By+Yuval+Noah+Harari
人工智能的飛速發(fā)展正營(yíng)造出一個(gè)全新的世界,一步步改變著人類的生活方式。如果有一天,高科技替我們完成了所有任務(wù),人們不再需要工作,世界將變成怎樣?當(dāng)社會(huì)不再需要我們履行職責(zé),當(dāng)人類自身的智慧被我們締造出的機(jī)器碾壓,我們?cè)撊ズ翁帉ふ疑娴囊饬x?虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)是否會(huì)變成我們最重要的精神食糧?人類用智慧締造出的那個(gè)超現(xiàn)實(shí)的未來(lái)究竟是福是禍,這一切都值得我們思考。
Most jobs that exist today might disappear within decades. As artificial intelligence outperforms humans in more and more tasks,1 it will replace humans in more and more jobs. Many new professions are likely to appear: virtual-world designers, for example. But such professions will probably require more creativity and flexibility, and it is unclear whether 40-year-old unemployed taxi drivers or insurance agents will be able to reinvent themselves as2 virtual-world designers. And even if the ex-insurance agent somehow makes the transition into a virtual-world designer, the pace of progress is such that within another decade he might have to reinvent himself yet again.
The crucial problem isnt creating new jobs. The crucial problem is creating new jobs that humans perform better than algorithms3. Consequently, by 2050 a new class of people might emerge— the useless class. People who are not just unemployed, but unemployable.4
The same technology that renders humans useless might also make it feasible to feed and support the unemployable masses through some scheme of universal basic income.5 The real problem will then be to keep the masses occupied and content. People must engage in purposeful activities, or they go crazy. So what will the useless class do all day?
One answer might be computer games. Economically redundant people might spend increasing amounts of time within 3D virtual reality worlds, which would provide them with far more excitement and emotional engagement than the “real world”outside.6
The virtual reality need not be encased7 inside an isolated box. Rather, it can be superimposed8 on the physical reality. In the past this was done with the human imagination, and in the 21st century it can be done with smartphones.
The idea of finding meaning in life by playing virtual reality games is common to secular ideologies and lifestyles.9 Consumerism10 too is a virtual reality game. You gain points by acquiring new cars, buying expensive brands and taking vacations abroad, and if you have more points than everybody else, you tell yourself you won the game.
You might object that people really enjoy their cars and vacations. Thats certainly true. But in the end, the real action always takes place inside the human brain. Does it matter whether the neurons are stimulated by observing pixels on a computer screen, by looking outside the windows of a Caribbean resort, or by seeing heaven in our minds eyes?11 In all cases, the meaning of life is always a fictional story created by us humans.endprint
In his groundbreaking essay, “Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight” (1973), the anthropologist Clifford Geertz describes how on the island of Bali,12 people spent much time and money betting on cockfights. The betting and the fights involved elaborate rituals, and the outcomes had substantial impact on the social, economic and political standing of both players and spectators.13
The cockfights were so important to the Balinese that when the Indonesian government declared the practice illegal, people ignored the law and risked arrest and hefty14 fines. For the Balinese, cockfights were “deep play”—a made-up game that is invested with so much meaning that it becomes reality. A Balinese anthropologist could arguably have written similar essays on football in Argentina or Judaism in Israel.15
Indeed, one particularly interesting section of Israeli society provides a unique laboratory for how to live a contented life in a post-work world. In Israel, a significant percentage of ultraorthodox16 Jewish men never work. They spend their entire lives studying holy scriptures17 and performing religion rituals. They and their families dont starve to death partly because the wives often work, and partly because the government provides them with generous subsidies18.
Though they are poor and never work, in survey after survey these ultra-orthodox Jewish men report higher levels of life-satisfaction than any other section of Israeli society. In global surveys of life satisfaction, Israel is almost always at the very top, thanks in part to the contribution of these unemployed deep players.
You dont need to go all the way to Israel to see the world of post-work. If you have at home a teenage son who likes computer games, you can conduct your own experiment. Provide him with a minimum subsidy of Coke and pizza, and then remove all demands for work and all parental supervision. The likely outcome is that he will remain in his room for days, glued to the screen. He wont do any homework or housework, will skip school, skip meals and even skip showers and sleep. Yet he is unlikely to suffer from boredom or a sense of purposelessness19.
Hence virtual realities are likely to be key to providing meaning to the useless class of the post-work world. Maybe these virtual realities will be generated inside computers. Maybe they will be generated outside computers, in the shape of new ideologies. Maybe it will be a combination of the two. The possibilities are endless, and nobody knows for sure what kind of deep plays will engage us in 2050.endprint
1. artificial intelligence: 人工智能,簡(jiǎn)稱AI;outperform:勝過(guò),做得比??好。
2. reinvent oneself (as sth).: 以新形象示人,以新形式出現(xiàn)。
3. algorithm: //(計(jì)算機(jī)或數(shù)學(xué))算法,運(yùn)算法則。
4. 人們不僅僅是面臨失業(yè),而是根本無(wú)法就業(yè)。unemployable:(因缺乏所需技能或資質(zhì)不足)不適于(被)雇傭的。
5. render: 使成為,使變得;feasible:可行的,行得通的;mass: 民眾;universal basic income: 全民基本收入。
6. 經(jīng)濟(jì)上無(wú)用的人們可能會(huì)花越來(lái)越多的時(shí)間體驗(yàn)3D虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)的樂(lè)趣。比起外面的“真實(shí)世界”,這些虛擬造物會(huì)給他們帶來(lái)更多的精神刺激和情感享受。redundant:多余的,被解雇的。
7. encase: 包住,包裝。
8. superimpose: // 重疊,附加。
9. secular: 世俗的,現(xiàn)世的;ideology:意識(shí)形態(tài)。
10. consumerism: 消費(fèi)主義。
11. 觀看電腦屏幕上紛繁的像素,欣賞加勒比海度假村窗外的美景,抑或看見(jiàn)腦海中想象出的天堂——人類的神經(jīng)元以哪種方式被刺激,又有何要緊呢?neuron: 神經(jīng)元,神經(jīng)細(xì)胞;pixel: 像素;Caribbean: 加勒比海。
12. groundbreaking: 有突破性的,創(chuàng)新的;Balinese: 巴厘島的,巴厘島人,Bali(巴厘島)是位于印度尼西亞的著名島嶼;cockfight:斗雞;anthropologist: 人類學(xué)家;Clifford Geertz: 克利福德·格爾茨(1926—2006),美國(guó)人類學(xué)家。
13. 這些賭博和競(jìng)賽有著精心準(zhǔn)備的盛大儀式,而比賽的結(jié)果對(duì)玩家和圍觀者的社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治地位都有著巨大影響。ritual:儀式,典禮;substantial: 大量的,多的。
14. hefty:(尤指金錢)大量的,巨額的。
15. Judaism: // 猶太教;Israel: 以色列。
16. ultra-orthodox: 極端正統(tǒng)的。
17. scripture: (某一宗教的)圣書(shū),經(jīng)文。
18. subsidy: //(政府發(fā)放的)補(bǔ)助金,津貼。
19. purposelessness: 無(wú)目的。
閱讀感評(píng)
∷秋葉 評(píng)
這顯然又是一位未來(lái)學(xué)家(futurologist)對(duì)于人類未來(lái)的擔(dān)憂,并嘗試指點(diǎn)迷津。對(duì)于未來(lái)學(xué)家的預(yù)測(cè),我們不能不信,但也千萬(wàn)別全信。他們常犯錯(cuò)誤,因?yàn)樗麄兏覀円粯?,總是擺脫不了從今天的現(xiàn)實(shí)去估計(jì)未來(lái),而人類發(fā)展史告訴我們,從現(xiàn)實(shí)到未來(lái)往往是一種跨越式、超越性的過(guò)程,尤其是從人類進(jìn)入現(xiàn)代時(shí)期以來(lái)。誰(shuí)曾料到,隨著150年前電力的發(fā)明,人們的作息時(shí)間可以顛覆“日出而作、日落而息”的傳統(tǒng)?100年前的一戰(zhàn)時(shí)期,誰(shuí)會(huì)想到幾十年后隨著核武器的發(fā)明,一兩顆炸彈即能降服強(qiáng)敵?30年前,又有誰(shuí)能預(yù)測(cè),互聯(lián)網(wǎng)能瞬間實(shí)現(xiàn)“全世界聯(lián)合起來(lái)”的愿望?人類總是不斷地面臨挑戰(zhàn),但我們千萬(wàn)別低估了人類自我救贖、不斷新生的能力。未來(lái)是由人創(chuàng)造的,而非命中注定的。
原文提出,如果未來(lái)機(jī)器人取代了人類,使人類無(wú)工作可干,人類將如何應(yīng)對(duì)?如果你可以“不勞而獲”,基本需求能得到滿足,你將選擇怎樣打發(fā)時(shí)間?其實(shí),早在上世紀(jì)30年代世界正處于大蕭條時(shí),英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家凱恩斯(John Maynard Keynes, 1883—1946)在其《我們孫輩的經(jīng)濟(jì)可能性》(“Economical Possibilities for Our Grandchildren”, 1930)一文中即預(yù)言了一個(gè)隨著科技的發(fā)展必然到來(lái)的休閑社會(huì)(Keynesian Leisure Society)。文章說(shuō),在他自己所處的時(shí)代,在農(nóng)業(yè)、礦業(yè)與制造業(yè)方面,人類只需投入原來(lái)力量的四分之一即可完成全部的工作。在百年(即2030年)后,發(fā)達(dá)資本主義國(guó)家的生活水平將比1930年至少高出四至八倍。數(shù)千年來(lái)人類為生存而奮斗的經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題,將在孫輩成年時(shí)得到徹底解決。在那時(shí),一個(gè)工作周可能只需要工作15小時(shí),即一周工作五日,一日工作三小時(shí)。自上帝造人以來(lái),人類首次面臨一個(gè)真實(shí)而永恒的問(wèn)題——如何利用好擺脫經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力后所獲得的自由?如何度過(guò)科技為他們贏得的閑暇時(shí)間,過(guò)上明智、喜悅而美滿的生活?因此,在凱恩斯看來(lái),人們對(duì)于未來(lái)的恐懼將不再是對(duì)于貧窮的恐懼,而是對(duì)于如何度過(guò)大量閑暇時(shí)間這個(gè)不確定性的恐懼。由于當(dāng)時(shí)“大蕭條”在全世界的不斷蔓延,以及不久以后的世界大戰(zhàn),凱恩斯的預(yù)言逐漸被人們淡忘。但戰(zhàn)后幾十年資本主義世界經(jīng)濟(jì)騰飛,科技的日新月異與世界總產(chǎn)值的數(shù)倍增長(zhǎng),似乎都在驗(yàn)證著這位英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家關(guān)于人類閑暇時(shí)間大量增長(zhǎng)這個(gè)預(yù)言的正確性。上世紀(jì)五六十年代,美國(guó)人率先在大學(xué)里設(shè)立了休閑學(xué)專業(yè)(leisure studies),60年代末,美國(guó)總統(tǒng)尼克松宣稱,“我們現(xiàn)在都是凱恩斯的信徒(We are all Keynesians now)”!
原文作者顯然很重視人類獲得大量閑暇甚至不再工作后生活的意義問(wèn)題,因?yàn)樗J(rèn)定未來(lái)將有一個(gè)所謂的“無(wú)用階級(jí)(useless class)”,其作用被技術(shù)取代而注定要永久失業(yè),而且這個(gè)階級(jí)的人數(shù)將與日俱增。作者給出的解決方案也非常簡(jiǎn)單,讓他們沉迷于電子游戲!作者認(rèn)為人類沉迷于虛擬世界由來(lái)已久,如意識(shí)形態(tài)、習(xí)俗乃至信仰,均出于想象而非現(xiàn)實(shí),與當(dāng)今的虛擬空間無(wú)異。在他看來(lái),人生的意義實(shí)出自人們的想象,因此它們將一拍即合,實(shí)現(xiàn)無(wú)縫對(duì)接!
然而,在筆者看來(lái),這種分析頗有武斷、狹隘以致簡(jiǎn)單化之嫌。首先,工作并非實(shí)現(xiàn)人生價(jià)值、體現(xiàn)人生意義的保證,也就是說(shuō)處于工作狀態(tài)并非后者的必要條件。常識(shí)告訴我們,許多人工作的主要目的僅是為了謀生,除了耗費(fèi)其大量的精力、體力外,實(shí)難從中獲得什么精神慰藉與人生樂(lè)趣。對(duì)于這一批人,如果能夠不用工作而獲得報(bào)酬,生存壓力得到解脫,那真是求之不得的事,相信他們此后一定會(huì)更加安寧、從容、超脫或充實(shí)地生活,完全不用我們?yōu)樗麄兊娜松饬x杞人憂天。當(dāng)然,前提是他們必須有一份足以維持生活的收入,因?yàn)闊o(wú)收入即無(wú)閑暇可言,而筆者感覺(jué),無(wú)論東西方,失業(yè)即意味著貧困,這仍然是顛撲不破的鐵律,恐怕機(jī)器人也難以撼動(dòng)之。其次,原文作者認(rèn)為我們大多數(shù)人都生活在由他人建構(gòu)的現(xiàn)實(shí)里(virtual realities invented by others),這有一定的道理,然而,這并不意味著人們因此只能遁入諸如電子游戲等虛擬空間里去尋找人生意義并實(shí)現(xiàn)人生價(jià)值。人類是具有無(wú)限創(chuàng)造性與想象力的,完全可以超越一種模式的限定,去追求更為人所認(rèn)同、適宜、多元的目標(biāo),以便身心獲得充實(shí)和愉悅。就拿享有較豐厚退休金的老年人來(lái)說(shuō),在他們閑暇充裕又衣食無(wú)憂后,確有部分人投入了虛擬世界,玩起了微信朋友圈與電子游戲,但恐怕更多的還是投入到了現(xiàn)實(shí)空間——旅游、運(yùn)動(dòng)、聚會(huì)、公益以及其他諸多在工作期間無(wú)暇顧及的業(yè)余愛(ài)好,或者與兒孫在一起享受天倫之樂(lè),而且他們絕不會(huì)認(rèn)為從現(xiàn)實(shí)空間里所獲得的人生樂(lè)趣與價(jià)值要遜色于虛擬空間。最后,隨著科技發(fā)展與社會(huì)進(jìn)步,全民有閑將是大勢(shì)所趨,絕非少量精英的特權(quán)(有人提出21世紀(jì)是個(gè)休閑的世紀(jì)),但認(rèn)為機(jī)器將剝奪人的工作機(jī)會(huì)恐怕是個(gè)偽命題。誠(chéng)然,機(jī)器確實(shí)會(huì)取代人占據(jù)一部分工作崗位,但自工業(yè)革命以來(lái)的歷史與現(xiàn)實(shí)告訴我們,與此同時(shí)會(huì)有更多的工作機(jī)會(huì)涌現(xiàn)出來(lái),而人類從總體上講是能很好地適應(yīng)這種變化的。不久前的英國(guó)《金融時(shí)報(bào)》曾報(bào)道稱,世界范圍內(nèi)的工作崗位總量是在增長(zhǎng)而非減少。因此,原文作者認(rèn)為人類的一大部分將被所謂的algorithm(計(jì)算系統(tǒng))打敗而失去了用處,以致出現(xiàn)一個(gè)所謂的“the useless class”,其實(shí)是對(duì)于人類未來(lái)的一種比較消極、悲觀的態(tài)度。endprint