吉靜
一、同位語用法小結(jié)
一個名詞(或其他形式)對另一個名詞或代詞進行解釋或補充說明,這個名詞(或其他形式)就是同位語。同位語與被它解釋說明的詞的格式要一致,并常常緊挨在一起。
Such is my hometown, a modern city.
a modern city是my hometown的同位語。
用法1
什么詞可以做同位語?
名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動名詞、不定式、同位語從句。
Kate, my young sister, is fond of classical music. (名詞my young sister作同位語)
He has set a good example to us all. (代詞all作同位語)
You are the most diligent among us five. (數(shù)詞five作同位語)
My hobbies, jogging and swimming, are of great benefit to my health. (動名詞jogging and swimming作同位語)
Your dream, to be a pilot, will come true. (不定式to be a pilot作同位語)
The news that our team had won the final made us excited and proud. (that引導的從句作同位語)
用法2
如同位語與其同位成分關系緊密時不用逗號隔開;如同位語對其同位成分只作補充解釋時可用逗號隔開。
Mike told me that his sister Mary is a world-famous actress.
(Mary單一的詞作同位語,與其同位成分his sister之間不用逗號隔開。)
The other day I came across my former maths teacher, Miss Green.
(同位語Miss Green補充解釋my former maths teacher,同位語與其同位成分之間可用逗號隔開。)
用法3
同位語既可以表示其同位成分的全部意義,也可以表示部分意義。
We Chinese people are brave and hardworking.
She is keen on sports, especially ball games.
用法4 同位語從句
在主從復合句中,通常跟在某些抽象名詞的后面,對該名詞起解釋說明作用的從句稱為同位語從句。抽象名詞常見的有fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, belief, thought, doubt, promise, question等。
1.同位語從句的位置
通常情況下,同位語從句跟在抽象名詞的后面。但如果同位語從句大大長于整個謂語,為了保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)的平衡,避免頭重腳輕,可將同位語從句放到謂語的后面,這種同位語從句稱為分隔式同位語從句。
There is no doubt that he will pass the exam. 毫無疑問,他會通過考試。
An idea suddenly occurred to Jenny that she could buy Mum a watch for her birthday present. Jenny突然想到她可以買塊手表送給媽媽作生日禮物。
高考鏈接
There is clear evidence??? ? ? ? ? ???? the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain. (2011上海卷)
A. what????? B. if
C. how?????? D. that
【答案】 D。
【分析】 本題考查同位語從句,從句中不缺成分不含疑問,因此選that引導同位語從句解釋說明evidence的具體內(nèi)容。
Evidence has been found through years of study????? ? ? ? ? ? childrens early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up. (2012重慶卷)
A. why????? B. how
C. whether????? D. that
【答案】 D。
【分析】 本題考查分隔式同位語從句。根據(jù)句意,從句位于謂語部分后面,解釋說明evidence的具體內(nèi)容,從句中不缺成分不含疑問,因此選that引導同位語從句。
2.同位語從句引導詞的選擇
同位語從句解釋說明某些抽象名詞的具體內(nèi)容,當從句不缺成分不含疑問時,用that引導。而當從句含有疑問時,則應選擇相應意義的連接詞。
The fact has worried many scientists that the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years. 地球這些年一直在變暖,這事實讓許多科學家擔憂。
We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 我們不是在調(diào)查他是否可信賴的問題。
高考鏈接
The notice came around two in the afternoon ??? ? ? ? ? ????the meeting would be postponed. (2012江蘇)
A. when?????? B. that
C. whether????? D. how
【答案】 B。
【分析】 本題考查同位語從句,從句中不缺成分不含疑問,因此選that引導同位語從句解釋說明notice的具體內(nèi)容。
—Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday?
—Yeah, but I have no idea???? ? ? ? ? ? ??? he did it; thats one of his favorite universities. (2014重慶)
A. when????? B. why
C. that??????? D. how
【答案】 B。
【分析】 本題考查同位語從句,根據(jù)句意,我不知道他為什么這么做,因此選why引導同位語從句。
3.同位語從句與定語從句的用法區(qū)別
同位語從句解釋說明抽象名詞的具體內(nèi)容,定語從句是對先行詞進行修飾限定。
The suggestion that the students should have plenty of exercise is very good. 學生應該多鍛煉這個建議很好。(that引導的從句解釋說明了suggestion的具體內(nèi)容,是同位語從句)
The suggestion that he raised at the meeting is very good. 他在會議上提出的建議很好。
(that引導的從句對先行詞suggestion進行修飾限定,是定語從句,that指代先行詞suggestion在定語從句中作raised的賓語)
在同位語從句中,that在從句中不充當任何成分,只起到連接主從句的作用,但不可省略。在定語從句中,that指代先行詞,在從句中充當成分(主語、賓語或表語),作賓語時that可以省略。
二、長句分析
一個句子之所以長,除了在一個簡單句中加了許多修飾成分之外,還有可能是長出了枝干,即加了從句,或者是由連詞或平衡結(jié)構(gòu)把若干簡單句合并在了一起。無論是哪種句式,我們都要化繁為簡,看懂句子。長難句絕大多數(shù)為主謂賓或主系表結(jié)構(gòu),其他成分都是圍繞這三個主要成分做的增補,這是所有長難句的核心和本質(zhì),必須牢記。
1. It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not “be overly concerned about ‘bad tables,” given that they are profitable. 可以得出結(jié)論,經(jīng)營餐館的人不必要為位置不好的餐桌而過分擔憂,鑒于這些餐桌是能盈利的。
在這個句子中,it是形式主語,that引導的主語從句是真正的主語,且從句中包含given that引導的狀語從句,為了保持句子的平衡,避免頭重腳輕,將主語從句放置句末。
高考鏈接
It is often the case??? ? ? ? ? ? ??? anything is possible for those who hang on to hope. (2016江蘇卷)
A. why?? B. what
C. as?? D. that
【答案】 D。
【分析】 本題考查主語從句。句首的it是形式主語,真正的主語是由that引導的從句位于句末,從句意思是“對于那些堅守希望的人而言,一切皆有可能”,不缺成分,不含疑問,所以用that引導。
2. It enables small-scale farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per hour—a huge improvement over harvesting just a few dozen pounds by hand—suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms in California. 這使那些小規(guī)模經(jīng)營的農(nóng)民一小時能收獲175磅綠色蔬菜——相對于手工每小時收獲幾十磅而言是個很大的改善——突然之間讓那些小規(guī)模經(jīng)營的農(nóng)民能和加州的大農(nóng)場去競爭。
在這個句子中,It enables small-scale farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per hour是完整的句子,suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms in California是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作結(jié)果狀語,表達自然而然,必然的結(jié)果。句中的a huge improvement over harvesting just a few dozen pounds by hand是對前面每小時收獲175磅綠色蔬菜的補充說明。
高考鏈接
The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment,??? ? ???? more patients to be treated. (2017天津卷)
A. being allowed?? B. allowing
C. having allowed?? D. allowed
【答案】 B。
【分析】 本題考查現(xiàn)在分詞短語作結(jié)果狀語?!霸试S更多的病人能夠接受治療”是“最近這家醫(yī)院引進新的治療設備”的自然而言,必然的結(jié)果。
3. Miss Longfield warned that a generation of children risked growing up “worried about their appearance and image as a result of the unrealistic lifestyles they follow on platforms, and increasingly anxious about switching off due to the constant demands of social media”. Miss Longfield警告說,一代孩子有風險會這樣地成長,他們因為效仿社交平臺上不切實際的生活方式而擔憂自己的外表和形象,由于社交平臺持續(xù)不斷的需求,他們?nèi)找鎿氖e人的關注。
本句之所以長,是因為有復合句。warned后面是that引導的賓語從句,worried about their appearance and image as a result of the unrealistic lifestyles they follow on platforms和increasingly anxious about switching off due to the constant demands of social media是由and連接的兩個并列成分。句中l(wèi)ifestyle和they緊緊靠在一起,指的不是同一個人或物,從they開始往后是一個省略了關系代詞的定語從句,對lifestyles進行修飾限定。
高考鏈接
The little problems???? ? ? ? ? ??? we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.
A. that??? B. as
C. where?? D. when
【答案】 A。
【分析】 本題考查定語從句。主句為The little problems may be inspirations for great inventions,先行詞the little problems 在定語從句中作meet的賓語,所以選that / which引導定語從句,且可以省略。
4. Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending—“bad” tables, crowding, high prices—dont necessarily. 與此同時,那些你覺得會削減消費的東西——位置不好的餐桌,擁擠,價格高——未必就會削減消費。
本句是一個省略句,句末補全了應是dont necessarily discourage spending。當碰到省略句時,我們要結(jié)合上下文,將句子補全,否則會影響句子的理解。
高考鏈接
The climate here is quite pleasant, the temperature rarely,?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? , reaching 30℃ in summer. (2014福建卷)
A. if not??? B. if ever
C. if any ???D. if so
【答案】 B。
【分析】 本題考查省略。結(jié)合句意,將省略部分補全應是if the temperature has ever reached 30℃ in summer,所以選B。
5. As their world expanded, she said, children compared themselves to others online in a way that was “hugely damaging in terms of their self-identity, in terms of their confidence, but also in terms of their ability to develop themselves. 她說,隨著孩子世界的不斷擴大,他們會以一種方式在網(wǎng)上比較自己和他人,而這種方式會對他們的自我認同,信心和自我發(fā)展的能力有相當大的破壞性。
本句中,句首的as引導狀語從句,that引導定語從句對先行詞way進行修飾限定,三個in terms of...的短語則表明這種方式在哪些方面是有很大破壞性的。
在定語從句中,當先行詞是way,且在定語從句中作方式狀語時,用that / in which或省略引導定語從句;但若在定語從句中作主語或賓語時,則用that / which引導定語從句,作賓語時,引導詞可以省略。
It was not what he said but the way (that / in which) he said it that made me annoyed. 我惱怒的不是他說的話,而是他說這件事的方式。 (way在定語從句中作方式狀語)
The way (that / which) he suggested was reasonable. 他建議的方式是合理的。 (way在定語從句中作suggested的賓語)