趙超莉, 葉子青, 阮瓊芳, 陳 斕, 張衛(wèi)東, 王 珊, 謝衛(wèi)國
(武漢大學同仁醫(yī)院暨武漢市第三醫(yī)院燒傷研究所, 湖北 武漢 430060)
臭氧氣浴對深Ⅱ度燒傷大鼠創(chuàng)面病理變化及組織細胞因子表達的影響*
趙超莉△, 葉子青, 阮瓊芳, 陳 斕, 張衛(wèi)東, 王 珊, 謝衛(wèi)國
(武漢大學同仁醫(yī)院暨武漢市第三醫(yī)院燒傷研究所, 湖北 武漢 430060)
目的探討臭氧氣浴干預對大鼠深Ⅱ度燒傷創(chuàng)面的病理變化及局部組織中細胞因子血小板源性生長因子(PDGF)、轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β3(TGF-β3)和腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)表達的影響。方法取80只雄性清潔級SD大鼠,隨機分為臭氧氣浴實驗組和常規(guī)換藥對照組各40只。建立背部深Ⅱ度燒傷模型,傷后3 d、7 d、14 d和21 d,2組創(chuàng)面分別取材檢測。創(chuàng)面常規(guī)換藥,對照組的創(chuàng)面以生理鹽水清洗和碘伏油紗包扎,隔日換藥1次;臭氧氣浴實驗組在換藥前將大鼠放入清潔泡沫盒內(nèi),打開臭氧發(fā)生器開關(guān),以輸出濃度為50 mg/L的臭氧熏蒸創(chuàng)面20 min,關(guān)閉開關(guān),再行創(chuàng)面常規(guī)換藥,隔日1次,直至愈合。各時點每組大鼠創(chuàng)面打開時取1次創(chuàng)面中心組織標本,然后實驗組行生理鹽水棉球輕拭創(chuàng)面和臭氧氣熏蒸,對照組僅用生理鹽水棉球輕拭創(chuàng)面后再分別取材1次。標本行HE染色組織學觀察和免疫組化染色半定量觀察,結(jié)合圖像數(shù)據(jù)分析及ELISA法檢測2組創(chuàng)面組織中細胞因子PDGF、TGF-β3和TNF-α含量。結(jié)果創(chuàng)面大體觀察可見,臭氧氣浴實驗組的創(chuàng)面平整,邊緣清晰,炎性反應輕,腫脹和滲出程度均較對照組弱,創(chuàng)面愈合率高于常規(guī)換藥對照組,2組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。顯微鏡下觀察HE染色組織可見臭氧氣浴實驗組的創(chuàng)面各時點炎性反應程度比常規(guī)換藥對照組輕,而新生毛細血管、成纖維細胞和上皮細胞增生數(shù)量明顯優(yōu)于常規(guī)換藥對照組。與對照組比較,臭氧氣浴實驗組各時點燒傷大鼠的創(chuàng)面組織勻漿上清液中PDGF和TGF-β3表達量均高于常規(guī)換藥對照組,而TNF-α表達量明顯低于對照組,2組比較差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義。結(jié)論臭氧氣浴療法干預大鼠深Ⅱ度燒傷創(chuàng)面,能改善局部病理變化,促進與創(chuàng)面愈合相關(guān)的細胞因子PDGF和TGF-β3表達,同時減輕炎性介質(zhì)TNF-α的表達。
燒傷; 臭氧氣浴; 細胞因子
臭氧是一種強氧化劑,其消毒殺菌功能眾所周知。然而,臭氧對燒傷創(chuàng)面組織病理及生物學效應影響卻罕見報道,但這些指標的驗證是燒傷臨床應用臭氧所需依靠的理論依據(jù)和科學證明。本研究通過以臭氧氣浴干預大鼠深Ⅱ度燒傷創(chuàng)面,從HE染色觀察其對局部的炎性反應、血管、肉芽等組織學變化的影響入手,結(jié)合ELISA法和免疫組織化學方法檢測與創(chuàng)面愈合相關(guān)的細胞因子[血小板源性生長因子(platelet-derived growth factor,PDGF)、轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β3(transforming growth factor-β3,TGF-β3)和腫瘤壞死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)]的表達,探討臭氧氣浴對創(chuàng)面愈合影響的機制。
1材料
1.1材料及試劑 兔抗大鼠來源的PDGF、TGF-β3和TNF-α 多克隆抗體均購自Abcam;辣根過氧化物酶標記的山羊抗兔IgG II 抗及大鼠PDGF、TGF-β3和TNF-α ELISA檢測試劑盒均購自湖北阿斯本生物有限公司。D-37520 型冷凍離心機購自Beckman。XMTE-6000數(shù)字式可控溫-電燙儀由上海復旦大學-長海醫(yī)院聯(lián)合研制提供;YGO3-1型醫(yī)用臭氧治療儀(臭氧輸出濃度為50 mg/L),由武漢華中科技大學陽光科技開發(fā)公司生產(chǎn)提供;Image-Pro Plus 6.0彩色病理圖像分析軟件購自Media Cybernetics。
1.2動物 清潔級SD雄性大鼠80只,體重220~250 g,動物批號為43004700019289,購自湖南斯萊克景達實驗動物有限公司。實驗前12 h禁食,實驗前2 h禁飲水。
2方法
2.1深Ⅱ度燒傷模型制備與分組 取80只經(jīng)1周適應性飼養(yǎng)的SD大鼠,用1%戊巴比妥鈉腹腔注射(40 mg/kg)麻醉,背部剃毛,用電燙儀在背部制作一個深Ⅱ度燒傷創(chuàng)面(82 ℃,12 s),創(chuàng)面為圓形,直徑30 mm,面積7.07 cm2(以上造模條件已經(jīng)病理切片證實)。將大鼠隨機分為臭氧氣浴實驗組和常規(guī)換藥對照組,每組40只,造模后單籠喂養(yǎng)進行實驗。每次打開創(chuàng)面后,常規(guī)換藥對照組在創(chuàng)面以生理鹽水棉球輕拭創(chuàng)面并碘伏油紗包扎,隔日換藥1次,直至愈合;臭氧氣浴實驗組在打開創(chuàng)面后,將大鼠放入清潔泡沫盒內(nèi),頭伸出盒孔外,打開臭氧氣發(fā)生器開關(guān),先行臭氧氣浴(濃度為50 mg/L)20 min,關(guān)閉臭氧開關(guān),再用常規(guī)換藥方法處理創(chuàng)面。
2.2標本采集 2組大鼠分別于傷后3 d、7 d、14 d和21 d采集創(chuàng)面組織標本,每組每時點選10只大鼠取材,取材前觀察創(chuàng)面大體情況,測量創(chuàng)面面積。取下組織,一部分以4%多聚甲醛溶液固定,行HE染色和免疫組化半定量檢測,一部分組織經(jīng)冷凝管入-80 ℃深低溫冰箱保存。
2.3HE染色 將已入蒸餾水后的切片放入蘇木精水溶液中染色;酸水及氨水中分色;流水沖洗1 h后入蒸餾水片刻;入70%和90%乙醇中脫水各10 min;入乙醇伊紅染色液染色2~3 min。染色后的切片經(jīng)純乙醇脫水,再經(jīng)二甲苯使切片透明。將已透明的切片滴上樹膠,蓋上蓋玻片封固。待樹膠略干后,貼上標箋,光學顯微鏡下組織病理學觀察。
2.4免疫組化染色 石蠟切片免疫組化染色步驟按試劑盒說明書操作: 石蠟切片脫蠟至水;蒸餾水沖洗,PBS浸泡5 min,抗原修復;3% H2O2室溫孵育5~10 min,以消除內(nèi)源性過氧化物酶的活性,PBS沖洗,2 min、3次; 滴加適當比例稀釋的Ⅰ抗工作液,37 ℃孵育1~2 h或4 ℃過夜; PBS沖洗,2 min×3次; 滴加試劑1,室溫或37 ℃孵育20 min,PBS或TBS沖洗,2 min×3次;滴加試劑2,室溫或37 ℃孵育20~30 min,PBS或TBS沖洗,2 min×3次;PBS沖洗,2 min×3次;DAB顯色劑顯色; 自來水充分沖洗,復染,脫水透明、封片。
2.5細胞因子水平的測定 免疫組化染色半定量觀察,并結(jié)合圖像數(shù)據(jù)分析,檢測創(chuàng)面組織中細胞因子PDGF、TGF-β3和TNF-α的表達量。取凍存的實驗組和對照組燒傷大鼠各時點創(chuàng)面組織500 mg,在0.5 mL組織蛋白抽提試劑中加入5 μL苯甲基磺酰氟進行勻漿,于4 ℃、10 000 r/min離心15 min,制備組織勻漿后取上清液蛋白定量,ELISA法檢測組織中PDGF、TGF-β3和TNF-α的含量,具體按照ELISA檢測試劑盒說明書操作。
3統(tǒng)計學處理
采用SPSS 18.0統(tǒng)計軟件進行統(tǒng)計學處理。各項指標數(shù)據(jù)以均數(shù)±標準差(mean±SD)表示,行兩因素析因設計的方差分析及LSD-t檢驗。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
1創(chuàng)面大體觀察
2組燒傷大鼠造模當天,創(chuàng)面呈圓形,蒼白,創(chuàng)緣整齊,質(zhì)地稍硬。傷后第3天,臭氧氣浴實驗組的創(chuàng)面略凹陷,炎性反應不明顯,腫脹和滲出程度均較常規(guī)換藥對照組輕。傷后第7天,臭氧氣浴實驗組的創(chuàng)面平整,呈淡紅色,邊緣清晰,肉芽組織生長迅速,質(zhì)地較軟,炎性反應程度明顯比常規(guī)換藥對照組輕,壞死組織呈黃褐色;傷后第10~14天,臭氧氣浴實驗組的創(chuàng)面明顯縮小,壞死組織逐漸變軟、脫落,在創(chuàng)緣處可見痂殼與創(chuàng)面分離,基底紅潤;傷后第16~18天,臭氧氣浴實驗組大鼠造模創(chuàng)面已完全愈合,愈合的面積與造模的面積基本吻合,實驗組所有動物創(chuàng)面未見明顯滲出和感染現(xiàn)象。常規(guī)換藥對照組的早期創(chuàng)面腫脹凸起,色澤稍暗,炎性滲出明顯;傷后第7~14天,創(chuàng)面變硬變厚,壞死組織附著緊,肉芽生長相對臭氧氣浴實驗組遲緩;傷后第18天,創(chuàng)面壞死組織脫落,肉芽組織生長,一部分大鼠創(chuàng)面愈合,一部創(chuàng)面未愈合;傷后約21 d左右全部愈合,見圖1。
2創(chuàng)面愈合率
臭氧氣浴實驗組傷后3、7、14和21 d的創(chuàng)面愈合率明顯高于常規(guī)換藥對照組,2組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.01),見表1。
3組織學觀察
傷后當天各組的組織切片HE染色顯示,表皮脫落壞死,真皮組織明顯損害,皮膚附件結(jié)構(gòu)大部分受損,炎性細胞浸潤,呈現(xiàn)出深Ⅱ度燒傷創(chuàng)面病理改變。傷后第3天,臭氧氣浴實驗組的皮下組織內(nèi)無明顯炎性細胞浸潤,有壞死表皮脫落;傷后7天,臭氧氣浴實驗組的創(chuàng)面可見表皮細胞、成纖維細胞(fibroblast,F(xiàn)b)和毛細血管增生,炎性細胞數(shù)較少;傷后第14天,臭氧氣浴實驗組可見新生表皮組織向上、向創(chuàng)面方向生長,肉芽組織增生活躍,F(xiàn)b及毛細血管含量更豐富,炎性細胞數(shù)更稀少;傷后第16~21天,臭氧氣浴實驗組創(chuàng)緣上皮增生活躍,大量Fb和毛細血管朝著創(chuàng)緣方向生長,鏡下可見“釘突樣”上皮島結(jié)構(gòu),未見炎性細胞,新生表皮細胞已基本覆蓋創(chuàng)面愈合。臭氧氣浴實驗組的創(chuàng)面各時點炎性反應程度較常規(guī)換藥對照組輕,而新生毛細血管、Fb和上皮細胞增生狀況明顯優(yōu)于常規(guī)換藥對照組,見圖2。
Figure 1. Comparison of deep second-degree burn wounds of the rats in the 2 groups 10 d after injury. A: ozone gas bath group; B: routine dressing group.
圖12組大鼠深I(lǐng)I度燒傷10d創(chuàng)面的比較
表1不同時點2組大鼠燒傷創(chuàng)面愈合率的比較
Table 1. Comparison of wound healing rate between the 2 groups at different time points (%. Mean±SD.n=40)
Group3d7d14d21dOzonebath17.3±0.438.7±0.683.5±1.899.1±0.7Routinedressing13.1±0.3??27.6±0.2??68.0±0.6??89.5±1.6??
**P<0.01vsozone bath group.
4創(chuàng)面組織中PDGF、TGF-β3和TNF-α表達的變化
臭氧氣浴實驗組各時點燒傷大鼠創(chuàng)面組織中細胞因子PDGF和TGF-β3的表達量均高于常規(guī)換藥對照組(P<0.01);同組內(nèi)各時點PDGF、TGF-β3和TNF-α總體比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.01)。燒傷后第3、7天,TNF-α在2組皮下組織及真皮層下部均有陽性表達;傷后第14天,常規(guī)換藥對照組的TNF-α陽性表達有所上調(diào),臭氧氣浴組表達較弱。第21天,臭氧氣浴實驗組的TNF-α表達下調(diào)回落,常規(guī)換藥對照組表達較強(P<0.01),見圖3~5及表2、3。
Figure 2. Pathological observation of wound tissue samples in the 2 groups of scalded rats (HE staining, ×200). In ozone bath group, after the injury for 3 d, epidermal shedding, inflammatory cells in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue (↑) infiltration were observed; after the injury for 7 d, blood capillary hyperplasia and fibroblast (←) dense distribution were observed; after the injury for 14 d, a large number of epithelial migration to the surface, and visible spikes-like skin islands (←) were observed; after the injury for 21 d, the epithelial tissue completely covered the wound (←). In routine dressing group, after the injury for 3 d, inflammatory cell infiltration (↑) in epithelial tissue was observed, accompanied by necrosis of skin appendage residual contour; after the injury for 7 d, the skin deep tissue edema (→), disarrangement, inflammatory cell infiltration (↑) were observed; after the injury for 14 d, the arrangement of collagen tissue was obviously disordered; after the injury for 21 d, most of the new epithelium covered, with partial defect (↑).
圖22組燙傷大鼠創(chuàng)面組織樣本病理學觀察
Figure 3. The expression of PDGF in wound tissues in the 2 groups of scalded rats (×200). The rabbit anti-rat PDGF polyclonal antibody was used.
圖3燙傷大鼠創(chuàng)面組織樣本PDGF表達的觀察和比較
創(chuàng)面愈合是一個非常復雜的病理生理過程,大致分為炎癥期、增殖期和重塑期[1]。在這一過程中有眾多免疫細胞和細胞因子參與,啟動機體局部和全身的免疫防御、細胞再生和組織重建過程[2]。
臭氧是一種強氧化劑,有強大的殺菌作用,使微生物細胞中的多種成分產(chǎn)生氧化,從而產(chǎn)生不可逆的變化導致死亡[3]。依據(jù)臭氧所公認的殺菌消毒原理,本人前期已將臭氧氣浴體外干預燒傷創(chuàng)面分泌物中分離的致病及耐藥菌株,取得顯著殺菌效果[4]。在進一步開展臭氧氣干預治療的動物實驗中發(fā)現(xiàn),臭氧對創(chuàng)面組織的病理變化及生物學效應會產(chǎn)生一定影響,為此,本人深入進行了這方面的研究,并取得滿意的成果。實驗結(jié)果顯示,臭氧能改善燒傷創(chuàng)面組織病理學變化,調(diào)控與創(chuàng)面愈合相關(guān)的細胞因子表達。
通過免疫組化半定量檢測實驗結(jié)果顯示,臭氧氣浴干預大鼠深Ⅱ度燒傷創(chuàng)面,能促進與創(chuàng)面愈合相關(guān)的細胞因子PDGF和TGF-β3表達,表現(xiàn)為各時點創(chuàng)面內(nèi)PDGF和TGF-β3陽性細胞表達量均高于常規(guī)換藥對照組。PDGF是由2個糖肽亞基構(gòu)成的復合體,對間充質(zhì)細胞和膠質(zhì)細胞增殖具有顯著的調(diào)節(jié)作用[5]。TGF-β3在創(chuàng)傷處的高表達能促進表皮細胞的遷移運動,加速創(chuàng)面封閉,促進創(chuàng)面愈合。TGF-β3能刺激Fb合成膠原、整合素等細胞外基質(zhì)及加快血管化進程,促進創(chuàng)傷愈合,但并不增加瘢痕的形成[6]。也有文獻報道,臭氧治療改善糖尿病足潰瘍的愈合,臭氧組創(chuàng)面縮小幅度明顯高于對照組,且臭氧組血清VEGF、TGF-β和PDGF在11 d中明顯高于對照組[7]。
Figure 4. The expression of TNF-α in wound tissues in the 2 groups of scalded rats (×200). The rabbit anti-rat TNF-α polyclonal antibody was used.
圖4燙傷大鼠創(chuàng)面組織樣本TNF-α表達的觀察和比較
Figure 5. The expression of TGF-β3in wound tissues in the 2 groups of scalded rats (×200). The rabbit anti-rat TGF-β3polyclonal antibody was used.
圖5燙傷大鼠創(chuàng)面組織樣本TGF-β3表達的觀察和比較
表2免疫組化半定量法檢測2組燒傷大鼠創(chuàng)面組織PDGF、TGF-β3和TNF-α表達
Table 2. The expression of PDGF, TGF-β3and TNF-α in wound tissues in the 2 groups of burned rats detected by semiquantitative immunohistochemical method (Mean±SD.n=10)
**P<0.01vsozone bath group.
表3ELISA法檢測2組燒傷大鼠創(chuàng)面組織標本中細胞因子含量
Table 3. ELISA method was used to detect the contents of cytokines in wound tissues in the 2 groups of burned rats (ng/g protein. Mean±SD.n=10)
TimepointsafterinjuryOzonebathRoutinedressingPDGFTGF?β3TNF?αPDGFTGF?β3TNF?α3d85.5±3.472.4±3.0105.2±12.062.0±4.0??46.5±2.7??127.5±9.0??7d152.0±11.7120.9±12.3142.4±7.5100.7±12.1??74.3±4.1??190.4±13.2??14d195.8±10.0170.0±10.083.6±3.5141.6±8.2??135.6±8.4??158.3±9.5??21d173.1±7.6162.7±11.011.2±3.7112.2±11.5??149.2±7.4??65.0±7.1??
**P<0.01vsozone bath group.
TNF-α是一種促炎細胞因子,可直接損傷血管內(nèi)皮,誘導血管內(nèi)皮細胞產(chǎn)生血小板活化因子,促進血栓形成[8]。TNF-α和IL-β參與機體免疫反應和炎癥反應的調(diào)節(jié),若產(chǎn)生過多,或與其它細胞因子的關(guān)系失調(diào),會引起一系列的炎性損害,阻礙創(chuàng)面愈合[9]。研究表明,臭氧氣浴實驗組各時點創(chuàng)面組織中TNF-α含量均低于常規(guī)換藥對照組,說明臭氧可通過調(diào)控和降低TNF-α表達而減輕炎性反應。
本研究通過組織病理學觀察、ELISA法和免疫組化檢測PDGF、TGF-β3、TNF-α表達等實驗表明,臭氧氣浴干預可促進與創(chuàng)面愈合相關(guān)的生長因子PDGF和TGF-β3表達,可減輕深Ⅱ度燒傷大鼠創(chuàng)面炎性反應,促進血管形成、肉芽組織增生及再上皮化,縮短創(chuàng)面愈合時間,創(chuàng)面愈合率明顯高于常規(guī)換藥對照組。局部高濃度的臭氧對機體免疫調(diào)理具有一定的促進作用,可加速患者創(chuàng)面的愈合,此外其在治療結(jié)束后會自行分解為O2,不會產(chǎn)生任何殘留和二次污染,因為也被稱為“綠色環(huán)保元素”[10]。
綜上所述,臭氧可影響燒傷創(chuàng)面炎癥反應期和增殖修復期的某些因子的表達,改善局部病理變化,促進創(chuàng)面消炎愈合。為進一步臨床應用打下實驗基礎(chǔ)。
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(責任編輯: 陳妙玲, 羅 森)
Effect of ozone bath on pathological changes and expression of cytokines in rats with deep second-degree burns
ZHAO Chao-li, YE Zi-qing, RUAN Qiong-fang, CHEN Lan, ZHANG Wei-dong, WANG Shan, XIE Wei-guo
(InstituteofBurns,TheThirdHospitalofWuhanCity&TongrenHospitalofWuhanUniversity,Wuhan430060,China.E-mail:zhaochaoli17@sina.cn)
AIM: To investigate the effect of ozone bath on the pathological changes and the expression of cytokines, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor-β3(TGF-β3), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), in the wounds of deep second-degree burns in rats.METHODSMale clean-grade SD rats (n=80) were randomly divided into 2 groups, ozone bath group and routine dressing group (control group), with 40 rats in each group. Deep second-degree burn wound was established on the back of the rats, and then the examinations were conducted at 3 d, 7 d, 14 d and 21 d after burn. For the routine dressing group, the wound was cleaned by normal saline and covered with iodophor vaseline gauze every 2 d. For the ozone bath group, before the dressing, the rats were put into the clean foam box to accept ozone fumigation for 20 min (50 mg/L), and then accepted dressing change as the same as that in control group every 2 d. At each time point, the tissue specimens from these rat wounds (at wound center) were taken. The rats in ozone bath group
cleaning by saline cotton and then the ozone bath fumigation, while the rats in control group only received cleaning by saline. After that, the tissue specimens were taken again for HE staining, immunohistochemical staining and semiquantitative observation combined with image data analysis. The concentrations of the cytokines PDGF, TGF-β3and TNF-α in the wound were measured by double-antibody sandwich ELISA.RESULTSIn ozone bath group, the wounds were smooth with clear edge and slight inflammatory reaction, swelling and exudation were weaker, and the wound healing rate was higher than that in control group with significant difference. Under microscopic observation with HE staining, slighter inflammatory reaction in ozone bath group was observed than that in control group at each time point, and the numbers of fresh capillaries, fibroblasts and epithelial cells were significantly larger than those in control group. The expression levels of PDGF and TGF-β3in the wound tissue homogenate in ozone bath group were higher, and the expression level of TNF-α was significantly lower than those in control group at each time point with significant difference.CONCLUSIONThe ozone bath therapy improves the local pathological changes and promotes the expression of cytokines PDGF and TGF-β3, which are associated with wound healing, as well as reduces the expression of inflammatory mediator TNF-α in the rats with deep second-degree burns, thus promoting the wound healing and anti-inflammatory responses.
Burns; Ozone bath; Cytokines
1000- 4718(2017)11- 2067- 06
2016- 11- 23
2017- 06- 05
武漢市衛(wèi)計委臨床醫(yī)學科研項目[武衛(wèi)2014(92)號WX14C21]
△通訊作者 Tel: 027-68894836; E-mail: zhaochaoli17@sina.cn
R644; R363.1+23
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000- 4718.2017.11.023