王 瀟 李土明 鐘 萍△
1)上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬上海市中西醫(yī)結(jié)合醫(yī)院2015級碩士研究生,上海 200082 2)上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬上海市中西醫(yī)結(jié)合醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,上海 200082
氯吡格雷在缺血性腦卒中預(yù)防中發(fā)揮重要作用,眾多指南推薦氯吡格雷用于缺血性腦卒中的二級預(yù)防[1-2],但其作用表現(xiàn)出強烈的個體差異,且相當一部分患者在氯吡格雷治療后仍再發(fā)腦血管事件[3]。在接受氯吡格雷治療的患者中,4%~44%血小板抑制作用減弱或消失,稱之為“氯吡格雷抵抗”[4]。對缺血性腦卒中患者,4%~30%發(fā)生氯吡格雷抵抗[5]。相關(guān)Meta分析顯示,氯吡格雷抵抗患者血管內(nèi)高殘余血小板聚集與支架內(nèi)血栓形成、出血風(fēng)險增加、早期卒中等心腦血管事件發(fā)生密切相關(guān)[6-8]。本文對缺血性腦卒中患者氯吡格雷抵抗的臨床與遺傳因素等作一綜述。
氯吡格雷抵抗臨床上是指攝入常規(guī)治療量的氯吡格雷后不能有效控制血栓性事件的發(fā)生;從生物化學(xué)方面來講,是指常規(guī)氯吡格雷治療后不能有效抑制血小板聚集[9-11]。目前,臨床醫(yī)生更傾向于使用實驗室抵抗的概念對疾病進行及時、早期的預(yù)測,以最大限度減少血栓性事件的發(fā)生。臨床多采用Gurbel標準定義氯吡格雷抵抗,即5 μmol/L ADP誘導(dǎo)的血小板聚集率較基線狀態(tài)下降幅度<10%[12]。
實驗室檢測氯吡格雷抵抗的方法多種多樣,目前尚無“金標準”。常用的方法包括VerifyNow、血栓彈力圖(thrombelastogram,TEG)、Mutiplate、Platelet Works和PFA-100等。近年來,TEG越來越多地被用于氯吡格雷抵抗的檢測,不僅有較好的敏感性和特異性[13],且有以下優(yōu)點:僅需微量全血,不需對血樣進行處理;檢測迅速,半小時即可出結(jié)果,檢測結(jié)果不受肝素類藥物的影響;對于聯(lián)用不同通路的抗血小板藥物,可分別檢測出不同通路的抑制率[9]。目前,VerifyNow是應(yīng)用最多、最實用的床邊檢測方法之一,不僅需血量少,而且操作簡潔、迅速、重復(fù)性好。體外實驗中,采用ADP誘導(dǎo)的光化學(xué)比濁血小板聚集試驗(LTA)法評估氯吡格雷反應(yīng),該方法缺點是實驗可重現(xiàn)性差,標本制備復(fù)雜且檢測時間較長[10]。
關(guān)于血小板聚集功能的測定,當前存在的問題是缺乏統(tǒng)一標準。各種實驗室檢測方法受抗凝劑、誘導(dǎo)劑以及血小板計數(shù)等多種因素的影響[14]。由于實驗室檢測方法及定義氯吡格雷抵抗的cut-off值不同,因而關(guān)于氯吡格雷抵抗的檢測結(jié)果缺乏一致性。
血管擴張刺激磷蛋白(VASP)是P2Y12受體激活的特異性生物學(xué)標志物,可特異性用于氯吡格雷抵抗的檢測,且較血小板聚集測定更穩(wěn)定。通過檢測前列腺素E1(PGE1)和ADP誘導(dǎo)VASP的不同磷酸化水平對氯吡格雷抵抗進行體外評估,其優(yōu)點是僅需少量全血,缺點是費用高、技術(shù)難度大,不易床邊迅速檢測。同樣,血小板活化功能檢測缺乏統(tǒng)一評價標準。
2.1伴發(fā)疾病
2.1.1 糖尿?。禾悄虿〉母哐菭顟B(tài)可能會增加血栓形成風(fēng)險,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),糖尿病患者較非糖尿病患者血小板反應(yīng)性及聚集性增強[15]。有研究顯示,糖尿病是缺血性腦卒中患者氯吡格雷抵抗的獨立危險因素[16-17]。然而,有研究表明,血糖控制而非糖尿病狀態(tài)能夠預(yù)測雙抗或單抗血小板治療的療效[18-20]。一項研究顯示,氯吡格雷抵抗組葡萄糖耐受不良更常見,且胰島素抵抗水平更高[21]。糖尿病患者可能通過降低外周血循環(huán)影響血液系統(tǒng)中氯吡格雷活性代謝產(chǎn)物水平,從而減弱氯吡格雷抗血小板聚集作用[22]。
2.1.2 高血壓:有研究顯示,高血壓與缺血性腦卒中患者氯吡格雷抵抗有關(guān)[16-17]。AKTURK等[23]的研究顯示,高血壓是PCI患者氯吡格雷抵抗的危險因素。盡管有研究顯示高血壓不是氯吡格雷抵抗的既定危險因素[24],但已被證明能夠增加血小板活性[25]。目前,高血壓與氯吡格雷抵抗發(fā)生率之間的關(guān)系尚不清楚[26]。
2.1.3 慢性腎臟疾?。郝阅I衰竭患者對氯吡格雷反應(yīng)較正常腎功能患者顯著降低。有研究顯示,糖尿病并發(fā)中重度慢性腎臟疾病會大幅度引起血小板聚集[27]。同樣,有研究顯示,腎小球濾過率(GFR)與血小板活性密切相關(guān)[28],但有些研究與此相悖[29]。
2.1.4 腦小血管?。貉“逶谀X小血管病(cSVD)中的作用尚不清楚,但微血管廣泛內(nèi)皮功能障礙可能通過血小板/內(nèi)皮細胞相互作用增加血小板活性。由于微循環(huán)相互作用的總面積較動脈系統(tǒng)大,微血管病變?nèi)鏲SVD較大血管動脈粥樣硬化對血小板活性有較強的影響。LUNDSTROM等[29]對72例缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者的研究顯示,氯吡格雷抵抗與中重度cSVD發(fā)生相關(guān),但與頸動脈粥樣硬化或其他類型大血管疾病無關(guān),由此推測,腦微血管病可能是一種新發(fā)現(xiàn)的氯吡格雷抵抗危險因素,可能是缺血性腦卒中患者氯吡格雷抵抗的一種表現(xiàn)型。
2.1.5 肥胖:研究證明,體重指數(shù)(BMI)與氯吡格雷的藥代學(xué)效應(yīng)呈負相關(guān)[30-31]。彭菲等[17]的研究顯示,BMI≥28 kg/m2可能是缺血性腦卒中患者氯吡格雷抵抗的危險因素。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高體質(zhì)量可能是氯吡格雷抵抗的危險因素[32]。然而,LUNDSTROM等[29]的研究顯示,氯吡格雷抵抗組與非抵抗組間BMI無差異。
2.1.6 其他伴發(fā)疾病:其他疾病,如動脈血管硬化、炎癥、左心室功能不全和基礎(chǔ)血小板反應(yīng)性可能影響氯吡格雷的抗血小板作用。
2.2藥物間相互作用
2.2.1 質(zhì)子泵抑制劑:質(zhì)子泵抑制劑(PPI)與氯吡格雷均經(jīng)CYP2C19代謝,兩者可能通過競爭CYP2C19結(jié)合位點而發(fā)生相互作用,使氯吡格雷轉(zhuǎn)化為活性代謝產(chǎn)物的速率減慢,從而減弱氯吡格雷的抗血小板作用。SU等[16]的研究顯示,PPI與缺血性腦卒中患者氯吡格雷抵抗有關(guān)。但也有研究顯示氯吡格雷與PPI之間無相互作用[33]。
2.2.2 鈣通道阻滯劑:鈣通道阻滯劑(CCBs)可抑制氯吡格雷轉(zhuǎn)化為活性代謝產(chǎn)物。SU等[16]研究顯示,CCBs與缺血性腦卒中患者氯吡格雷抵抗有關(guān)。然而,其他研究與此相悖[34]。
2.2.3 他汀類藥物:由于阿托伐他汀、辛伐他汀和洛伐他汀在體內(nèi)均經(jīng)CYP3A4酶代謝,氯毗格雷與他汀類藥物可能有相互作用。研究顯示,他汀類藥物與氯吡格雷聯(lián)用時,發(fā)生心腦血管事件的風(fēng)險是單用氯吡格雷的1.65倍[35]。然而,有些研究結(jié)果與此不一致[36]。
2.2.4 其他藥物:SU等[16]研究顯示,β受體阻滯劑與缺血性腦卒中患者氯吡格雷抵抗有關(guān)。UZUN等[35]對207例PCI患者的研究顯示,血管緊張素受體拮抗劑(ARB)類藥物是氯吡格雷抵抗的獨立危險因素。GAJOS等[36]研究顯示,多不飽和omega-3脂肪酸增加1 mg會顯著增強血小板對氯吡格雷的反應(yīng)性。有些藥物通過增加CYP3A4酶活性增加氯吡格雷血小板抑制作用,如利福平、竹桃霉素等;有些藥物通過與氯吡格雷競爭CYP3A4而降低其血小板抑制作用,如紅霉素、酮康唑等[37]。
2.3血液指標有研究顯示,氯吡格雷抵抗可能與以下血液指標有關(guān):肌酐(Cr)、空腹血糖(FBG)、同型半胱氨酸(HCY)、超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白(hs-CRP)、血小板及白細胞計數(shù)、CK-MB、血尿酸、24 h平均收縮壓、高血糖、高三酰甘油、高心肌肌鈣蛋白等[16,23,29,35,38-39]。
2.4阿司匹林抵抗近來有研究顯示,阿司匹林抵抗是氯吡格雷抵抗的危險因素[35,38]。阿司匹林抵抗影響氯吡格雷抵抗最有可能的機制是阿司匹林抵抗患者血小板對ADP誘導(dǎo)的GP Ⅱb/Ⅲa活化作用的敏感性增加[40],同時降低了膠原蛋白的濃度[41],從而導(dǎo)致血小板活性反應(yīng)性增加[38]。
2.5吸煙吸煙可通過刺激CYP1A2酶活性增強氯吡格雷血小板抑制作用[42]。有研究指出,在接受氯吡格雷治療患者中,吸煙與非吸煙分別使心血管死亡事件、心肌梗死及卒中的發(fā)生風(fēng)險降低25%和8%[43]。其他一些研究得出同樣的結(jié)論[44-45]。但REED等[46]的研究顯示,當氯吡格雷劑量達到150 mg/d時,吸煙對氯吡格雷的效應(yīng)影響不大。
2.6其他因素患者年齡、性別、依從性、氯吡格雷生物利用度、劑量、ADP釋放增加、血小板產(chǎn)生增加及更新加快均與氯吡格雷抗血小板作用有關(guān)。有研究顯示,隨著年齡的增加,機體代謝水平降低,氯吡格雷活性代謝產(chǎn)物水平降低,從而減弱其血小板抑制作用[22]。
陳欽榜等[47]研究提出,發(fā)生氯吡格雷抵抗的可能機制較多,但最主要的影響因素是遺傳因素。越來越多研究開始關(guān)注氯吡格雷抵抗與基因多態(tài)性之間的相關(guān)性[26,48-49]。
3.1 ABCB1基因多態(tài)性對于缺血性腦卒中患者,ABCB1基因多態(tài)性可能是氯吡格雷抵抗的獨立危險因素,T等位基因可能是氯吡格雷抵抗的風(fēng)險基因[50-51]。然而,一項研究的結(jié)果與此不一致[16]。目前,ABCB1基因多態(tài)性對氯吡格雷抵抗的影響是有爭議的[47]。
3.2 CYP450基因多態(tài)性氯吡格雷只有通過肝臟CYPP450 酶系統(tǒng)代謝才具有活性,且只有15%左右被肝臟代謝為活性產(chǎn)物后才能發(fā)揮其血小板抑制作用。其中CYP2C19在各種酶中活性最強,是氯吡格雷代謝過程中最主要的酶。
在CYP2C19幾種多態(tài)性中,導(dǎo)致功能缺失常見的2種變異是CYP2C19*2、CYP2C19*3,前者產(chǎn)生無功能蛋白,后者則生成不成熟密碼子[52]。CYP2C19* 2、CYP2C19*3、CYP2C19*17與氯吡格雷代謝密切相關(guān)[53]。其中,CYP2C19*2是最常見的突變基因型,其代謝酶活性低,導(dǎo)致氯吡格雷活性代謝物減少,從而減弱氯吡格雷抗血小板作用[54]。
近年來,有研究顯示,CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性與缺血性腦卒中患者血小板聚集抑制率相關(guān)[55-56],CPY2C19*2等位基因攜帶者腦缺血復(fù)發(fā)率明顯升高[57]。CYP2C19*17基因型可以升高酶的活性增強氯吡格雷血小板抑制作用,但增加患者出血風(fēng)險[58-59]。目前國內(nèi)外對CYP450酶其他基因多態(tài)性與氯吡格雷抵抗的研究多局限于心血管事件,且結(jié)果不一[60],缺乏以腦血管事件為終點的研究。
3.3 P2Y12受體基因多態(tài)性氯吡格雷與P2Y12受體不可逆地結(jié)合在一起,從而發(fā)揮血小板抑制作用。有研究顯示,P2Y12 受體基因多態(tài)性與血小板活性及氯吡格雷低反應(yīng)性相關(guān)[61]。然而,也有研究證明P2Y12基因多態(tài)性可能對氯吡格雷無明顯影響[62-63]。
3.4其他基因多態(tài)性PON1和羧酸酯酶1(CES1)基因多態(tài)性可能與氯吡格雷抵抗有關(guān)。有關(guān)PON1基因多態(tài)性與氯吡格雷抵抗的研究較少,終點事件僅限于心血管疾病,且是有爭議的[64-65]。XIE等[66]的研究顯示,CES1A2-816C基因多態(tài)性與氯吡格雷治療后的血小板活性有關(guān)。
4.1氯吡格雷抵抗的西醫(yī)防治策略
4.1.1 調(diào)整氯吡格雷劑量:有研究顯示,增加氯吡格雷劑量可以增加氯吡格雷療效,減少氯吡格雷抵抗的發(fā)生[67-68]。然而,有些臨床研究的結(jié)果是相悖的[67]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在發(fā)揮抗血小板作用方面氯吡格雷劑量有一定的極限值[70]。
4.1.2 其他抗血小板藥物的應(yīng)用:越來越多的研究表明,新型P2Y12受體拮抗劑包括普拉格雷、替格瑞洛及坎格瑞洛等可有效地發(fā)揮血小板抑制作用[71-72]。另外,XIE等[73]的研究表明,氯吡格雷類似物對CYP2C19功能缺失等位基因攜帶者仍發(fā)揮較好抗血小板作用,藥物間相互作用發(fā)生率低,藥物代謝在個體間的差異小,安全性更高,抗血小板聚集作用更強。然而,MA等[74]的研究表明,新型抗血小板藥可能增加出血風(fēng)險,上市時間短,可能存在一些未知的不良反應(yīng)。
4.2氯吡格雷抵抗的中醫(yī)防治策略增加氯吡格雷劑量、使用新型P2Y12受體拮抗劑及氯吡格雷類似物能夠克服氯吡格雷抵抗,但也可能增加出血風(fēng)險、損傷肝腎功能、產(chǎn)生胃腸道反應(yīng)及藥物間的相互作用,這些因素導(dǎo)致抗血小板藥物使用的局限性。中醫(yī)辨證施治體現(xiàn)了個體化的診療思想,具有療效確切、作用持久、不良反應(yīng)小等特點,可能有助于解決氯吡格雷抵抗這一臨床問題。
近年來,中醫(yī)學(xué)者對氯吡格雷抵抗的中醫(yī)藥防治方面進行了探討。對于氯吡格雷抵抗患者,復(fù)方丹參滴丸、復(fù)方川芎嗪膠囊、麝香保心丸、血栓通及化瘀通脈湯等可進一步發(fā)揮抗血小板聚集作用,且不良反應(yīng)小,安全性更高,是氯吡格雷抵抗治療的有益補充[75-79]。
目前,缺血性腦卒中患者發(fā)生氯吡格雷抵抗的機制尚不明確,有關(guān)影響氯吡格雷抵抗的臨床因素及遺傳因素尚未得出一致的結(jié)論,且多數(shù)研究終點為心血管事件,有關(guān)腦血管事件方面的研究較為缺乏。有關(guān)缺血性腦卒中患者氯吡格雷抵抗防治策略多局限于增加氯吡格雷劑量、使用其他抗血小板藥物等,但存在一定的不足。未來研究應(yīng)朝著中西聯(lián)用的方向發(fā)展,以克服氯吡格雷抵抗、減少不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生。
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