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輪南油田復(fù)合柱塞氣舉新工藝

2017-09-18 02:47雷騰蛟崔小虎胡登強(qiáng)王法鑫周碧輝董豐碩
石油鉆采工藝 2017年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:氣舉柱塞管柱

雷騰蛟 崔小虎 胡登強(qiáng) 王法鑫 周碧輝 董豐碩

中國石油塔里木油田分公司開發(fā)事業(yè)部

輪南油田復(fù)合柱塞氣舉新工藝

雷騰蛟 崔小虎 胡登強(qiáng) 王法鑫 周碧輝 董豐碩

中國石油塔里木油田分公司開發(fā)事業(yè)部

隨著輪南油田地層能量不斷衰竭,大部分油井已經(jīng)進(jìn)入低壓、低產(chǎn)階段,常規(guī)柱塞氣舉井產(chǎn)量低、攜液效率低,且該工藝間歇性開關(guān)井制度制定不合理時(shí)易導(dǎo)致井筒積液壓死油層,造成經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。為了解決上述問題,通過室內(nèi)研究與現(xiàn)場(chǎng)試驗(yàn),采用多項(xiàng)工藝相結(jié)合的方式研發(fā)出一套“固定式多級(jí)氣舉閥管柱+浮動(dòng)式中空快速柱塞+清蠟柱塞”相結(jié)合的復(fù)合柱塞氣舉新工藝。該工藝在前期柱塞氣舉技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行了創(chuàng)新,實(shí)現(xiàn)了不關(guān)井連續(xù)生產(chǎn),避免井筒積液,現(xiàn)場(chǎng)應(yīng)用4井次共減少清蠟作業(yè)次數(shù)147次、減少制氮車氣舉作業(yè)LNA井2次、LNB井1次,并且復(fù)合柱塞運(yùn)行增油1 096 t。復(fù)合柱塞氣舉新工藝現(xiàn)場(chǎng)應(yīng)用效果明顯,已逐步在油田進(jìn)行推廣,實(shí)現(xiàn)柱塞氣舉井高效生產(chǎn)。

輪南油田;柱塞氣舉;固定式氣舉閥;中空柱塞;清蠟柱塞;連續(xù)生產(chǎn)

輪南油田TⅢ、JⅢ、JⅣ油組部分高氣油比、低產(chǎn)量、易結(jié)蠟的油井,采用電潛泵或有桿泵采油現(xiàn)場(chǎng)泵效較低,同時(shí)考慮部分井地層能量不足,無法將柱塞推至井口,而連續(xù)氣舉舉升滑脫損失大,輪南油田針對(duì)性應(yīng)用了注氣助推柱塞氣舉工藝[1]。然而,當(dāng)油井出液不穩(wěn)定、工作制度調(diào)整不及時(shí),將造成間歇關(guān)井過程中井筒積液,甚至壓死油層[2]。因此,在前期注氣助推柱塞氣舉工藝的基礎(chǔ)上,設(shè)計(jì)出一套“固定式多級(jí)氣舉閥管柱+浮動(dòng)式中空快速柱塞+清蠟柱塞”相結(jié)合的復(fù)合柱塞氣舉新工藝[3]。該工藝實(shí)現(xiàn)了不關(guān)井連續(xù)生產(chǎn),避免井筒積液壓死油層,且大大降低油井結(jié)蠟程度和氣舉啟動(dòng)壓力,確保油井高效生產(chǎn)。

1 現(xiàn)有柱塞氣舉工藝的局限性

Limitation of existing plunger lift technology

(1)輪南油田油藏埋藏深,隨地層能量衰竭、供液能力不足,油井液面深度約2 500 m,開采前期考慮成本問題,采用僅有2級(jí)氣舉閥的管柱生產(chǎn),造成氣舉啟動(dòng)壓力大,約23 MPa。目前輪南油田柱塞氣舉井主要采取注氣助推舉升方式,氣舉系統(tǒng)壓力僅為12.5 MPa,一旦柱塞氣舉工況不穩(wěn),必須申請(qǐng)制氮車進(jìn)行高壓氣舉,將增大生產(chǎn)費(fèi)用及安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(如圖1)。

圖1 輪南油田柱塞氣舉井制氮車作業(yè)統(tǒng)計(jì)Fig. 1 Statistics on the operation of nitrogen generation vehicle for plunger lift wells in Lunnan Oilfeld

(2)常規(guī)柱塞氣舉需要間歇關(guān)井恢復(fù)液面及壓力,再開井舉升,該生產(chǎn)方式將降低整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的效率[4]。輪南油田柱塞氣舉工藝采用注氣助推舉升,理論上不需要進(jìn)行壓力恢復(fù)即可使柱塞往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng),實(shí)現(xiàn)連續(xù)生產(chǎn),但是受常規(guī)柱塞結(jié)構(gòu)限制,柱塞到達(dá)井口必須讓井筒泄壓到一定程度才能回落,造成生產(chǎn)間斷,降低舉升效率[5]。

(3)輪南油田部分層系原油含蠟,在氣舉生產(chǎn)過程中,氣舉氣在井筒中隨著壓力降低發(fā)生膨脹吸熱導(dǎo)致井筒結(jié)蠟,常規(guī)柱塞來回運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)清蠟效果差,導(dǎo)致部分氣舉井需要定期清蠟,增大生產(chǎn)成本[6]。

2 復(fù)合柱塞氣舉工藝原理及設(shè)計(jì)

Principle and design of combined plunger lift technology

2.1 復(fù)合柱塞氣舉工藝原理

Principle of combined plunger lift technology

復(fù)合柱塞氣舉在現(xiàn)有注氣助推柱塞氣舉基礎(chǔ)上,將2級(jí)氣舉閥管柱更換為多級(jí)固定式氣舉閥管柱,降低啟動(dòng)壓力,同時(shí)設(shè)計(jì)浮動(dòng)式中空快速柱塞,作為舉升氣體和被舉升液體的密封界面,將井筒中舉升氣體和被舉升液體分開[7]。當(dāng)柱塞到達(dá)井口緩沖裝置后,拉桿撞擊緩沖裝置,拉桿與空心筒分離自動(dòng)泄壓,在自身重力作用下,柱塞下落到生產(chǎn)管柱內(nèi)的卡定器緩沖彈簧上,拉桿與空心筒再次組合成密封界面,在天然氣推動(dòng)作用下,柱塞及其上方液體被舉升到井口,完成一個(gè)舉升過程(如圖2所示)[8]。對(duì)于結(jié)蠟嚴(yán)重的井,可投入清蠟柱塞,氣舉生產(chǎn)的同時(shí)清除井筒結(jié)蠟,確保安全生產(chǎn)。

圖2 復(fù)合柱塞氣舉工藝Fig. 2 Combined plunger lift technology

2.2 復(fù)合柱塞氣舉工藝設(shè)計(jì)

Design of combined plunger lift technology

進(jìn)行多級(jí)固定式氣舉閥管柱中的氣舉閥參數(shù)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí),將卸載過程中各氣舉閥間的地面打開壓力降取為定值,按終點(diǎn)條件進(jìn)行分布。由于注氣點(diǎn)未知,在具體設(shè)計(jì)過程中設(shè)計(jì)油壓線無法一次定出,從而采用迭代法進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。首先,通過最小油壓線確定氣舉閥位置,求取氣舉閥數(shù)及注氣點(diǎn),在此基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)行降注氣壓力法迭代計(jì)算,直到注氣點(diǎn)不變?yōu)橹?;再采用氣舉設(shè)計(jì)軟件對(duì)氣舉閥參數(shù)進(jìn)行優(yōu)化(見表1),啟動(dòng)壓力為 10 MPa,工作壓力為 9.5 MPa,井口油壓為1.5 MPa,配液為15 t/d。

進(jìn)行浮動(dòng)式中空快速柱塞舉升過程中柱塞運(yùn)行周期、產(chǎn)液量及壓力設(shè)計(jì)時(shí),首先通過建立柱塞氣舉動(dòng)力學(xué)模型,考慮到浮動(dòng)式中空快速柱塞氣舉與常規(guī)柱塞氣舉相比,只是運(yùn)行過程中缺少關(guān)井卸壓環(huán)節(jié),而柱塞受力分布一樣。借鑒汪崎生教授等人建立的常規(guī)柱塞氣舉運(yùn)動(dòng)模型,下一步對(duì)模型方程進(jìn)行差分變形,采用計(jì)算機(jī)編程求解[9]。以LNA井為例,將下列參數(shù)輸入軟件進(jìn)行計(jì)算(見表2),可計(jì)算出LNA井注氣壓力為7.8 MPa時(shí),循環(huán)周期為60 min,日循環(huán)次數(shù)為24次,日產(chǎn)液量為19 m3。

表1 LNA井氣舉閥參數(shù)設(shè)計(jì)Table 1 Parametric design of gas lift valve in Well LNA

表2 LNA井基礎(chǔ)參數(shù)Table 2 Basic parameters of Well LNA

3 復(fù)合柱塞氣舉工藝優(yōu)勢(shì)

Advantages of combined plunger lift technology

3.1 固定式多級(jí)氣舉閥管柱

Fixed multistage gas lift valve string

結(jié)合輪南油田柱塞氣舉井啟動(dòng)壓力高、氣舉壓力低的實(shí)際情況,將2級(jí)氣舉閥管柱更換為多級(jí)固定式氣舉閥管柱,從而大大降低氣舉啟動(dòng)壓力,避免氣舉井投產(chǎn)或生產(chǎn)情況不穩(wěn)時(shí)進(jìn)行制氮車作業(yè)[10];且固定式多級(jí)氣舉閥管柱可實(shí)現(xiàn)柱塞氣舉與連續(xù)氣舉靈活轉(zhuǎn)換,很好地適應(yīng)油井液量變化,避免再次更換管柱作業(yè)。

3.2 浮動(dòng)式中空快速柱塞

Floating hollow quick plunger

該柱塞由一個(gè)活動(dòng)拉桿和一個(gè)中空?qǐng)A柱葉片筒組成,在井底形成密封設(shè)備(如圖3~圖4a),隨氣體膨脹舉升柱塞及上部液體到達(dá)井口,經(jīng)井口緩沖設(shè)備控制使其底座拉開(如圖4b所示),柱塞在重力作用下下落,最后在井底再次組合,循環(huán)舉升液體[11]。

該柱塞的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于通過柱塞活動(dòng)拉桿碰撞井口緩沖裝置使底座拉開迅速泄壓,柱塞下落到井底再次舉升,實(shí)現(xiàn)不關(guān)井連續(xù)生產(chǎn),提高生產(chǎn)效率的同時(shí),也避免了井筒積液壓死油層。

圖3 浮動(dòng)式中空快速柱塞結(jié)構(gòu)Fig. 3 Structure of foating hollow quick plunger

圖4 柱塞上、下行階段實(shí)物Fig. 4 Plunger in the stage of moving upward and downward

3.3 清蠟柱塞

Paraf fi n removal plunger

考慮到輪南油田部分氣舉井結(jié)蠟嚴(yán)重,而常規(guī)浮動(dòng)柱塞清蠟效果差,因此,將帶小彈簧的浮動(dòng)柱塞(如圖5、6所示)改造為清蠟柱塞(如圖7、8所示)。在清蠟柱塞本體上設(shè)計(jì)了仿刮蠟片的鋼片,隨著清蠟柱塞在井筒中來回運(yùn)動(dòng),刮蠟片可及時(shí)刮除井筒中蠟質(zhì),提高清蠟效率,避免清蠟作業(yè),降低清蠟費(fèi)用[12]。

圖5 浮動(dòng)柱塞結(jié)構(gòu)Fig. 5 Structure of foating plunger

圖6 浮動(dòng)柱塞實(shí)物Fig. 6 Floating plunger

圖7 清蠟柱塞結(jié)構(gòu)Fig. 7 Structure of paraffn removal plunger

圖8 清蠟柱塞實(shí)物Fig. 8 Paraffn removal plunger

4 復(fù)合柱塞氣舉工藝待改進(jìn)方向

Improvement direction of combined plunger lift technology

4.1 研發(fā)一體化柱塞

Integrated plunger R & D

由于受浮動(dòng)式中空快速柱塞本身結(jié)構(gòu)限制,該柱塞現(xiàn)場(chǎng)應(yīng)用時(shí)清蠟效果不佳,需定期進(jìn)行清蠟作業(yè);另一方面,清蠟柱塞為實(shí)心設(shè)計(jì),該柱塞運(yùn)行到井口無法迅速泄壓,必須關(guān)井泄壓到一定程度,才能回落到井底再次舉升液體,大大降低生產(chǎn)效率。因此,有必要對(duì)新型柱塞的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化,將浮動(dòng)式中空快速柱塞與清蠟柱塞的優(yōu)點(diǎn)相結(jié)合,設(shè)計(jì)出一款多功能柱塞,在井口既能快速泄壓實(shí)現(xiàn)連續(xù)生產(chǎn),又能保證清蠟效果良好避免清蠟作業(yè),實(shí)現(xiàn)連續(xù)生產(chǎn)、清蠟一體化。

4.2 簡化井口控制設(shè)備

Simpli fi cation of control head

由于多功能柱塞可以實(shí)現(xiàn)不關(guān)井連續(xù)生產(chǎn),因此可以去掉常規(guī)柱塞氣舉井控制開關(guān)井的遠(yuǎn)程控制裝置,采用簡潔式井口控制裝置以降低生產(chǎn)成本。

5 復(fù)合柱塞氣舉工藝現(xiàn)場(chǎng)應(yīng)用

Field application of combined plunger lift technology

LNA井采用傳統(tǒng)柱塞氣舉方式生產(chǎn),工作制度為開井160 min、關(guān)井80 min,柱塞運(yùn)行周期240 min,生產(chǎn)效率低。由于該井生產(chǎn)管柱為2級(jí)氣舉閥柱塞氣舉管柱,2015年8月?lián)浦柽M(jìn)行制氮車氣舉。2015年11月更換為固定式多級(jí)氣舉閥管柱,未投柱塞,連續(xù)氣舉,清蠟周期15 d。由于采用一體化氣舉管柱生產(chǎn),2016年5月該井轉(zhuǎn)柱塞氣舉時(shí),避免一次起管柱作業(yè)和一次制氮車氣舉,投浮動(dòng)式中空快速柱塞,柱塞上行約20 min,下行約43 min,運(yùn)行周期63 min,實(shí)現(xiàn)不關(guān)井連續(xù)生產(chǎn),提高生產(chǎn)效率,平均日增油1.8 t。2016年8月投清蠟柱塞,減少一次制氮車氣舉和多次清蠟作業(yè),平均日增油1.2 t(如圖9所示)。

圖9 LNA井復(fù)合柱塞氣舉生產(chǎn)曲線Fig. 9 Production curve of Well LNA by virtue of combined plunger lift

復(fù)合柱塞氣舉新工藝在輪南油田現(xiàn)場(chǎng)應(yīng)用4井次,減少清蠟作業(yè)次數(shù)147次、制氮車氣舉作業(yè)LNA井2次、LNB井1次,復(fù)合柱塞運(yùn)行增油1 096 t,通過與前期常規(guī)柱塞氣舉工藝生產(chǎn)效果對(duì)比,新工藝現(xiàn)場(chǎng)應(yīng)用效果明顯(見表3)。新工藝不僅大大降低了制氮車氣舉作業(yè)次數(shù)和清蠟作業(yè)次數(shù),節(jié)約了生產(chǎn)成本,而且實(shí)現(xiàn)了不關(guān)井連續(xù)生產(chǎn),提高生產(chǎn)效率。

6 結(jié)論

Conclusions

(1)“固定式多級(jí)氣舉閥管柱+浮動(dòng)式中空快速柱塞+清蠟柱塞”復(fù)合柱塞氣舉工藝大大降低了油井結(jié)蠟程度和減少了排液不及時(shí)壓死油層的概率,降低了清蠟作業(yè)費(fèi)用和制氮車氣舉費(fèi)用,并且打破了常規(guī)注氣助推柱塞氣舉需長時(shí)間關(guān)井卸壓的限制,實(shí)現(xiàn)不關(guān)井連續(xù)生產(chǎn),大幅度提高生產(chǎn)效率。

表3 復(fù)合柱塞氣舉工藝現(xiàn)場(chǎng)應(yīng)用效果Table 3 Field application results of combined plunger lift technology

(2)生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐發(fā)現(xiàn),新型柱塞結(jié)構(gòu)仍具有優(yōu)化空間,可將浮動(dòng)式中空快速柱塞與清蠟柱塞的優(yōu)點(diǎn)相結(jié)合,研發(fā)出一款多功能柱塞,實(shí)現(xiàn)清蠟、連續(xù)生產(chǎn)一體化,并且可以進(jìn)一步將井口間開井遠(yuǎn)程控制裝置改良為簡潔式井口控制裝置,降低生產(chǎn)成本,提高生產(chǎn)效率。

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(修改稿收到日期 2017-05-23)

〔編輯 李春燕〕

A new combined plunger lift technology used in Lunnan Oil field

LEI Tengjiao, CUI Xiaohu, HU Dengqiang, WANG Faxin, ZHOU Bihui, DONG Fengshuo
Development Department, CNPC Tarim Oil field Company, Korla 84100, Xinjiang, China

As the producing energy depletes continuously in Lunnan Oilfeld, most oil wells are now at the stage of low pressure and low yield, and conventional plunger lift wells are low in production rate and liquid carrying effciency. Besides, when the intermittent well startup and shutdown system is not formulated rationally, liquid loading occurs easily to make the oil layers dead, resulting in economic loss. To solve these problems, a new combined plunger lift technology of “ fxed multistage gas lift valve string + foating hollow quick plunger + paraffn removal plunger ” was developed by combining multiple technologies based on laboratory study and feld experiment. This technology is innovatively developed on the basis of earlier plunger lift technology. By virtue of this technology,continuous production without shutting the well is realized and liquid loading is avoided. It is applied practically in four wells times, and paraffn removing operation is reduced by 147 times, gas lift of nitrogen generation vehicle by twice and incremental oil of 1 096 t by combined plunger operation. This combined plunger lift technology is remarkable in feld application, and it is being popularized in the oilfeld gradually to realize the effcient production of plunger lift wells.

Lunnan Oilfeld; plunger gas lift; fxed gas lift valve; hollow plunger; paraffn removal plunger ; continuous production

雷騰蛟,崔小虎,胡登強(qiáng),王法鑫,周碧輝,董豐碩.輪南油田復(fù)合柱塞氣舉新工藝[J] .石油鉆采工藝,2017,39(4):472-476.

TE355

B

1000 – 7393( 2017 ) 04 – 0472 – 05

10.13639/j.odpt.2017.04.014

:LEI Tengjiao, CUI Xiaohu, HU Dengqiang, WANG Faxin, ZHOU Bihui, DONG Fengshuo. A new combined plunger lift technology used in Lunnan Oilfeld[J]. Oil Drilling & Production Technology, 2017, 39(4): 472-476.

雷騰蛟(1989-),2015年畢業(yè)于西南石油大學(xué)石油與天然氣工程專業(yè),碩士,現(xiàn)從事油氣田生產(chǎn)管理及研究工作,工程師。通訊地址:(841000)新疆庫爾勒市塔指小區(qū)開發(fā)事業(yè)部甲段201號(hào)。電話:0996-2178003。E-mail:372475033@qq.com

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