王雪梅,曹紅霞,韓紅亮
(1.楊凌職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院 水利工程學(xué)院,陜西楊凌 712100 ;2.西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué) 水利與建筑工程學(xué)院,陜西楊凌 712100)
水氮耦合對(duì)隔溝灌溉溫室番茄品質(zhì)的影響
王雪梅1,曹紅霞2,韓紅亮1
(1.楊凌職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院 水利工程學(xué)院,陜西楊凌 712100 ;2.西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué) 水利與建筑工程學(xué)院,陜西楊凌 712100)
試驗(yàn)設(shè)置固定隔溝灌和交替隔溝灌2種灌溉方式,每種灌溉方式設(shè)置2個(gè)灌水水平和2個(gè)施氮水平,共8個(gè)處理,展開不同水氮組合對(duì)溫室番茄品質(zhì)影響的研究。結(jié)果表明,固定隔溝灌、降低灌水量可顯著提高番茄的可溶性固形物、有機(jī)酸、可溶性糖和維生素C質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù);增加施氮量能顯著提高番茄的有機(jī)酸質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)。交替隔溝灌,增加施氮量可顯著提高番茄的可溶性固形物質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù);增加灌水量可顯著提高番茄的有機(jī)酸和維生素C質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),降低施氮量或增加灌水量均能顯著降低番茄硝酸鹽質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)。交替隔溝灌更有利于提高番茄的可溶性糖質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),降低硝酸鹽質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),提高果實(shí)品質(zhì)。
隔溝灌溉;水氮耦合;品質(zhì);溫室番茄
目前,蔬菜的生產(chǎn)理念不僅要確保產(chǎn)量穩(wěn)定,更注重品質(zhì)提高[1]。品質(zhì)除了受到品種的影響外,主要受水與肥等環(huán)境因素的影響。蔬菜的營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)主要包含維生素、有機(jī)酸、礦物質(zhì)、碳水化合物等指標(biāo)[2]。20世紀(jì)末,人們開始關(guān)注蔬菜品質(zhì)提高的研究[3]。增施氮肥可降低甘藍(lán)、青花菜、胡蘿卜等多種露地葉菜類蔬菜的鉀、蔗糖、維生素C、食用纖維等成分質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),但會(huì)增加硝酸鹽、全氮以及胡蘿卜素等的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)[4]。對(duì)于滴灌番茄,過量施氮或不施氮均會(huì)減少番茄果實(shí)維生素C質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù);增加施氮量和灌水量可顯著提高果實(shí)中有機(jī)酸質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),但對(duì)可溶性糖質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)影響不顯著;增加追施氮肥量和減少灌水量可顯著提高果實(shí)中硝酸鹽質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù);灌水量為2 270 m3/hm2與施氮量為370 kg/hm2是番茄最佳水肥組合[5]。相同施氮量時(shí),隨著灌水量的增加果實(shí)硝酸鹽質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)會(huì)降低;相同灌水量時(shí),隨著施氮量的增加果實(shí)硝酸鹽質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)也會(huì)增加[6]。適量施氮可顯著提高蔬菜產(chǎn)品的品質(zhì),過量施氮會(huì)造成非氮源營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分的下降[7]。然而,這些研究沒有將水肥和灌溉方式綜合起來考慮,因此,本試驗(yàn)主要將灌溉方式和水肥相結(jié)合研究固定隔溝灌和交替隔溝灌2種灌溉方式下,不同水氮耦合對(duì)番茄品質(zhì)的影響,進(jìn)而為尋求較優(yōu)化的溫室番茄隔溝灌溉水氮耦合提供一定的理論依據(jù)。
1.1 試驗(yàn)區(qū)概況
試驗(yàn)于2012年5月5日至8月19日在陜西省楊凌區(qū)秦嶺山現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)股份有限公司的日光溫室內(nèi)進(jìn)行。溫室大小規(guī)格為28 m×6.5 m。試驗(yàn)區(qū)土壤質(zhì)地為重壤土,1 m深土層內(nèi)的田間持水量(質(zhì)量含水率)和體積質(zhì)量分別為24%和1.34 g/cm3,土壤肥力中等均一。
試驗(yàn)材料為番茄品種‘美粉先鋒’。種植模式采用梯形溝等行距密植栽培法,壟頂寬15 cm,壟底寬為25 cm,溝頂寬35 cm,溝底寬25 cm,溝深15 cm,溝長(zhǎng)6.5 m,行距50 cm,株距40 cm,種植密度為3 000株/hm2。番茄于5月5日定植,7月3日摘心,8月19日拉秧。
試驗(yàn)過程中均采用統(tǒng)一耕作和病蟲害防治。番茄定植前將全部有機(jī)肥(雞糞15 t/hm2)、磷肥(純P 150 kg/hm2)、鉀肥(純K 150 kg/hm2)和氮肥(純N 150 kg/hm2)作為基肥一次性施入。
1.2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
試驗(yàn)設(shè)置固定隔溝灌溉(FFI)和交替隔溝灌溉(AFI)2種灌溉方式,每種灌溉方式下設(shè)置灌水量和追氮量2因素2水平完全組合形式,共設(shè)置8個(gè)處理,每個(gè)處理內(nèi)種植5行為5個(gè)重復(fù),試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)見表1。灌水量設(shè)W1和W2 (W2為W1灌水定額的75%,全生育期共灌水9次,W1共灌水1 296 m3/hm2,W2共灌水972 m3/hm2)2水平;追氮量設(shè)N1(150 kg/hm2)和N2(0 kg/hm2)2水平,且平均分3次在番茄第2、3、4穗果的果實(shí)膨大期追完,每次追肥到同一溝內(nèi)。
1.3 測(cè)定指標(biāo)與方法
番茄果實(shí)成熟后,每個(gè)處理選取同一穗果的9個(gè)果實(shí)進(jìn)行品質(zhì)測(cè)定??扇苄怨绦挝锊捎檬殖质秸酃鈨x法,有機(jī)酸采用酚酞為指示劑滴定法,可溶性糖采用蒽酮比色法,維生素C采用鉬藍(lán)比色法,硝酸鹽采用水楊酸比色法。
提高番茄果實(shí)的可溶性固形物質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)可提高其營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分[8]。番茄果實(shí)中的有機(jī)酸組分和質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)是決定果實(shí)品質(zhì)的一個(gè)重要因素[9],豐富的維生素C和有機(jī)酸對(duì)蔬菜中的鐵具有還原作用,從而能夠促進(jìn)人體對(duì)鐵的吸收。含糖量較高酸度過低或二者均過低時(shí)會(huì)造成番茄果實(shí)缺乏甜酸適度的口味;糖和酸均過低時(shí)即使有合適的糖酸比也會(huì)令人感到淡而無味[10]。硝酸鹽質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)作為衡量蔬菜產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的衛(wèi)生指標(biāo)之一,無公害蔬菜對(duì)果菜類蔬菜硝酸鹽質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)要求小于600 mg/kg[11],蔬菜硝酸鹽衛(wèi)生評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求小于432 mg/kg[12]。
表1 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)Table 1 Experiment design
2.1 水氮耦合對(duì)番茄果實(shí)可溶性固形物質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的影響
表2反映了2種灌水方式下,不同水氮處理番茄果實(shí)品質(zhì)的變化。
表3方差分析表明,固定隔溝灌,除T1外其余各處理番茄的可溶性固形物質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)無顯著性差異;F水=25.18,F(xiàn)氮=10.31,F(xiàn)(水×氮)=13.60,F(xiàn)0.05 (1,8)=5.32,F(xiàn)水>F(水×氮)>F氮>F0.05,水對(duì)番茄的可溶性固形物質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)影響最顯著,其次是水氮耦合,最后是氮;說明水是主要影響因素,降低灌水量可顯著提高番茄的可溶性固形物質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)。交替隔溝灌,除高水處理之間無顯著性差異外,其余各處理之間均呈顯著性差異;F水=3.02,F(xiàn)氮=45.09,F(xiàn)(水×氮)=30.41,F(xiàn)0.05 (1,8)=5.32,F(xiàn)氮>F(水×氮)>F0.05,F(xiàn)水 表2 不同水氮耦合番茄果實(shí)品質(zhì)的變化Table 2 The changes of tomato fruit quality in different water and nitrogen coupling 注:同列相同字母表示差異性不顯著,不同字母表示差異性顯著;小寫字母表示在0.05水平上顯著(不同灌水方式單獨(dú)分析)。 Note:The lowercase letter indicates no significant differences, different letters mean significant difference; lowercase letters mean significant at the 0.05 level(separate analysis is applied to different irrigation methods). 表3 不同水氮耦合番茄果實(shí)品質(zhì)的方差分析Table 3 Analysis of variance of tomato fruit quality in different water and nitrogen coupling 注:在0.05水平下用LSD方差分析(不同灌水方式單獨(dú)分析)。 Note:Analysis of variance of LSD at the 0.05 level(separate analysis is applied to different irrigation methods). 2.2 水氮耦合對(duì)番茄果實(shí)有機(jī)酸質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的影響 表3方差分析表明,固定隔溝灌,除了T1、T4差異性不顯著外,其余各處理均呈顯著性差異;F水=54.61,F(xiàn)氮=115.64,F(xiàn)(水×氮)=1.25,F(xiàn)0.05(1,8)=5.32,F(xiàn)氮>F水>F0.05,F(xiàn)(水×氮) 2.3 水氮耦合對(duì)番茄果實(shí)維生素C質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的影響 表3方差分析表明,固定隔溝灌,番茄維生素C質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)除了高水處理T1 和T2之間無明顯差異外,其余處理間均呈顯著性差異;F水=424.03,F(xiàn)氮=2.87,F(xiàn)(水×氮)=13.67,F(xiàn)0.05(1,8)=5.32,F(xiàn)水>F(水×氮)>F0.05,F(xiàn)氮 2.4 水氮耦合對(duì)番茄果實(shí)可溶性糖質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的影響 表3方差分析表明,固定隔溝灌,番茄可溶性糖質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)除了T3 外其余處理之間無明顯差異,F(xiàn)水=13.39,F(xiàn)氮=34.15,F(xiàn)(水×氮)=3.25,F(xiàn)0.05(1,8)=5.32,F(xiàn)氮>F水>F0.05,F(xiàn)(水×氮) 2.5 水氮耦合對(duì)番茄果實(shí)硝酸鹽質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的影響 表3方差分析表明,各處理之間呈顯著性差異。固定隔溝灌,F(xiàn)水=4 717.20,F(xiàn)氮=91.83,F(xiàn)(水×氮)=29.78,F(xiàn)0.05(1,8)=5.32,F(xiàn)水>F氮>F(水×氮)>F0.05;交替隔溝灌,F(xiàn)水=159.08,F(xiàn)氮=126.45,F(xiàn)(水×氮)=5.94,F(xiàn)0.05(1,8)=5.32,F(xiàn)水>F氮>F(水×氮)>F0.05;各因素對(duì)番茄硝酸鹽質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的影響程度的次序相同,水對(duì)番茄硝酸鹽質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的影響最顯著,氮次之,最后是水氮耦合。同一灌水水平降低施氮量和同一施氮水平增加灌水量均能顯著降低番茄硝酸鹽質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)。 由表2可知,番茄硝酸鹽質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)最大值為308.25 mg/kg,既小于無公害蔬菜硝酸鹽質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)要求[11],也小于蔬菜硝酸鹽衛(wèi)生評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[12]。2種灌溉方式相比,除了低水、低氮處理小于固定隔溝灌外,其余處理均高于固定隔溝灌;固定隔溝灌高水處理組番茄果實(shí)的硝酸鹽質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)最低且最小值為105.42 mg/kg,交替隔溝灌低氮處理降低了番茄果實(shí)硝酸鹽質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的積累,其最小值為226.35 mg/kg,比固定隔溝灌最小值高114.71%,固定隔溝灌有利于降低番茄果實(shí)硝酸鹽的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)。 水對(duì)有機(jī)酸、可溶性糖和維生素C、硝酸鹽質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的影響較顯著;氮對(duì)可溶性固形物、有機(jī)酸、可溶性糖質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)和硝酸鹽質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的影響較顯著;水氮耦合效應(yīng)對(duì)可溶性固形物和維生素C、硝酸鹽質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的影響較顯著。 固定隔溝灌,降低灌水量可顯著提高番茄的可溶性固形物、有機(jī)酸、可溶性糖和維生素C質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù);增加施氮量能顯著提高番茄的有機(jī)酸質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)。交替隔溝灌,增加施氮量可顯著提高番茄的可溶性固形物質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù);增加灌水量可顯著提高番茄的有機(jī)酸和維生素C質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)。2種灌水方式下,同一灌水水平降低施氮量和同一施氮水平增加灌水量均能顯著降低番茄的硝酸鹽質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)。交替隔溝灌更有利于提高番茄的可溶性糖質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),改善番茄果實(shí)風(fēng)味,降低硝酸鹽,提高番茄果實(shí)品質(zhì)。 Reference: [1] 王 亮,王慧芳,王春生.氣調(diào)指標(biāo)穗冬棗果實(shí)呼吸、相對(duì)電導(dǎo)率、葉綠素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)及果皮色澤的影響[J].果樹學(xué)報(bào),2007,24(4):487-491. 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(責(zé)任編輯:潘學(xué)燕 Responsible editor:PAN Xueyan) Coupling Effect of Water and Nitrogen on the Quality of Greenhouse Tomato under Furrow Irrigation WANG Xuemei1, CAO Hongxia2and HAN Hongliang1 (1.College of Water Resources Engineering, Yangling Vocational & Technical College, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, China;2.College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, China) The study was to explore the coupling effect of water and nitrogen on the quality of greenhouse tomato, eight treatments of three factors including irrigation methods, irrigation volume, and nitrogen application were set. The results showed that, under the fixed furrow irrigation, reducing the irrigation water could significantly improve the soluble solids, organic acid, soluble sugar mass fraction and vitamin C mass fraction of tomato; increasing nitrogen application could significantly improve the organic acid mass fraction of tomato. Under the alternate furrow irrigation, increasing irrigation water could significantly increase the organic acid mass fraction and vitamin C mass fraction of tomato. Reducing nitrogen or increasing irrigation water could significantly reduce the nitrate mass fraction of tomato. The alternate furrow irrigation was more advantageous to improve soluble sugar mass fraction, and to reduce nitrate mass fraction was more advantageous, and then improved fruit quality. Separate furrow irrigation; Water-nitrogen coupling; Quality; Greenhouse tomato 2016-02-28 Returned 2016-05-17 Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.QN2011022);Natural Science in Shaanxi Providence of China(No.2012JM3004);Scientific Research Projects of Public Welfare Industry of the Ministry of Water Resources(No.201001061) . WANG Xuemei, female, lecturer.Research area:theoretical study and teaching work of water saving irrigation. Email:xuemei0921@163.com 日期:2017-08-18 2016-02-28 2016-05-17 中央高?;究蒲袠I(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)專項(xiàng)資金(QN2011022); 陜西省自然科學(xué)基金(2012JM3004);水利部公益性行業(yè)科研專項(xiàng)(201001061)。 王雪梅,女,講師,主要從事節(jié)水灌溉理論研究與教學(xué)工作。E-mail:xuemei0921@163.com S275 A 1004-1389(2017)08-1197-05 網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址:http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/61.1220.S.20170818.0939.024.html3 結(jié) 論