王芳 張新偉
·基礎(chǔ)研究·
PD0332991在套細胞淋巴瘤細胞集落形成中的作用*
王芳①②張新偉①
目的:探討細胞周期蛋白依賴性激酶4/6(cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6,CDK4/6)靶向抑制劑PD0332991在套細胞淋巴瘤(mantle cell lymphoma,MCL)集落形成中的作用及機制。方法:采用流式細胞術(shù)檢測PD0332991對MCL細胞周期的影響;應(yīng)用Western blot法檢測PD0332991處理后MCL細胞Rb蛋白和磷酸化Rb(phosphorylated retinal blastoma,p-Rb)蛋白的表達水平;采用集落形成實驗檢測PD0332991、米托蒽醌及雙藥聯(lián)合對MCL細胞集落形成能力的影響。結(jié)果:采用流式細胞術(shù)研究證實PD0332991使G0/G1期MCL細胞明顯增多,而S期細胞明顯下降,導(dǎo)致細胞的G0/G1期阻滯。應(yīng)用Western blot法檢測顯示PD0332991對Rb蛋白表達無影響,但能明顯下調(diào)磷酸化Rb蛋白的水平。集落形成實驗顯示PD0332991可抑制MCL細胞集落形成,并增強米托蒽醌對MCL集落形成的抑制作用。結(jié)論:CDK4/6靶向抑制劑PD0332991可通過抑制MCL細胞Rb蛋白磷酸化,導(dǎo)致細胞的G0/G1期阻滯,增強米托蒽醌抑制MCL集落形成的能力。
套細胞淋巴瘤 細胞周期蛋白依賴性激酶6 細胞周期阻滯 PD0332991 集落形成
套細胞淋巴瘤(mantle cell lymphoma,MCL)是一種較為罕見具有獨立的臨床、生物學(xué)及分子遺傳學(xué)特點的B細胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤,對標準治療方案臨床緩解期短、預(yù)后差,中位總生存期(median overall survival,mOS)僅為4~5年[1-3]。因此,進一步研究MCL發(fā)病機制,尋找新的治療靶標并探索新的治療方案對其治療具有重要意義。本課題組前期研究工作提示,腫瘤微環(huán)境中的基質(zhì)細胞濾泡樹突狀細胞(follicular dendritic cells,F(xiàn)DCs)與MCL細胞共培養(yǎng)后,可直接下調(diào)miR-548m的水平并上調(diào)CDK6的表達,且CDK6-3'UTR是miR-548m的直接作用靶點,F(xiàn)DCs通過FDCs-miR-548m-CDK6軸調(diào)節(jié)MCL細胞集落形成能力[4]。近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn),細胞周期調(diào)控異常導(dǎo)致的細胞過度增殖是人類腫瘤發(fā)生的重要機制之一,CDK4/6作為細胞周期的重要調(diào)控因子,其過表達與多種腫瘤的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)。目前,以CDK4/6為靶點的腫瘤治療展現(xiàn)出廣泛的治療前景[5-8]。本研究旨在探討CDK4/6靶向抑制劑PD0332991在MCL集落形成中的調(diào)節(jié)機制,并進一步明確CDK6在MCL中的作用機制,為CDK4/6靶向抑制劑PD0332991在MCL治療提供理論依據(jù)。
1.1.1 細胞系 MCL細胞系Jeko-1由美國Moffitt癌癥中心提供,Granta-519細胞由天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院生物技術(shù)研究室提供。
1.1.2 主要試劑 胎牛血清、PRMI-1640均購自美國Gibco公司,胰酶購自日本Taraka公司,PD0332991購自美國Selleck公司,小鼠抗人β-actin單克隆抗體購自美國Santa Cruz Biotechnology公司,兔抗人Rb單克隆抗體購自美國Cell Sigalling Technology公司,兔抗人磷酸化Rb單克隆抗體購自美國Cell Sigalling Technology公司,抗兔IgG、HRP-linked抗體、抗鼠IgG、HRP-linked抗體均購自北京中杉金橋生物技術(shù)有限公司,Brdu試劑盒購自美國BD公司。
1.2.1 細胞培養(yǎng) MCL細胞系Jeko-1細胞常規(guī)培養(yǎng)于含20%胎牛血清的1640培養(yǎng)液中。MCL細胞系Granta-519細胞常規(guī)培養(yǎng)于含10%胎牛血清的1640培養(yǎng)液中。
1.2.2 Brdu/7-AAD流式細胞術(shù)檢測細胞周期 將MCL細胞鋪于24孔板中,每孔約1×105個細胞,加入藥物,于37℃5%CO2孵箱培養(yǎng)24 h;之后向培養(yǎng)液中摻入Brdu 1mmol/L,同時將不加Brdu作為陰性對照;繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)12h后收集細胞于離心管中,經(jīng)固定破膜、滲透、再固定后離心棄上清,加入DNA酶,37℃孵育1 h并離心棄上清;然后加入Brdu抗體50 μL,室溫孵育20 min,離心棄上清;加入20 μL 7-AAD染總DNA,重懸細胞后1 h內(nèi)用流式細胞儀測定結(jié)果。
1.2.3 應(yīng)用Western blot法檢測 收集細胞,通過細胞裂解液RIPA裂解、提取總蛋白,測定濃度。SDS-PAGE凝膠電泳分離,電轉(zhuǎn)移至PVDF印跡膜,封閉,分別滴加Rb蛋白抗體、磷酸化Rb蛋白抗體進行孵育,PBST洗膜后,加入二抗室溫孵育,PBST洗膜后用化學(xué)發(fā)光法顯影。
1.2.4 集落形成試驗 將MCL細胞與甲基纖維素培養(yǎng)基按1:10的體積比進行混合,并分別加入PD0332991、米托蒽醌、PD033299和米托蒽醌,并設(shè)置陰性對照。用連有16號無菌針頭的3 mL無菌注射器取1.1 mL細胞混合液放至35 mm的平皿里,輕輕傾斜并晃動平皿以使培養(yǎng)基鋪勻,置于37℃含5%CO2、95%濕度的孵箱中培養(yǎng)14 d后計數(shù)集落數(shù)。
采用SPSS 19.0軟件進行統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析。數(shù)據(jù)采用表示,兩組定量資料的比較采用獨立樣本t檢驗,兩組以上定量資料的比較采用單因素方差分析,相關(guān)分析采用Spearman相關(guān)分析。以P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
本研究前期實驗證明,腫瘤基質(zhì)細胞通過FDCsmiR-548m-CDK6軸調(diào)節(jié)MCL細胞集落形成能力,CDK6是MCL治療的一個潛在靶點[4]?;谏鲜鲅芯浚狙芯窟M一步探討CDK4/6靶向抑制劑PD0332991在MCL集落形成調(diào)節(jié)中的機制。首先,采用PD0332991分別處理MCL細胞系Jeko-1和Granta-519細胞24 h,并應(yīng)用Brdu/7-AAD流式細胞術(shù)檢測其對MCL細胞周期變化。研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),PD0332991使Jeko-1和Granta-519細胞的G0/G1期細胞數(shù)目明顯增多,而S期細胞數(shù)目明顯下降,從而導(dǎo)致細胞的G0/G1期阻滯,且差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。然而對G2+M期細胞和細胞直接凋亡作用有限(圖1,表1,2)。
圖1 流式細胞術(shù)分別檢測Jeko-1和Granta-519細胞周期變化Figure 1 Jeko-1 and Granta-519 cell cycle distribution was measured using flow cytometry assay
表1 PD0332991對Jeko-1細胞周期分布的影響Table 1 Effect of PDO332991 on cell cycle of Jeko-1 cells
表2 PD0332991對Granta-519細胞周期分布影響Table 2 Effect of PD0332991 on cell cycle of Granta-519 cells
上述實驗證實CDK4/6靶向抑制劑PD0332991導(dǎo)致Jeko-1和Granta-519細胞G0/G1期周期阻滯,為了明確PD0332991是否通過Rb蛋白磷酸化導(dǎo)致上述現(xiàn)象,本研究應(yīng)用Western blot法進一步檢測PD0332991對Granta-519和Jeko-1細胞中Rb蛋白及磷酸化Rb(p-Rb)蛋白的影響。將Granta-519和Jeko-1兩種細胞系分別用PD0332991處理24 h后,收集細胞提取蛋白,應(yīng)用Western blot法檢測Rb蛋白和p-Rb蛋白的表達水平。PD0332991對Rb蛋白表達無明顯影響,但卻能顯著下調(diào)p-Rb蛋白的水平,即PD0332991通過抑制Rb蛋白磷酸化從而導(dǎo)致細胞的G1期阻滯(圖2)。
圖2 應(yīng)用Western blot法檢測證明PD0332991對Rb蛋白表達無影響,但明顯下調(diào)p-Rb蛋白水平Figure 2 Western blot confirmed that PD0332991 exerted no effect on Rb protein but suppressed levels of phosphorylated Rb protein
先前研究已經(jīng)證實,CDK6在MCL的發(fā)生發(fā)展及腫瘤耐藥中發(fā)揮著重要作用(圖3)[4,9-13]。本課題組進而研究了CDK4/6靶向抑制劑PD0332991及其聯(lián)合米托蒽醌對比米托蒽醌單藥對MCL集落形成能力的影響。將采用甲基纖維素培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng)的Granta-519細胞分為4組,每組3個樣本,其中分別加入PD0332991、米托蒽醌、PD0332991和米托蒽醌,并設(shè)置陰性對照組,培養(yǎng)14 d后計數(shù)集落數(shù)目。統(tǒng)計4組集落數(shù)目如下,對照組為(55.75±7.93),PD0332991組為(37.75±3.77),米托蒽醌組為(32.00±3.16),PD0332991+米托蒽醌聯(lián)用組為(17.00±3.27)。本研究證實PD0332991和米托蒽醌均能抑制MCL集落形成能力,且相對于對照組差異均具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。此外,米托蒽醌聯(lián)合PD0332991相對于米托蒽醌組,集落數(shù)目更少,且差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05,圖4)。
?圖3 CDK6在MCL發(fā)病機制中的關(guān)鍵作用Figure 3 Critical role of CDK6 in pathogenesis of MCL
圖4 集落形成實驗檢測PD0332991、米托蒽醌及雙藥聯(lián)合對MCL集落形成能力的影響Figure 4 Colony forming assay was performed to test the role of PD0332991 and mitoxantrone and their combination on colony forming activity in MCL
MCL具有獨特的免疫表型和臨床特點,多數(shù)存在t(11;14)(q13;q32)和cyclin D1過表達,兼具彌漫大B細胞淋巴瘤(diffuse large B cell lymphoma,DLBCL)的侵襲性和低度惡性淋巴瘤的不可治愈性,其對標準治療方案臨床緩解期短,預(yù)后不良,mOS較短[14]。雖然,多數(shù)MCL患者存在cyclin D1過表達,但轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠證實單純cyclin D1過表達并不能導(dǎo)致淋巴瘤的發(fā)生[15]。作為一種腫瘤異質(zhì)性疾病,MCL的發(fā)生發(fā)展需要多個因素的參與[16-17]。本課題組先前研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腫瘤微環(huán)境中的基質(zhì)細胞FDCs能夠明顯抑制MCL中miR-548m表達,從而導(dǎo)致c-myc和HDAC6的表達增加,并且miR-548m本身受c-myc負調(diào)控,從而形成miR-548m和c-myc環(huán)路,進一步導(dǎo)致c-myc上調(diào)、miR-548m減少,而且過表達miR-548 m或直接抑制HDAC6能夠減少HBL-2的集落形成[9]。該研究結(jié)果表明,F(xiàn)DCs可通過調(diào)節(jié)MCL的miR-548m和c-myc環(huán)路,造成c-myc持續(xù)表達、miR-548m減少、HDAC6上調(diào),MCL細胞增殖。此外,本研究證實CDK6是miR-548m的作用靶點,F(xiàn)DCs通過下調(diào)miR-548m表達,上調(diào)CDK6表達,促進MCL集落形成能力,F(xiàn)DCs通過FDCs-miR-548m-CDK6軸調(diào)節(jié)MCL細胞集落形成能力[4]。另外,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CDK6是miR-29和miR-34a的特異性靶點,且其表達水平與患者的預(yù)后密切相關(guān),并受c-myc表達調(diào)控,miR-29和miR-34a可能通過CDK6參與MCL的發(fā)生和發(fā)展[10-12]。本研究進一步證實,c-myc通過HDAC3(組蛋白去乙?;?)募集SUZ12(多梳蛋白)和EZH2(多梳基因抑制復(fù)合物2的關(guān)鍵組成蛋白)抑制miR-29表達,促進CDK6表達,參與MCL的發(fā)生和發(fā)展[11]。上述原因?qū)е翸CL過表達CDK6,從而協(xié)同cyclin D1引起Rb蛋白磷酸化,使轉(zhuǎn)錄因子E2F的釋放使細胞由G1期進入S期,從而促進MCL細胞增殖[11,13]。上述研究表明,腫瘤微環(huán)境中的 FDCs與MCL細胞接觸后激活腫瘤細胞的c-myc和miR-548m環(huán)路,導(dǎo)致c-myc過表達,進而影響miR-548m、miR-29和miR-34a等miRNAs表達,造成CDK6等蛋白過表達,協(xié)同cyclin D1引發(fā)Rb磷酸化,促進腫瘤增殖、減少凋亡,導(dǎo)致腫瘤進展和耐藥。
鑒于CDK6在MCL發(fā)病機制中的重要作用,有關(guān)其抑制劑在MCL治療中的研究也越來越受到關(guān)注[18]。本研究進一步探索了CDK4/6靶向抑制劑PD0332991在MCL治療中的作用及其可能的作用機制。綜上所述,本研究證實CDK4/6靶向抑制劑PD0332991通過抑制Rb蛋白磷酸化,導(dǎo)致MCL細胞G0/G1期阻滯,抑制MCL集落形成,并增強米托蒽醌對MCL集落形成能力的抑制作用。該研究進一步豐富了MCL發(fā)生發(fā)展的機制,揭示了CDK4/6抑制劑PD0332991在MCL集落形成中的作用,為MCL的治療提供新的思路和理論依據(jù)。
[1]Chen R,Sanchez J,Rosen ST.Clinical management updates in mantle cell lymphoma[J].Oncology,2016,30(4):353-360.
[2]Cheah CY,Seymour JF,Wang ML.Mantle cell lymphoma[J].J Clini Oncol Offic J Am Soci Clin Oncol,2016,34(11):1256-1269.
[3]Vose JM.Mantle cell lymphoma:2015 update on diagnosis,riskstratification,and clinical management[J].Am J Hemat,2015,90(8):739-745.
[4]Wang F,Zhang XW,Zhang YZ,et al.The role of FDCs-miR-548m-CDK6 axis on clonogenicity in mantle cell lymphoma[J].Chin J Clin Oncol,2014,41(18):1175-1179.[王芳,張新偉,張翼鷟,等.FDCs-miR-548m-CDK6軸在套細胞淋巴瘤集落形成中的研究[J].中國腫瘤臨床,2014,41(18):1175-1179.]
[5]Wei L,Leibowitz BJ,Wang X,et al.Inhibition of CDK4/6 protects against radiation-induced intestinal injury in mice[J].J Clin Inv,2016,126(11):4076-4087.
[6]Konecny GE.Cyclin-dependent kinase pathways as targets for women's cancer treatment[J].Curr Opin Obste Gynec,2016,28(1):42-48.
[7]Clark AS,Karasic TB,DeMichele A,et al.Palbociclib(PD0332991)-a selective and potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor:a review of pharmacodynamics and clinical development[J].JAMA Oncol,2016,2(2):253-260.
[8]Dong YN,Zhang XW,Wei F.Research advances in the mechanism and role of CDK6 in tumorigenesis[J].Chin J Clin Oncol,2015,42(19):973-977.[董一楠,張新偉,魏楓.CDK6導(dǎo)致腫瘤的機制研究進展[J].中國腫瘤臨床,2015,42(19):973-977.]
[9]Lwin T,Zhao X,Cheng F,et al.A microenvironment-mediated cmyc/miR-548m/HDAC6 amplification loop in non-Hodgkin B cell lymphomas[J].J Clin Inv,2013,123(11):4612-4626.
[10]Navarro A,Clot G,Prieto M,et al.microRNA expression profiles identify subtypes of mantle cell lymphoma with different clinicobiological characteristics[J].Clin Cancer Res:An Offic J Am Associ Cancer Res,2013,19(12):3121-3129.
[11]Zhang X,Zhao X,Fiskus W,et al.Coordinated silencing of MYC-mediated miR-29 by HDAC3 and EZH2 as a therapeutic target of histone modification in aggressive B-Cell lymphomas[J].Cancer cell,2012,22(4):506-523.
[12]Chang TC,Yu D,Lee YS,et al.Widespread microRNA repression by Myc contributes to tumorigenesis[J].Nat Gene,2008,40(1):43-50.
[13]Zhao JJ,Lin J,Lwin T,et al.microRNA expression profile and identification of miR-29 as a prognostic marker and pathogenetic factor by targeting CDK6 in mantle cell lymphoma[J].Blood,2010,115(13):2630-2639.
[14]Rajabi B,Sweetenham JW.Mantle cell lymphoma:observation to transplantation[J].Ther Adv Hemat,2015,6(1):37-48.
[15]Katz SG,Labelle JL,Meng H,et al.Mantle cell lymphoma in cyclin D1 transgenic mice with Bim-deficient B cells[J].Blood,2014,123(6):884-893.
[16]Zhang J,Jima D,Moffitt AB,et al.The genomic landscape of mantle cell lymphoma is related to the epigenetically determined chromatin state of normal B cells[J].Blood,2014,123(19):2988-2996.
[17]Campo E,Rule S.Mantle cell lymphoma:evolving management strategies[J].Blood,2015,125(1):48-55.
[18]Leonard JP,LaCasce AS,Smith MR,et al.Selective CDK4/6 inhibition with tumor responses by PD0332991 in patients with mantle cell lymphoma[J].Blood,2012,119(20):4597-4607.
The role of PD0332991 in clonogenicity of mantle cell lymphoma cells
Fang WANG1,2,Xinwei ZHANG1
1Department of Immunology,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital;National Clinical Research Center for Cancer;Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy,Tianjin;Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer;Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy,Tianjin 300060,China;2Department of Radiation Oncology,Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University,Baoding 071000,China
Xinwei ZHANG;E-mail:zhangxinwei@tjmuch.com
Objective:To investigate the function and mechanism of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6(CDK4/6)inhibitor PD0332991 on clonogenicity of mantle cell lymphoma(MCL)cells.Methods:The effect of PD0332991 on MCL cell cycle distribution was assessed by flow cytometry;Western blot was used to test expression level of Rb protein and phosphorylated Rb protein in MCL after treatment with PD0332991;colony forming assay was performed to test the role of PD0332991 and mitoxantrone and their combination on colony forming activity in MCL.Results:Flow cytometry revealed that PD0332991 can increase G0/G1 phase MCL cells and significantly decrease S phase cells,leading to G0/G1 cell arrest.Western blot confirmed that PD0332991 exerted no effect on Rb protein expression but suppressed levels of phosphorylated Rb protein.Colony forming assay showed that PD0332991 significantly suppressed colony formation and enhanced the effect of mitoxantrone on colony forming activity in MCL.Conclusion:This study revealed that CDK4/6 inhibitor PD0332991 induced G0/G1 cell arrest and increased the effect of mitoxantrone on MCL clonogenicity by suppressing levels of phosphorylated Rb protein.
mantle cell lymphoma,cyclin-dependent kinases 6,cell cycle arrest,PD0332991,colony formation
10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2017.22.754
①天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院生物技術(shù)研究室,國家腫瘤臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心,天津市腫瘤防治重點實驗室,天津市惡性腫瘤臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心,天津市腫瘤免疫與生物治療重點實驗室(天津市300060);②河北大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院放射治療科
*本文課題受國家科技支撐計劃項目(編號:2015BAI12B12)資助
張新偉 zhangxinwei@tjmuch.com
This work was supported by National Science and Technology Support Plan Projects(No.2015BAI12B12)
(2017-07-04收稿)
(2017-09-13修回)
(編輯:孫喜佳 校對:楊紅欣)
王芳 專業(yè)方向為惡性腫瘤免疫及放射治療。
E-mail:tumor@aliyun.com