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中草藥治療哮喘的免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用最新研究進(jìn)展

2017-10-28 09:32:30周方方徐朝霞阿地拉艾皮熱李金耀
中國(guó)中藥雜志 2017年19期
關(guān)鍵詞:信號(hào)通路免疫調(diào)節(jié)中草藥

周方方+徐朝霞+阿地拉艾皮熱+李金耀

[摘要] 哮喘是由多種免疫細(xì)胞參與的慢性呼吸道炎癥疾病,常常導(dǎo)致氣促、胸悶、咳嗽以及反復(fù)發(fā)作的喘息等癥狀,往往出現(xiàn)氣流阻塞,影響人體健康。中草藥(CHM)用于治療哮喘已經(jīng)有上千年的歷史,大量研究表明中草藥能有效的調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞免疫反應(yīng)減緩哮喘癥狀。該文綜述了近幾年來(lái)中草藥對(duì)免疫細(xì)胞的調(diào)節(jié)作用及相關(guān)分子機(jī)制的研究,包括炎癥細(xì)胞數(shù)量、樹突狀細(xì)胞成熟、輔助性T細(xì)胞亞型之間的平衡、調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞的誘導(dǎo)及胞內(nèi)信號(hào)通路,并展望了未來(lái)的研究方向。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 哮喘; 中草藥; 炎癥; 免疫調(diào)節(jié); 信號(hào)通路

[Abstract] Asthma is a kind of chronic respiratory inflammation, commonly with breathlessness, chest tightness, coughing, recurrent episodes of wheezing and airflow obstruction, severely affecting human health. A variety of immunocytes are involved in this chronic disease. Chinese herbal medicine(CHM) has a long history in the treatment of asthma. A large number of studies have shown that CHM could ameliorate asthma symptoms through regulating cellular immune responses. This paper reviewed the studies of CHM on the regulation of immunocytes and their mechanisms in recent years, including the count of inflammatory cells, maturation of dendritic cells, balance of helper T cell subtypes, induction of regulatory T cells and intracellular signaling pathways. We also proposed the future research directions about the effects of CHM on asthma treatment.

[Key words] asthma; Chinese herbal medicine; inflammation; immunomodulation; signaling pathway

哮喘是一種反復(fù)發(fā)作的氣道炎癥疾病,它由多種免疫細(xì)胞共同誘發(fā),常常導(dǎo)致氣促、胸悶、咳嗽、反復(fù)發(fā)作的喘息、黏液過(guò)量分泌和杯狀細(xì)胞增生等癥狀,并伴隨氣流阻塞,直接影響人體健康[1-2]。近十幾年來(lái),由各種因素誘發(fā)的哮喘患者逐年增多,其中兒童的患病率增加最為顯著[3-4]。用于治療哮喘的藥物種類較多,包含支氣管擴(kuò)張藥物(如β2受體激動(dòng)劑、氨茶堿等),抗過(guò)敏性炎癥藥物(如糖皮質(zhì)激素類藥物,色甘酸鈉等)以及免疫調(diào)節(jié)劑等[5],但是大多數(shù)治療哮喘藥物(如糖皮質(zhì)激素和β2受體激動(dòng)劑)具有嚴(yán)重的副作用,過(guò)量使用可能出現(xiàn)心動(dòng)過(guò)速、肌肉震顫、骨代謝及腎上腺功能被抑制等癥狀。因此,從中草藥中篩選高效、無(wú)毒副作用治療哮喘的藥物成為了研究的熱點(diǎn)。

中草藥(Chinese herbal medicine,CHM)在中國(guó)已經(jīng)有幾千年的應(yīng)用歷史,用于預(yù)防和治療哮喘、關(guān)節(jié)炎、糖尿病、腫瘤等多種疾病[6-8]。CHM在亞洲其他國(guó)家如日本、韓國(guó)、印度等已得到廣泛應(yīng)用,在歐美等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家也越來(lái)越受到重視,尤其是對(duì)慢性疾病的治療,逐漸成為發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家不可或缺的生物醫(yī)學(xué)的重要補(bǔ)充[9-10]。臨床試驗(yàn)研究表明CHM能有效的治療哮喘,并且沒有副作用[11-12]。據(jù)報(bào)道,世界范圍內(nèi)已有超過(guò)400種藥用植物及其有效成分用于治療哮喘或過(guò)敏性綜合癥[13]。本文綜述了近幾年CHM治療哮喘的研究進(jìn)展及其作用的機(jī)制。

1 中草藥減少炎癥細(xì)胞的數(shù)量

免疫細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)機(jī)體的免疫防御,增強(qiáng)抗病毒和抗病原菌感染的能力。但是哮喘等慢性炎癥疾病也會(huì)導(dǎo)致不同種類免疫細(xì)胞數(shù)量增多或遷移到特定組織、器官,加重病情。大量研究證實(shí)CHM具有調(diào)節(jié)免疫細(xì)胞的能力[14]。如傳統(tǒng)中藥配伍麻黃-石膏能降低卵清白蛋白(ovalbumin,OVA)誘導(dǎo)的哮喘模型中嗜酸性細(xì)胞和白細(xì)胞總數(shù),減輕炎癥反應(yīng),使哮喘癥狀得以緩解[15]。研究表明神香草[16]、甘草[17]、神仙草和鳶尾[18]等均能通過(guò)減少OVA誘導(dǎo)的哮喘小鼠模型炎癥細(xì)胞在氣道內(nèi)的浸潤(rùn),減輕炎癥癥狀。不僅僅CHM的提取物具有調(diào)節(jié)白細(xì)胞數(shù)量的功能,而且從CHM分離的功效成分也具有相同的作用。例如從淫羊藿中分離出的功效成分類黃酮苷淫羊藿苷就能明顯降低OVA誘導(dǎo)哮喘小鼠白細(xì)胞的數(shù)量[19]。同樣來(lái)自中草藥溪黃草的功效成分冬凌草素甲不僅能夠減少OVA誘導(dǎo)的哮喘小鼠支氣管中的白細(xì)胞數(shù)量,還通過(guò)調(diào)控輔助性T細(xì)胞1(helper T cell 1,Th1)/ Th2的免疫平衡,緩解哮喘癥狀[20]。

2 中草藥調(diào)控Th1/Th2的免疫平衡

哮喘為Th2型反應(yīng)為主的慢性氣道性疾病[21-22]。研究表明中成藥能夠通過(guò)調(diào)控Th1/Th2的免疫平衡達(dá)到減輕哮喘病癥的治療效果[23-24]。傳統(tǒng)中草藥膜莢黃芪在OVA誘導(dǎo)的哮喘小鼠模型中通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)Th1/Th2平衡,減輕哮喘癥狀[25]。陰地蕨也可通過(guò)上調(diào)Th1/Th2的比例,降低外周血白細(xì)胞cysLTl受體基因mRNA的表達(dá),發(fā)揮抗哮喘作用[26]。補(bǔ)腎中藥CKZ 可以通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子和細(xì)胞因子多個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),增強(qiáng)Th1細(xì)胞的功能,同時(shí)抑制Th2細(xì)胞的功能,對(duì)Th1/Th2平衡具有多層次的調(diào)節(jié)作用,有效緩解哮喘的發(fā)生[27]。平喘方(炙麻黃、杏仁、甘草、紫蘇子、萊菔子、地龍干、桃仁、椒目、黃芩組成)治療的哮喘模型小鼠Th1型細(xì)胞因子IFN-γ水平升高、Th2型細(xì)胞因子IL-4水平降低,改善氣道炎癥,抑制氣道重建[28]。Jayaprakasam等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)靈芝、苦參、甘草3種中草藥協(xié)同抑制嗜酸性細(xì)胞趨化因子及Th2型細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生,從而抑制哮喘病癥,并且三者的協(xié)同抑制效果明顯好于各自單獨(dú)的使用[29]。以上研究表明,不僅單方中草藥可以調(diào)節(jié)Th1/Th2免疫平衡,而且復(fù)方中草藥也可以協(xié)同調(diào)控炎癥反應(yīng)重建免疫平衡,從而達(dá)到更好治療哮喘的效果。endprint

中草藥可通過(guò)調(diào)控Th1,Th2型轉(zhuǎn)錄因子重建Th1/Th2免疫平衡。中藥何首烏通過(guò)下調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子GATA-3 mRNA的表達(dá),實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)Th2型免疫反應(yīng)的抑制,同時(shí)降低Th2型免疫系統(tǒng)介質(zhì),抑制嗜酸性細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),減弱炎癥反應(yīng)及緩解哮喘癥狀 [30]。從補(bǔ)骨脂的甲基補(bǔ)骨脂黃酮衍生出來(lái)的成分B能夠促進(jìn)T-bet mRNA的表達(dá),抑制GATA-3 mRNA的表達(dá),平衡Th1/Th2反應(yīng),展現(xiàn)了潛在的抗哮喘作用[31]。中草藥通過(guò)在不同水平上調(diào)控Th1,Th2型反應(yīng),從而實(shí)現(xiàn)Th1/Th2免疫平衡重建。

3 中草藥通過(guò)調(diào)控調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞重建免疫平衡

調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(regulatory T cells,Tregs)是一類控制體內(nèi)自身免疫反應(yīng)的T細(xì)胞亞群,在抑制哮喘發(fā)生過(guò)程中發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用[32-33]。中草藥能夠通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)Tregs抑制Th2或Th17型反應(yīng),從而抑制哮喘的發(fā)生或減輕哮喘的病癥[34-35]。黃芪通過(guò)促進(jìn)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Foxp3 mRNA 的水平,增加誘導(dǎo)型Tregs(induced Tregs,iTregs)的比例,進(jìn)而減輕哮喘病癥[36]。荊芥苞蒿水提物在OVA誘導(dǎo)的哮喘小鼠模型中通過(guò)上調(diào)Treg的數(shù)量,下調(diào)Th17型細(xì)胞因子,從而降低Th17/Tregs的比例,抑制Th17型免疫水平;同時(shí)降低轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子-β(transfer growth factor-bata,TGF-β)細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)分子Smad2/3的蛋白水平,達(dá)到減緩哮喘的作用[37]。從地黃、淫羊藿等提取的補(bǔ)腎益氣配方在哮喘模型中能夠減少肺組織中RORγt的表達(dá),抑制Th17型反應(yīng),同時(shí)上調(diào)Foxp3的表達(dá),增加Tregs,調(diào)節(jié)Th17/Tregs平衡,從而減緩哮喘癥狀[38]。Ruan等發(fā)現(xiàn)CHM(五味子、炙黃芪、白術(shù)、土茯苓、陳皮、辛夷、甘草等)混合提取的配方固本方小湯能夠顯著減少白介素17A(interleukin 17,IL-17)的表達(dá)而增加IL-10的表達(dá),從而增加Tregs的比例,抑制Th17型反應(yīng)[39]。從紅花中分離出來(lái)的藏花酸在OVA誘導(dǎo)的哮喘模型中通過(guò)提高腫瘤壞死因子誘導(dǎo)蛋白8樣2[tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced protein 8-like 2,TIPE2]的表達(dá),上調(diào)Foxp3的表達(dá),使得Tregs的數(shù)目增加,減輕惡性哮喘癥狀[40]。Lin等[41]發(fā)現(xiàn)歐前胡素通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)樹突狀細(xì)胞(dendritic cell,DC)的功能,促進(jìn)IL-10的表達(dá),誘導(dǎo)Tregs產(chǎn)生,使得Th2型反應(yīng)下降,增強(qiáng)抗炎效應(yīng)。這些研究說(shuō)明CHM可通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞,抑制Th2或Th17型反應(yīng),使免疫系統(tǒng)重新回歸免疫平衡。

4 中草藥調(diào)節(jié)DC的成熟狀態(tài)與功能

專職抗原提呈細(xì)胞DC在引發(fā)過(guò)敏性級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)中發(fā)揮著重要作用[42-43]。研究表明,CHM通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)DC的成熟與功能,從而影響T細(xì)胞的活化及分化,抑制或減輕哮喘[44]。從紫草提取的有效成分紫草素在小鼠哮喘模型中通過(guò)抑制DC主要組織相容性復(fù)合體(major histocompatibility complex class,MHC)Ⅱ,CD80,CD86,CCR7,OX40L的表達(dá),降低CD4+ T細(xì)胞分泌IL-4,IL-5,TNF-α的水平[45]。從蒿類植物中提取的AIP1能夠下調(diào)DC表面CD11c及MHC Ⅱ的表達(dá),降低CD11c+MHC Ⅱ+的比例,減輕哮喘癥狀[46]。從甘草中提取的有效成分甘草酸通過(guò)下調(diào)DC表面分子(OX40L等)表達(dá),抑制Th2型免疫反應(yīng),減緩哮喘癥狀[47]。Yang等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)姜黃素通過(guò)激活DC內(nèi)Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路,調(diào)節(jié)DC功能,從而減輕哮喘炎癥反應(yīng)[48]。Gu等研究表明從中草藥中提取的活性成分橙黃素顯著降低由Der p1誘導(dǎo)的哮喘病人單核細(xì)胞來(lái)源DC表面HLA-DR,CD86,CD83的表達(dá),以及IκB的磷酸化和核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa B,NF-κB)p65細(xì)胞核轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),使得誘導(dǎo)自體CD4+ T細(xì)胞活化的能力下降,有望成為潛在的哮喘治療藥物[49]。說(shuō)明中草藥可以通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)DC的成熟及功能,抑制Th2型免疫反應(yīng),實(shí)現(xiàn)免疫平衡。

5 中草藥調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞內(nèi)的信號(hào)通路

從黃芩中提取的紫葳素甲調(diào)控OVA誘導(dǎo)的NF-κB信號(hào)通路,降低支氣管肺泡中的Th2型相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子及OVA特異性IgE的表達(dá),抑制哮喘炎癥反應(yīng)[50]。從穿心蓮中提取的穿心蓮內(nèi)酯能在體內(nèi)和體外顯著降低由活性氧介導(dǎo)的NF-κB的活化和核苷酸結(jié)合域富含亮氨酸重復(fù)序列(nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing,NLR)家族中NFRP3炎性體的形成,進(jìn)而降低TNF-α和IL-1β的產(chǎn)生,減輕肺損傷[51]。從川芎中分離的川芎嗪毛冬青能有效減輕OVA引起的哮喘小鼠過(guò)敏性氣道炎癥,降低CCL3,CCL19,CCL21趨化因子和受體CCR7的表達(dá)水平,這些抑制效應(yīng)與抑制STAT3與p38絲裂原激活蛋白激酶(mitogen activated protein kinase,MAPK)的信號(hào)通路密切相關(guān)[52]。從CHM中分離的原兒茶酸在一定程度上能夠有效的改善OVA引起的小鼠過(guò)敏性哮喘,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其機(jī)制可能與阻斷MAPK以及NF-κB通路相關(guān)[53]。中藥驗(yàn)方天龍喘咳靈水煎劑有效抑制MAPKs信號(hào)通路當(dāng)中的胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶(extracellular signal regulated kinase,ERK)通路和STAT3通路,有效防治慢性哮喘小鼠模型的氣道重塑[54]。Liu等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)從中草藥配方ASHMITM分離的靈芝酸C1可以抑制巨噬細(xì)胞及哮喘病人外周血單核細(xì)胞NF-κB信號(hào)通路及部分抑制AP1 和MAPK信號(hào)通路,減輕TNF-α介導(dǎo)的哮喘炎癥反應(yīng)[55]。來(lái)自香青蒿的半合成物質(zhì)二氫青蒿素在OVA誘導(dǎo)的哮喘模型中抑制ERK,p38及IκB磷酸化,降低肺組織中Muc5ac和Chil4 mRNA的表達(dá)水平,減輕過(guò)敏性癥狀[56]。從商陸分離的商陸皂苷甲能活化Nrf-2通路,增加抗氧化酶相關(guān)mRNA的表達(dá),降低肺泡中及肺組織中炎性細(xì)胞因子及相關(guān)黏附分子mRNA的表達(dá),減輕氣道炎癥[57]。說(shuō)明中草藥通過(guò)調(diào)控不同信號(hào)通路,可以降低哮喘炎癥相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子和蛋白的表達(dá)。endprint

6 展望

中草藥能夠通過(guò)不同方式減輕哮喘炎癥,其功效成分可以直接抑制炎性細(xì)胞向肺組織的浸潤(rùn),調(diào)節(jié)Th1/Th2,Th17/Treg的平衡,誘導(dǎo)Treg細(xì)胞分化及IL-10表達(dá),從而抑制炎癥反應(yīng)。隨著研究的深入,越來(lái)越多的中藥功效成分被分離、鑒定,并對(duì)其功能進(jìn)行了相關(guān)研究。但是,這些中草藥功效成分的作用機(jī)制仍然需要進(jìn)一步闡明,如中草藥對(duì)抗原遞呈細(xì)胞成熟及細(xì)胞因子表達(dá)的影響,對(duì)Treg的誘導(dǎo)分化等;此外中草藥功效成分之間是否都具有協(xié)同作用及其協(xié)同作用的機(jī)制也需要深入研究,從而優(yōu)化中草藥的配方,提高中草藥治療哮喘的效果。

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[責(zé)任編輯 張寧寧]endprint

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