楊定生
一、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)
篇章結(jié)構(gòu),是構(gòu)成文章的框架,是作者對(duì)寫作材料進(jìn)行恰當(dāng)和有序的組織和安排,也是作者思想或觀點(diǎn)的展現(xiàn)。因此,把握文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)和脈絡(luò),理解文章各段落層次之間的關(guān)系,弄清作者的寫作意圖和方法,將有益于我們對(duì)文章的理解和提高閱讀與寫作的成效。因此,在各例考卷中也常見到此類題型。
如何更有效構(gòu)建和分析文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)
1. 了解不同文體,把握寫作意圖和技巧
眾所周知,文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)受到不同文體的制約。文體不同,作者構(gòu)建篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的方法也不盡相同。構(gòu)建和分析篇章段落的結(jié)構(gòu),應(yīng)注意不同文體在篇章結(jié)構(gòu)上的不同特點(diǎn),以及同一文體在結(jié)構(gòu)上的變化。
議論文是作者對(duì)某個(gè)問題或某個(gè)事情進(jìn)行分析,評(píng)論,表明自己的觀點(diǎn)、立場(chǎng)、態(tài)度、看法和主張。此類文章通常采取從某一現(xiàn)象入手,通過分析,得出結(jié)論或從某一現(xiàn)象或結(jié)論入手,通過分析來驗(yàn)證某一結(jié)論(有人也稱之為“總——分——總”結(jié)構(gòu))。
說明文體裁的文章是作者意圖客觀地說明某一事物。通常采用描述,繼而解釋或討論的寫作方法,作者通過給某物下定義、舉例、作比較、打比方、列舉數(shù)字等一系列方法和手段來突出事物的主要品性或內(nèi)容或主要問題來說明某一事物的作用或效果。 說明文有以下常見的結(jié)構(gòu)形式:①并列式(指上下段落間);②連貫式(按時(shí)間、空間順序);③遞進(jìn)式(按邏輯順序)等;
記敘文是作者試圖通過人物、事件等記人敘事,傳達(dá)人生的哲理和感悟。把握語(yǔ)篇中的人物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、發(fā)生的事情、結(jié)果,便能較好地感悟作者的意圖。記敘文的結(jié)構(gòu)層次通常是:① 按故事發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后順序安排;② 按事情發(fā)展的過程或思想感情的變化而順序或倒敘。
因此,了解和掌握并能分辨不同文體,把握作者的寫作意圖和技巧,將會(huì)極大地有助于我們對(duì)閱讀文章的理解和寫作能力的提高。
2. 注重首段及首句,點(diǎn)明主題
首段,又為起始段,我們通常寫作時(shí)說寫文章要 “開門見山”,要點(diǎn)題。首段要有主題陳述,以引起讀者的關(guān)注和閱讀興趣,初步了解作者的寫作意圖和目的。英語(yǔ)的文章一般都很注重使用主題段和主題句 (topic sentence),若干支撐句 (supporting sentences),必要時(shí)還有一個(gè)結(jié)論句 (concluding sentence)。它們相互間應(yīng)能有機(jī)地連接和呼應(yīng)。
確定和寫好主題段和主題句
主題段通常在文章的開頭,簡(jiǎn)要概括文章的中心思想。而主題句表達(dá)的是段落的中心思想,是段落展開的核心,是為整篇文章的中心服務(wù)的,主題句的質(zhì)量將直接關(guān)系到該段落的寫作質(zhì)量。
主題句通常是段落的第一句,表述該段落的主要思想。主題句通常應(yīng)簡(jiǎn)單明了,使讀者易于理解其意。而且,主題突出的主題句也能使讀者一目了然,有利于讀者預(yù)測(cè)和閱讀下文的內(nèi)容。主題句限定了該段落的內(nèi)容,這樣,讀者或作者在搜集、篩選與主題相關(guān)的事實(shí)、例證時(shí)才能夠較容易地把握住方向。倘若段落的主題句過于籠統(tǒng)或模糊,就無法成為整個(gè)段落發(fā)展的路標(biāo),就難以合理地組織相關(guān)材料來進(jìn)一步描述,闡述主題,甚至?xí)拐麄€(gè)段落乃至整篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu)松散或邏輯不清。
根據(jù)文章寫作手法不同的需要,主題句除了置于段落的開頭外,也可能出現(xiàn)在段落的中間或末尾,通常是根據(jù)行文的需要。
3. 注重建構(gòu)好主體段——有力支撐
主體段是文章的主體。盡管主題句十分重要,但它不能缺少支撐句的支持。支撐句常位于主題句后,并對(duì)主題句所陳述的思想觀點(diǎn)或內(nèi)容加以展開陳述,提出各種細(xì)節(jié)或證據(jù)來支持主題句。這樣 “有理有據(jù)” 的陳述才能感染和說服讀者,才能達(dá)到寫作的根本目的。
在主題句確定后,就要開始選擇和組織與主題有關(guān)的信息和素材。文章要有層次。一篇文章都是由若干段構(gòu)成,而每一段都有一個(gè)中心內(nèi)容。首句(尾句)往往與本段的內(nèi)容密切相關(guān)。因此往往將每段的首句(尾句)內(nèi)容串聯(lián)起來,能夠迅速把握全篇主要內(nèi)容。
4. 注重收尾結(jié)論段——概括全文
結(jié)論段是最終的主題稱述,是全文的歸納和概括。結(jié)論句往往是用來強(qiáng)調(diào)、重申主題或歸納、總結(jié)段落大意。
文章的每個(gè)層次段落的最后一句有時(shí)會(huì)簡(jiǎn)要地歸納段落大意或重申段落主題,以引出下一段落的大意,求得段落結(jié)構(gòu)的整體性,做到前后呼應(yīng)。
寫結(jié)論句時(shí),要特別注意以下兩點(diǎn):
(1) 切忌涉及與該段主題無關(guān)話題;否則給讀者以不著邊際及毫無結(jié)論之感覺。
(2) 語(yǔ)言要精練,忌繁雜冗長(zhǎng),否則將直接影響讀者的閱讀興趣或讓讀者有不知所云之感。
篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的梳理和建構(gòu)方法可以是靈活多樣的,這需要我們?cè)陂喿x和寫作的實(shí)踐中不斷地探索和總結(jié)。
二、英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文體
語(yǔ)言是文化的載體,文化則以語(yǔ)言為依托。任何語(yǔ)言都扎根于特定的文化語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中,代表了其源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)又獨(dú)特的文化表達(dá)方式。了解中西方文化的差異,了解具體的文章背景和語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格較為重要和必要。英語(yǔ)有很多不同的文體,應(yīng)使用何種英語(yǔ)文體取決于具體情境,根據(jù)語(yǔ)境的不同,又有口語(yǔ)和書面語(yǔ)之分。英語(yǔ)的口語(yǔ)形式與書面語(yǔ)形式的不同,最重要的區(qū)別是有正式文體和非正式文體的區(qū)別。
正式文體的書面語(yǔ)有散文、報(bào)告和申請(qǐng)信函;非正式文體的書面語(yǔ)有給朋友或家人的信、電子郵件。正式文體的口語(yǔ)有正式的演說和對(duì)陌生人說話;而非正式文體的口語(yǔ)是與熟悉的人 (家人和朋友) 交談。正式文體主要用于較重要的場(chǎng)合和較嚴(yán)肅的主題。而非正式文體較適合于商議性、隨意性、親密性的主題。從語(yǔ)法上看,正式文體中,經(jīng)常使用復(fù)雜或較為復(fù)雜的句子結(jié)構(gòu),包括被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和各種主從復(fù)合句。我們還會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)會(huì)有較多的抽象名詞,這些詞的目的是為了表達(dá)的更準(zhǔn)確語(yǔ)言更生動(dòng)。在非正式文體中,我們常常使用簡(jiǎn)單句結(jié)構(gòu)或甚至于更為簡(jiǎn)單的短語(yǔ)或詞匯,并常使用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。我們也會(huì)見到口語(yǔ)體和縮略形式等,使用這些詞的目的是為了語(yǔ)言的更簡(jiǎn)潔,使人更易明白。
因此,了解和掌握不同的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文體,使我們能在不同的場(chǎng)合和環(huán)境中使用比較得體和地道的語(yǔ)言非常重要。
【沙場(chǎng)練兵】 閱讀下面的短文,完成短文后的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。
A
Nothing says love like a dozen longstemmed roses on Valentines Day. More than a million roses will be sold during this festival for lovers, the biggest day of the year for the nations rose industry. Its going to remain the most popular flower because love never goes out of style.
Yes, a rose is a rose. But selling them is no longer a beautiful experience for traditional flower shops. Supermarkets now offer convenience to the busy and discount rose shops help those hopelessly in love save money. Roses Only is a good example of a discount rose retailer that was transformed from a traditional shop to answer the challenge in the 90s.
Inside this store on Sixth Avenue near 40th Street, contemporary white furniture and walltowall mirrors give it an expensive look. Customers move about freely among the counters, looking eagerly at the roses in more than 50 colors from shelf to shelf. Some customers say its the high quality of the roses that attracts them there. “ I spent $20 but the flowers looked like I paid 60 or 70 dollars,” says one customer.
Studies show more people are buying roses in ones, twos and threes these days. In fact, more than half of all roses are sold in bunches of fewer than a dozen. But Roses Onlys low prices encourage people to spend. Even on Valentines Day, when the price of a dozen roses and delivery can soar as high as $150, 12 of Roses Onlys most expensive flowers sell for just $35. The companys key to success is to hold prices down by controlling every link in the rose chain. It grows its own roses in the sunshine of the Andes Mountain. In addition, the company also sells other items such as balloons and stuffed animals.
While discount rose retailers are witnessing their business bloom. U.S. rose growers arent able to compete with the fierce foreign competition. More than 57% of roses sold in the USA are grown in other countries. The biggest foreign producers are Colombia and Ecuador, which accounted for almost 90% of the total imported last year. The trend has hurt domestic rose growers such as Johnson Flowers of California, considered to be this countrys leading producer.
Now, instead of fighting overseas rivals, the Johnsons are trying to work with them. “We have a few big distribution centers where we sell some imported roses,” Johnson says. “We may also widen our business to include the service area and be a representative for overseas flower producers.”
As a result of severe competition, those in the rose business long for the good old days, whereas ordinary people benefit for the low price.
Q: Which of the following shows the structure of the passage? (① to ⑦ represent Paragraphs 1 to 7).
B
You can love them or hate them, but no matter which tourist destination you visit, chances are youll see someone with their head buried in a Lonely Planet guidebook.
Lonely Planet is one of the worlds largest travel guide brands, publishing more than 500 different guides in eight languages. The popular brand also produces television shows, websites and podcasts (播客) all devoted to travel.
Some people praise Lonely Planet books because they make traveling easy and affordable. They also save time and make sure you dont miss the best things.
They also provide the reviews of hostels (旅店), hotels, restaurants and ticket information about your destination.
This can be great if youre a nervous traveler, or if you havent traveled by yourself before. If youre in a country where you dont speak the language, sometimes theres nothing better than getting into a taxi and opening up a guidebook. You simply point to a map that directs the taxi driver to a hostel thats cheap and clean, with friendly staff and cold beer.
But others criticize Lonely Planet and other travel guide publishers like them. They say guidebooks take the fun and spontaneity (自發(fā)性) out of traveling, and that part of the enjoyment of travel comes from the fact that anything can happen. They also regret that if you follow a guidebook, youll end up doing the same thing and having the same experience as everyone else. You might end up seeing the same group of people over and over, because everyone is reading the same book and following the same route.
Another criticism of travel guides is that they have a large impact on local communities. For example, some locals devote their lives to behaving in ways that attract tourists. They pretend to live a traditional lifestyle, wear traditional clothes and live in traditional houses in order to attract the tourist dollar.
Q: Which of the following best shows the structure of the text? (① to ⑦ stand for Paragraphs 1 to 7)
中學(xué)課程輔導(dǎo)·高考版2017年12期