中one of the most...意為“最……之一”,most outstanding是形容詞的最高級形式,故在most前加定冠詞the。
4. 用于序數(shù)詞前
【高考鏈接】(2017 ·全國卷Ⅰ,短文改錯)I still remember how hard first day was.
【解析】在first day之前加the或my??疾橄薅ㄔ~的用法,序數(shù)詞前應(yīng)加定冠詞the,此處結(jié)合下文也可用形容詞性物主代詞my修飾first day。
5. 用于對兩個人或事物進行比較時起特定作用的比較級前
【經(jīng)典考題】There are two rooms on the first floor,______ smaller of which is used as a guest room.
【解析】the。表示兩者相比更……時,形容詞比較級前要加定冠詞the。
6. 用于句型結(jié)構(gòu):the +比較級...,the +比較級...【高考鏈接】(2015 · 陜西卷,單選14,改編)more learned a man is, more modest he usually becomes.
【解析】The; the。此句中的The more learned..., the more modest...意為“……越有學識越謙虛”。
7. 用于姓氏復(fù)數(shù)前,表示“一家人”或“夫婦二人”
【經(jīng)典考題】—Could you tell me the way to ________Johnsons, please?
—Sorry, we don’t have a Johnson here in the village.
【解析】the。姓氏復(fù)數(shù)前加the表示一家人。句中a Johnson也是冠詞用法,意為“一個叫……的人”。
8. t h e +形容詞,表示一類人
【高考鏈接】(2014 · 天津卷,單選8,改編)Life is like an ocean: Only ____strong-willed can reach the other shore.
【解析】the。strong-willed是一個形容詞,在形容詞前面加上定冠詞the表示“一類人”或者“一類事物”。the strong-willed指意志堅定的人。
9. 用于西洋樂器前
【經(jīng)典句型】She has learnt to play the violin since she was five, and she is a famous violinist now.
1. 三餐、球類、棋類前
【經(jīng)典考題】(單句改錯)Secondly, we should take exercise by doing different kinds of sports, such as running,jumping and playing the basketball.
【解析】刪去the??疾楣谠~,當表示玩某種球類時,不需要用定冠詞the。
2. 星期、季節(jié)、月份前
【經(jīng)典句型】① He is arriving here on Tuesday.
②When spring comes, days get longer and longer.
③The Chinese Spring Festival usually falls in January or February.
3. 學科、語言、節(jié)假日前
注意:以festival結(jié)尾的中國傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日前要加the。
【經(jīng)典考題】①(短文改錯)So the first big problem is language. Many Czech people don’t speak English. So I have to learn the Czech.
【解析】刪去第二個the。句意:因此最大的難題是語言。由于許多捷克人不講英語,所以我必須學捷克語。語言前不加冠詞,故去掉Czech前的the。
②(單句改錯)The whole nation celebrates the National Day.
【解析】刪去第二個the。節(jié)假日前不加冠詞,故刪去第二個the。
③(單句改錯) My favorite subject is the math.
【解析】刪去the。學科前不加冠詞,故刪去the。
4. b y +交通工具,交通工具前
【經(jīng)典句型】More and more travelers prefer traveling by plane than by train.
5. 名詞前有代詞等限定詞
【經(jīng)典句型】Tony felt lonely when he came to the new school on his first day.
6. 相對名詞或成對名詞前
【經(jīng)典句型】①Husband and wife were surprised at the news.
②The workers worked hard day and night to complete the task.
7. “單數(shù)名詞+介詞短語”的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞前
【經(jīng)典句型】A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.( hand前不能加his)
【解析】當介詞是in時,其前后的兩個名詞均不加任何成分(如物主代詞或冠詞),也不用復(fù)數(shù)。
8. as引導的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中,句首名詞前
【經(jīng)典句型】Boy as he is, he has traveled to many countries.
9. 固定搭配
【經(jīng)典考題】(短文改錯)...When arriving by bus,I caught the sight of many mountains by looking through the mist...
【解析】caught the sight of中定冠詞the刪去。catch sight of 意為“看到”,是固定搭配,不可隨意加入冠詞。英語中許多固定搭配是不用冠詞的,必須準確記憶。
【高考鏈接】(2016 · 全國卷Ⅲ,短文改錯)At the first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by myself.
【解析】at the first中定冠詞the刪去。at first意為“最初”,是固定搭配。
其實,面對看似變化多端的冠詞a, an, the,只要遵循其簡單的“鐵律”,把握應(yīng)用能力提升的兩個基本思想,學會分析語境,結(jié)合固定搭配,熟記其基本用法,不管怎么考,學生都不會再犯那些簡單的錯誤了!
最后,一段“速記口訣”送給大家:
名詞是禿子,常要戴帽子;
可數(shù)名詞單,須用a或a n;
輔音前用a,a n在元音前。
若為特指時,則須用定冠;
復(fù)數(shù)不可數(shù),泛指t h e不見;
碰到代詞時,冠詞不露面。
【牛刀小試】
單句改錯(每個句子只有一處錯誤)
1. A little boy wrote a“n”on the wall.
2. Though he has failed three times, he will try the fourth time.
3. I was studying in the bedroom last night, all of the sudden, the light went out.
4. India attained the independence in 1947, after a long struggle.
5. Tony is arriving by a plane tonight, so let’s go to the airport to meet him.
語法填空
6. We should offer seats to ______ old on the bus.
7. You should take the medicine three times _______ day.
8. I can’t tell you _____ way to the Smiths, because we don’t have asmith here in the town.
9. New York is one of ______ liveliest cities in the world.
10. He can’t play ____ piano but he can play _____ chess.
答案:1. 第二個a改為an 2. the改為a 3. 第二個the 改為 a 4. 刪去 the 5. 刪去 a 6. the 7. a 8. the 9. the 10. the; /