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戒掉你的“拍攝癖”

2017-11-22 18:53ByDavidButterfield
英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí) 2017年10期
關(guān)鍵詞:巴甫洛夫眼睛

By+David+Butterfield

If youre lucky enough to see something truly remarkable, keep your phone in your pocket.

若你有幸看到真正美好的東西,請(qǐng)不要掏出手機(jī)。

Heres a paradox1: we are a people obsessed with visiting the worlds most alluring sites and experiencing the most important events in person; and yet, though we travel more eagerly and easily than ever, fewer of us end up seeing things with our own eyes. Take yourself to any place of beauty, or indeed any event that draws a crowd. Look around for a moment and youll see a solemn-faced, dull-eyed crowd with one arm collectively raised in cultic2 devotion. Each hand clutches a phone, and each phone cameos3 as camera. But what makes this Pavlovian4 response to All Things Worth Seeing so weird is that these have-a-go reporters are focused intently upon their tiny phone screens: even when only metres away, they fail to see the action with their own eyes. Being there no longer means seeing there.

Well, what does it matter if everyone is so keenly playing street reporter? Isnt it a splendid thing that seemingly every event on the planet is now effortlessly recorded by anyone with a phone? Not at all, Id say. Now and then, we do of course benefit from the quick-thinking filming of some exceptional event that would otherwise have no objective record. But these videos that successfully extend the scope of institutional reporting are a tiny fraction of whats being recorded every hour, every minute, every second worldwide.

Instead, we are paying a price for this perverse5 practice. Here are three sad—even disturbing—effects of our filming fetish6. First, phone-wielders establish a boundary between themselves and the events unfolding,

transforming them from present witnesses to mere closer-than-thou screen-gawpers.7 Since their eyes fail to see the action unmediated8, they are in some senses not really there at all. People boast at being at that gig9, or seeing the actual Mona Lisa at a few yards remove. But the digital proof they shove in your face ends up confirming that they, just like you, instead squinted at these spectacles through plastic.10 In thinking of their films future, the present moment passed them by.

Second, these ubiquitous recorders of all and sundry seem to have forgotten the purpose of what they are up to.11 You do have to wonder what all their data-collection is for. Millions of hours of footage, billions of photos; even the internet cant keep up with the surging surfeit.12 What secondary audience needs 20,000 versions of oblique, wobbly and tinny footage of an event already being filmed professionally?13 Or take Cambridge, where I live. Thousands of tourists stream each day from their coaches, snaking up the medieval streets. A good portion are filming their movements continuously: a bin here, a bench there, the occasional passing bus. Yes, wonderful architecture flits onto camera now and then, but these are rare interruptions of otherwise (literally) pedestrian fare.14 Perhaps there is an audience back home that will strap in for six hours of footage per diem; but, even if there is, their host wont be able to give any wider context beyond what he, like they, saw through this paltry,15 often pointless, window into the world.endprint

Third, and most worryingly, by privileging16 the framing and focus of their film with oh-so-steady hand, their engagement is limited in body as well as sight. If they became involved in the fray17, the thinking runs, then who would do the filming? Wont somebody please think of the YouTube channel! That there are dozens—and in many cases hundreds or thousands—recording exactly the same event seems not to register. But when I see videos of street fights, abuse on public transport or painful accidents, I cant help pausing to think about the person actually filming them. Isnt it a warped18 response to a moment of emergency or high drama to reach for the phone camera rather than to reach out to help—or, you know, use the phone as a phone? Often there wont be a word of support spoken from these alarming film-zombies: talking from behind the camera would really spoil the audio.

So, lets reset to keeping phones in pockets. If youre lucky enough to see something truly beautiful or remarkable, look at it, savour19 it and let your senses drink it in. If instead a sudden problem arises, offer what hand you can. Once youve done what humans are built to do, yes, happily film and click until your fingers fall off. But dont expect anyone—including yourself—to want to look at them.

這里有一個(gè)悖論:我們是一個(gè)癡迷于參觀世界上最迷人的景觀和親自體驗(yàn)最重要的事件的民族;然而,雖然我們對(duì)旅行比以前更加熱切,并且旅行也變得比以前更加簡(jiǎn)單,但我們卻越來(lái)越少地用我們自己的眼睛看事物了。你可以隨便去一個(gè)風(fēng)景優(yōu)美的地方,或者去旁觀任何一個(gè)吸引人群的事件,環(huán)顧四周一段時(shí)間,你會(huì)看到一群神情肅穆、目光呆滯的人,他們像參加膜拜儀式一樣,每個(gè)人都舉著一只胳膊,每只手上都握著一部手機(jī),每部手機(jī)都扮演著照相機(jī)的角色。但使得對(duì)“所有值得看的事物”產(chǎn)生的這種巴甫洛夫條件反射非常奇怪的原因是,這些踴躍嘗試當(dāng)記者的旁觀者只把目光聚焦于他們小小的手機(jī)屏幕上:即便只離事件幾米遠(yuǎn),他們也沒(méi)能用自己的眼睛看。在場(chǎng)已不再意味著親見(jiàn)。

那么,如果每個(gè)人都非??释缪萁诸^記者的話,又會(huì)怎樣呢?現(xiàn)在世界上似乎每一個(gè)事件都可以被任何一個(gè)有手機(jī)的人毫不費(fèi)勁地記錄下來(lái),這難道不是一件極好的事情嗎?我會(huì)說(shuō),這一點(diǎn)兒都不好。當(dāng)然,我們有時(shí)候確實(shí)可以從對(duì)某個(gè)特殊事件的及時(shí)拍攝中得到些好處,如果沒(méi)有這些視頻的話,這個(gè)事件就得不到客觀地記錄了。但是這些成功地?cái)U(kuò)大了公共機(jī)構(gòu)專業(yè)報(bào)道范圍的視頻,僅僅只是全世界每時(shí)、每分、每秒被記錄的內(nèi)容中極小的部分而已。

恰恰相反的是,我們正在為這種反常的行為付出著代價(jià)。下面是我們的“拍攝癖”所產(chǎn)生的三種令人悲哀的——甚至是令人不安的——影響。首先,手機(jī)拍攝者在他們自己和正在發(fā)生的事件之間劃出了一道界線,這將他們從在場(chǎng)的目擊者,轉(zhuǎn)變成了距離現(xiàn)場(chǎng)只是比其他人近一點(diǎn)兒的“直瞪瞪地注視著屏幕的人”。因?yàn)樗麄兊难劬κ峭ㄟ^(guò)媒介見(jiàn)證著所發(fā)生的事情,所以從某種程度上說(shuō),他們根本沒(méi)有真正在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。人們會(huì)炫耀自己在演唱會(huì)現(xiàn)場(chǎng),或者是在離幾碼遠(yuǎn)的地方看到了《蒙娜麗莎》。但是他們硬塞到你面前的、想要證明他們?cè)诂F(xiàn)場(chǎng)的數(shù)碼證據(jù),到頭來(lái)只是證明了面對(duì)這些美好景象,他們跟你一樣,是瞇著眼睛通過(guò)屏幕去看的。當(dāng)他們一心想著自己拍的視頻以后會(huì)如何如何時(shí),此時(shí)此刻已經(jīng)離他們遠(yuǎn)去了。

其次,這些無(wú)處不在的、把所有一切都要拍下來(lái)的人似乎已經(jīng)忘記了他們這樣做的目的是什么。你確實(shí)會(huì)忍不住好奇,他們收集這些數(shù)據(jù)資料是為了什么。數(shù)百萬(wàn)小時(shí)的視頻錄像,數(shù)十億的照片;甚至互聯(lián)網(wǎng)都趕不上這些視頻和照片的泛濫。當(dāng)一個(gè)事件已經(jīng)經(jīng)過(guò)了專業(yè)拍攝時(shí),還有什么樣的次級(jí)觀眾會(huì)需要看兩萬(wàn)個(gè)歪歪斜斜的、搖搖晃晃的、發(fā)出刺耳聲音的版本的視頻呢?以我住的劍橋?yàn)槔C刻欤紩?huì)有成千上萬(wàn)的游客從他們的旅游大巴車中涌出,沿著蜿蜒的、中世紀(jì)風(fēng)格的街道游覽。他們當(dāng)中有很大一部分人會(huì)一直拍攝自己的行蹤:一會(huì)兒拍拍垃圾箱,一會(huì)兒又去拍拍長(zhǎng)椅,或者是拍一下偶爾經(jīng)過(guò)的公交車。的確,宏偉的建筑時(shí)不時(shí)也會(huì)被拍進(jìn)他們的鏡頭當(dāng)中,但是這些建筑物的鏡頭也只是在極少數(shù)情況下被無(wú)意間捕捉進(jìn)了主要拍攝路邊美食的視頻當(dāng)中。可能在這些游客的家鄉(xiāng),的確會(huì)有人準(zhǔn)備好每天看六個(gè)小時(shí)這樣的視頻;但是,即便有這樣的觀眾,拍這些視頻的人除了與看的人一樣,通過(guò)手機(jī)屏幕這個(gè)微不足道的、毫無(wú)意義的窗口看世界之外,給不出其他更有意義的東西來(lái)。endprint

第三點(diǎn),也是最讓人擔(dān)憂的一點(diǎn)是,如果拍攝視頻的人總是優(yōu)先考慮他們拍攝的構(gòu)圖和焦距問(wèn)題,以及總是想著拍攝穩(wěn)定性的話,他們對(duì)于眼前事件的參與就完全局限在了身體和視覺(jué)的層面。他們會(huì)想,要是他們牽扯進(jìn)了眼前的沖突的話,他們就會(huì)分心,那么誰(shuí)來(lái)拍視頻呢?可是就沒(méi)人想到Y(jié)ouTube頻道嗎!對(duì)于同樣的事件,會(huì)有幾十人——在很多情況下會(huì)有幾百或幾千人——在同時(shí)拍攝,卻似乎沒(méi)人注意到這些視頻。但是當(dāng)我看到街頭打架、公共交通上的辱罵行為以及令人心痛的事故視頻時(shí),我都會(huì)禁不住停頓下來(lái)想到拍視頻的這些人。在發(fā)生緊急的或者戲劇性事件的時(shí)候,他們不去伸手援助——或者把手機(jī)真正地當(dāng)成手機(jī)來(lái)使用——反而掏出手機(jī)開(kāi)始拍視頻,這難道不是一種很扭曲和反常的行為嗎?在很多情況下,這些令人擔(dān)憂的“攝像僵尸”也不會(huì)在拍攝的時(shí)候說(shuō)一些安慰的話:在鏡頭后面的說(shuō)話聲會(huì)干擾突發(fā)事件現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的聲音。

所以,讓我們重新把手機(jī)放在口袋里吧。如果你有幸看到了一些真正美麗或非凡的景象,用眼睛看,細(xì)細(xì)品味,并讓你的感官充分享受這樣的美景。而如果一個(gè)突發(fā)事件發(fā)生了,盡你能力所及伸出援手。當(dāng)你做完了生而為人應(yīng)該做的事情后,是的,你可以開(kāi)心地拍視頻,或者點(diǎn)擊屏幕拍到你的手指累了為止。但是不要期望任何人——包括你自己——想要看這些視頻和照片。

1. paradox: 悖論,自相矛盾的事物。

2. cultic: 膜拜的,狂熱崇拜的。

3. cameo: 客串。

4. Pavlovian: // 巴甫洛夫條件反射的。巴甫洛夫(1849—1936),蘇

聯(lián)生理學(xué)家、心理學(xué)家,通過(guò)對(duì)狗的一系列實(shí)驗(yàn)研究提出了條件反射理論。

5. perverse: 反常的,不當(dāng)?shù)摹?/p>

6. fetish: (不正常的)迷戀,癖好。

7. wielder: 使用者,行使者,來(lái)自動(dòng)詞wield;thou: 古語(yǔ)的you;gawper:呆頭呆腦地看……的人,來(lái)自動(dòng)詞gawp。

8. unmediated: 沒(méi)有媒介的。

9. gig: 現(xiàn)場(chǎng)演唱會(huì)。

10. shove sth. in: 隨便將……放在某處;squint: 瞇著眼睛看。

11. ubiquitous: 普遍存在的,無(wú)處不在的;all and sundry: 全部,所有。

12. footage: 影片片段;surging: 驟增的,上漲的;surfeit: 過(guò)量。

13. oblique:(視線、角度)傾斜的;wobbly:搖搖晃晃的;tinny:(聲音)尖細(xì)的,刺耳的。

14. flit: 掠過(guò);fare:(尤指飯店或小餐館的)飯菜,飲食。

15. per diem: 每天;paltry: 微不足道的。

16. privilege: 給予……特權(quán)。

17. fray: 沖突,爭(zhēng)論。

18. warped: 反常的,扭曲的。

19. savour: 享用,細(xì)細(xì)品味。endprint

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