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提高脂肪移植存活成功率的研究進(jìn)展

2018-01-05 11:07柳叢李云霞葉媛鄒敬江胡葵葵
中國(guó)美容醫(yī)學(xué) 2018年10期
關(guān)鍵詞:存活率

柳叢 李云霞 葉媛 鄒敬江 胡葵葵

[摘要]近年來(lái),隨著自體脂肪移植技術(shù)的發(fā)展,越來(lái)越多的自體脂肪移植應(yīng)用于整形和重建手術(shù)中。其主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于脂肪組織具有豐富的再生多潛能細(xì)胞,且來(lái)源豐富,手術(shù)操作簡(jiǎn)單,創(chuàng)傷小。因此,被認(rèn)為是一種理想的填充物。然而不同的采集、加工和再注入脂肪細(xì)胞的技術(shù)都影響著移植的存活率,本文就當(dāng)前提高脂肪移植存活率的現(xiàn)有研究展開(kāi)綜述,以便于探索新的方法來(lái)改善脂肪組織移植的臨床效果。

[關(guān)鍵詞]脂肪移植;存活率;基質(zhì)血管組分(SVF);SVF-gel

[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)]R622+.9 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A [文章編號(hào)]1008-6455(2018)10-0155-04

Abstract: In recent years, with the development of autologous fat transplantation technology, more and more autologous fat transplantation is used in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Its main advantages are that adipose tissue has abundant regenerative pluripotent cells, abundant sources, simple operation and less trauma, so it is considered as an ideal filler. However, different techniques of collecting, processing and reinjecting adipocytes affect the survival rate of transplantation. Therefore, this article reviews the current research on improving the survival rate of fat transplantation in order to explore new methods to improve the clinical effect of fat tissue transplantation.

Key words: fat transplantation; survival rate; stromal vascular fraction(SVF); SVF-gel

在整形和重建手術(shù)中,脂肪組織作為理想的軟組織填充材料而得到廣泛研究與關(guān)注。然而,在現(xiàn)有醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)中,脂肪移植后的吸收率差異很大,從25%到80%不等[1]。顆粒脂肪移植前后的處理極大地影響著其存活率。目前認(rèn)為,促進(jìn)移植物的血運(yùn)重建及脂肪源性干細(xì)胞分化成成熟脂肪細(xì)胞是提高存活率的關(guān)鍵。因此,筆者就提高脂肪移植存活率的臨床操作各步驟進(jìn)行綜述。

1 脂肪的獲取部位與移植

深層部位抽脂更為理想,可避免脂肪組織在抽吸后皮膚出現(xiàn)凹凸不平的現(xiàn)象。Khouri等[2]認(rèn)為,應(yīng)首選抽脂后體積變化最小的部位作為供區(qū)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),大腿部脂肪組織蛋白酶活性最高,大腿及臀部的脂肪細(xì)胞體積較大、產(chǎn)脂能力較強(qiáng),脂肪源性干細(xì)胞在大腿內(nèi)側(cè)及下腹部的濃度較高[3]。故臨床上常經(jīng)腹部、臀部、腰部和股外側(cè)等部位獲取脂肪。不同的獲取方法影響脂肪細(xì)胞的完整性,多數(shù)研究顯示大直徑低壓吸引抽脂可能有利于提高移植成功率[4-5]。目前,臨床上主要通過(guò)注射法進(jìn)行脂肪移植。Kato等[6]發(fā)現(xiàn)除了移植邊緣以下深度為100~300μm的脂肪細(xì)胞存活外,其他脂肪細(xì)胞在移植1周時(shí)被證實(shí)死亡。大約近血管邊緣1.5mm處的移植脂肪才能從血漿中獲取營(yíng)養(yǎng),而新生血管的形成需要5d,因而,在新生血管形成之前,移植脂肪通過(guò)組織液及血漿來(lái)獲取營(yíng)養(yǎng)顯得尤為重要,為增加存活細(xì)胞的數(shù)量,大多支持采用多點(diǎn)、多層次的注射方法,每點(diǎn)不能大于3mm。近年來(lái)提出的單細(xì)胞移植理念,提高了脂肪細(xì)胞與組織液的接觸,有利于移植物獲取營(yíng)養(yǎng),從而提高移植存活率。

2 顆粒脂肪的處理

100多年前,利用自體大塊脂肪組織進(jìn)行移植后,有25%可能出現(xiàn)液化壞死等嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥,甚至出現(xiàn)鈣化以及囊腫形成,故其臨床應(yīng)用受到限制[7]。1986年,Illouz[8] 提出運(yùn)用顆粒脂肪移植代替大塊的脂肪移植,以提高存活率。

2.1 Coleman脂肪:1994年,Coleman首次將脂肪組織進(jìn)行負(fù)壓抽吸,以3 000r/min離心3min,分三層,中間層為顆粒脂肪,稱(chēng)Coleman脂肪[9]。Pu等將經(jīng)Coleman技術(shù)處理的脂肪與用傳統(tǒng)吸脂機(jī)抽吸的顆粒脂肪(500r/min離心10 min)進(jìn)行對(duì)比,認(rèn)為Coleman技術(shù)利用小負(fù)壓狀態(tài)下獲取的脂肪細(xì)胞活性更強(qiáng)[10]。國(guó)際上所認(rèn)可的Coleman技術(shù),在進(jìn)行脂肪組織移植物獲取的過(guò)程中,可作為首選方法。

2.2 細(xì)胞輔助脂肪移植:隨著研究的進(jìn)展,2001年,ZuK等[11]在脂肪組織提取物中發(fā)現(xiàn)具有多向分化能力的細(xì)胞群。2004年,正式命名為脂肪源性干細(xì)胞(adipose-derived stem cells,ASCs)。ZuK等證明從脂肪組織中分離出來(lái)的ASCs可以分化為骨細(xì)胞、脂肪細(xì)胞、軟骨,具有多項(xiàng)分化潛能,此后,ASCs成了研究熱點(diǎn)。2009年,吉村浩太郎提出細(xì)胞輔助脂肪移植技術(shù)(Cell-Assisted Lipotransfer,CAL技術(shù)),即利用膠原酶消化脂肪組織所得的多細(xì)胞混合物基質(zhì)血管組分(Stromal Vascular Fraction,SVF)與脂肪細(xì)胞混合后再進(jìn)行移植[12]。孫凱等[13]的研究顯示SVF可提高移植存活率,面部填充一次注射可成型。SVF移植后的再生作用,不僅僅依靠ASCs,其包含的平滑肌細(xì)胞、周細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞(ECs)、免疫細(xì)胞和其他未表征的細(xì)胞也與其再生性能有關(guān)[14-16]。SVF主要是通過(guò)促進(jìn)血管生成、免疫調(diào)節(jié)及分泌細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)發(fā)揮作用。在治療燒傷、皮膚輻射損傷、多發(fā)性硬化和糖尿病等疾病時(shí)顯示出更好的臨床效果[17-19]。周細(xì)胞和內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞可直接促進(jìn)血管再生[20],間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞通過(guò)旁分泌作用分泌血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子VEGF、肝細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子HGF和轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子-β(TGF-β)等,促進(jìn)血管再生[21-22],單核/巨噬細(xì)胞調(diào)節(jié)免疫[23]。因此,SVF所具有獨(dú)特的異質(zhì)細(xì)胞群,可能是實(shí)驗(yàn)研究中能得到更好治療結(jié)果的關(guān)鍵所在。SVF比ADSCs的獲取更方便且無(wú)須經(jīng)體外培養(yǎng),避免了細(xì)胞污染,因此,與培養(yǎng)ADSCs相比,SVF在美容外科的應(yīng)用前景更可觀。然而膠原酶屬外源性物質(zhì),其使用飽含風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及爭(zhēng)議性。Peltoniemi等[24]認(rèn)為經(jīng)過(guò)酶消化和制備時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng)可能使干細(xì)胞失去再生潛能,從而影響移植成功率。處于游離狀態(tài)的SVF細(xì)胞和ASCs易受免疫系統(tǒng)的攻擊而清除消滅。值得注意的是,有文獻(xiàn)表明ASCs存在顯著的促癌作用[25]。這些因素對(duì)SVF細(xì)胞治療的應(yīng)用產(chǎn)生了限制,因此更有價(jià)值的技術(shù)也逐漸產(chǎn)生。

2.3 納米脂肪:2013年,Tonnard等[26]首次報(bào)道了納米移植技術(shù),是脂肪移植技術(shù)層面上的飛躍。其技術(shù)核心是通過(guò)將Coleman脂肪通過(guò)流體剪切力作用得到高密度的ASCs[(1.9±0.2)×105個(gè)細(xì)胞/ml]和豐富的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞[(7.7±2.4)×104個(gè)細(xì)胞/ml],干細(xì)胞含量呈納米級(jí),即為納米脂肪。研究者發(fā)現(xiàn),通過(guò)機(jī)械加工后,成熟脂肪細(xì)胞幾乎被破壞,而產(chǎn)物中的間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞濃度與機(jī)械力強(qiáng)度呈正比[27-29]。其中,Banyard等[30]通過(guò)對(duì)脂肪細(xì)胞進(jìn)行機(jī)械處理后,證實(shí)壓力誘導(dǎo)的納米脂肪中與間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞活性相關(guān)的標(biāo)志物CD34,CD13,CD73和CD146顯著增加,內(nèi)皮祖細(xì)胞的比例也增高。這充分說(shuō)明了在機(jī)械力作用下獲得的納米脂肪,其內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞有向祖系分化趨勢(shì),從而促進(jìn)了成熟脂肪細(xì)胞的再生。此外,納米脂肪與SVF相比,納米脂肪不需要使用膠原酶,其安全性更高,且該技術(shù)所產(chǎn)生的納米脂肪可以通過(guò)更細(xì)的針孔(27規(guī)),故可運(yùn)用于更淺表的部位注射,以改善面部皺紋等精致地區(qū)。納米脂肪更細(xì)膩,細(xì)胞血供豐富,有助于提高存活率。

2.4 ECM/SVF-gel:納米脂肪中成熟脂肪細(xì)胞被破壞后釋放出大量油滴,魯峰教授帶領(lǐng)的脂肪團(tuán)隊(duì)通過(guò)在納米處理后的脂肪組織乳化液中添加0.5ml的油,得到更高濃度的SVF細(xì)胞和原生脂肪細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(ECM)混合物,即為ECM/SVF-gel[31]。因?yàn)橛褪羌せ钚跄哪Y(jié)劑,降低了帶電粒子的穩(wěn)定性,使得乳化液與油進(jìn)一步分離開(kāi)來(lái)。在裸鼠體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)中將SVF細(xì)胞混懸液及SVF/ECM-gel對(duì)創(chuàng)面修復(fù)能力進(jìn)行比較,證明SVF細(xì)胞和ECM/SVF-gel都可以加速組織修復(fù),增強(qiáng)創(chuàng)面愈合。且ECM/SVF-gel與SVF混懸液相比,血管活性更強(qiáng),治療效果更好。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),與單獨(dú)的SVF細(xì)胞和ASC懸浮液相比,ECM/SVF-gel中仍保留了ECM的部分支架作用,維持細(xì)胞龕穩(wěn)態(tài),并保護(hù)重要細(xì)胞不易受到免疫細(xì)胞攻擊。Zhang等將ECM/SVF-gel與Coleman脂肪移植到裸鼠體內(nèi),觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)ECM/SVF-gel移植后90d的保留率(82±15)%顯著高于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Coleman脂肪(42±9)%,認(rèn)為ECM碎片使炎性細(xì)胞更容易滲入移植物中,而迅速和足夠的炎癥反應(yīng)是促進(jìn)血管生成和組織再生的關(guān)鍵;巨噬細(xì)胞通過(guò)清除死細(xì)胞,使較少形成纖維化,為脂肪再生提供良好的環(huán)境[32]。Yao等[33]對(duì)接受SVF-gel移植的126例患者進(jìn)行回顧性分析,面部外形均有改善,患者滿(mǎn)意率高(SVF-gel組77.3%,常規(guī)組53.8%),二次手術(shù)率低(10.9%),且有抗皺和促進(jìn)皮膚再生作用。因此,SVF-gel移植在面部重塑和年輕化方面可能優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)脂肪移植的效果。

3 顆粒脂肪移植前的預(yù)處理

實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,通過(guò)對(duì)顆粒脂肪移植前的不同處理,如:脂肪內(nèi)混入富血小板血漿(platelet rich plasma,PRP)和富血小板纖維蛋白(platelet-rich fibrin,PRF),添加單核/巨噬細(xì)胞M2型、誘導(dǎo)脂肪細(xì)胞缺氧以及Brava輔助移植技術(shù)等的應(yīng)用,均對(duì)提高移植后脂肪保留率具有重要意義。

3.1 PRP和PRF:PRP在重建、再生修復(fù)及美容手術(shù)等領(lǐng)域的運(yùn)用越來(lái)越廣泛,認(rèn)為可促進(jìn)骨、軟骨再生,傷口、皮膚、肌腱等的愈合。通過(guò)將靜脈血離心后取中間富含血小板的部分獲得,其血小板數(shù)目比全血中高3倍以上[34]。血小板被凝血酶或鈣等因素激活時(shí),可分泌大量生長(zhǎng)因子,是生長(zhǎng)因子的天然來(lái)源。Nakamura等[34]在脂肪移植物中加入PRP后,發(fā)現(xiàn)移植物存活率顯著提高,并認(rèn)為添加20%的PRP為最佳,PRP組在30d內(nèi)的毛細(xì)血管比未加PRP的對(duì)照組明顯增多,認(rèn)為PRP有提高血管生成的能力。Hersan等[35]認(rèn)為氯化鈣激活后的PRP比未激活的LPRP對(duì)脂肪移植結(jié)果更有利。蓋紅宇將PRP與移植脂肪聯(lián)合使用進(jìn)行面部脂肪移植,可提高移植存活率[36]。

2006年,Dohan等[37]制備了PRF,其制作方法是通過(guò)將外周血離心后,取中間層而直接獲得,無(wú)需抗凝劑,與PRP相比制備更簡(jiǎn)便,包含約97%的血小板,以及50%的白細(xì)胞。未添加抗凝劑,降低了移植后免疫排斥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。PRF中富含血小板,因其還含有白細(xì)胞,可能有更好的免疫學(xué)價(jià)值,通過(guò)釋放白細(xì)胞介素1B、白細(xì)胞介素4、腫瘤壞死因子等細(xì)胞因子,促進(jìn)傷口愈合,限制炎癥反應(yīng)[38]。PRF中的纖維蛋白形成的網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)具有聚集作用,延緩生長(zhǎng)因子釋放,使其作用時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)[39]。Al-Chalabi等將脂肪與PRF混合后,注入面部自體肌肉組織,肌肉層中可形成豐富的血管叢,能顯著改善面部輪廓[40]。Xu等[41]將人類(lèi)乳腺脂肪干細(xì)胞(HBASCs)與G-Rg1或PRF聯(lián)合運(yùn)用后,對(duì)HBASCs的增殖、分化和再生的促進(jìn)作用均有顯著效果。

3.2 缺氧:ASCs能促進(jìn)脂肪組織移植物進(jìn)行再血管化,可在缺血缺氧的環(huán)境中存活,并增殖、分化成脂肪細(xì)胞。脂肪組織中的細(xì)胞通常處于低氧壓力下(2%~8%)[42]。有研究顯示,低氧環(huán)境可通過(guò)基因水平表達(dá)調(diào)控血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子,促紅細(xì)胞生成素,血管生成素和血小板衍生生長(zhǎng)因子的分泌,可激活缺氧誘導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(HIFs),從而調(diào)控血管的生成,血管的再生對(duì)脂肪移植的存活至關(guān)重要[42]。有研究顯示,低氧促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖,有利于維持干細(xì)胞的多能性,促進(jìn)分化[43]。Costa等[44]建立的小鼠后肢缺血模型,通過(guò)培養(yǎng)21%(常氧)和5%(缺氧)的條件下的SVF細(xì)胞,證實(shí)低氧條件下培養(yǎng)的SVF細(xì)胞血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子分泌增加,內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞網(wǎng)絡(luò)形成增加,表現(xiàn)出優(yōu)越的血管生成潛能。

3.3 Brava輔助技術(shù):Khouri等[45]通過(guò)運(yùn)用負(fù)壓組織外擴(kuò)器(Brava)對(duì)乳房組織進(jìn)行移植前擴(kuò)增,結(jié)果顯示,移植物吸收率降低,實(shí)驗(yàn)中可將約250ml的移植物移植到A罩杯大小的乳房,且保存效果良好。DelVeeehio提出“移植容量比”概念,即脂肪組織移植物的體積與受體區(qū)域的容量體積之比,研究顯示,比值越高,脂肪移植后的保存率越低[46]??烧J(rèn)為增大受體區(qū)域的體積,有利于大體積脂肪移植的存活,與Khouri等的移植結(jié)果相符。Uda等[47]認(rèn)為移植前運(yùn)用Brava裝置對(duì)受區(qū)進(jìn)行處理,可使受區(qū)處于周期性負(fù)壓的狀態(tài),有利于增加受區(qū)的血管密度,提高含氧血流,血管的生成加快,從而提高移植存活率。Yuan等[48]在移植后繼續(xù)用Brava裝置進(jìn)行處理,證明體外裝置的機(jī)械力在4周之前可促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖和血管生成,在4周后通過(guò)調(diào)控巨噬細(xì)胞移動(dòng)抑制因子,誘導(dǎo)脂肪分化。因此,Brava裝置應(yīng)用于移植前后,可增加移植受區(qū)的體積加強(qiáng)血供,持續(xù)的機(jī)械力也能刺激血供,并促進(jìn)干細(xì)胞分化。良好的血供有利于移植脂肪存活,因此對(duì)于小胸部的患者,可采用Brava輔助技術(shù),以提高大體積脂肪移植的存活率。

4 小結(jié)

綜上所述,臨床上對(duì)脂肪組織的處理從最初的大體積移植到目前最新的SVF-gel移植技術(shù),以及各種輔助因素的研究,為脂肪移植提供了更廣闊的前景與思路。SVF-gel移植技術(shù)的高保留率及ECM對(duì)細(xì)胞的支架作用,為脂肪移植技術(shù)開(kāi)拓了新的思路,需進(jìn)一步的研究與發(fā)展,相信隨著移植技術(shù)的不斷完善,移植存活率將逐步提升,使脂肪移植更廣泛的應(yīng)用于臨床。

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[收稿日期]2018-05-20 [修回日期]2018-06-20

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