閆東鋒,吳桂藏,郭丹丹,張振,楊喜田
(河南農(nóng)業(yè)大學林學院,450002,鄭州)
中度火干擾對林草地土壤理化特性的短期影響
閆東鋒,吳桂藏,郭丹丹,張振,楊喜田
(河南農(nóng)業(yè)大學林學院,450002,鄭州)
火干擾作為一種自然擾動現(xiàn)象,對土壤物理、化學、礦化和微生物等土壤性質(zhì)產(chǎn)生一定影響。在河南具茨山國家級森林公園過火林地和草地,進行土壤樣品 (0~5和5~10 cm土層) 采集,測定表征土壤滲透性和持水能力的指標,研究中度火干擾對不同土層土壤理化特性的短期影響。結(jié)果表明:中度火干擾造成草地和林地土壤表層(0~5 cm)的土壤密度、含水率和非毛管孔隙度顯著下降(P<0.05),但火燒前后,土壤5~10 cm層上述物理特性指標之間沒有顯著差異(P>0.05);火燒后草地和林地土壤表層(0~5 cm)有機C和全N顯著下降(P<0.05),而土壤pH、全P和全K顯著上升(P<0.05),相似的現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)在草地土壤5~10 cm層,火燒前后林地土壤5~10 cm層,各化學特性指標沒有顯著差異(P>0.05)?;馃共莸睾土值赝寥?~5 cm層的土壤初滲率、穩(wěn)滲率和平均入滲率均顯著上升(P<0.05),而對土壤5~10 cm層土壤各滲透特性指標沒有顯著影響(P>0.05);火燒使草地和林地土壤0~5 cm層土壤最大持水量和有效持水量均顯著下降(P<0.05),草地和林地最大持水量分別從未過火289.984和390.971 t/hm2,下降到258.072和342.386 t/hm2。該研究為開展火燒跡地植被恢復、水土保持和森林經(jīng)營管理措施的制定,提供科學依據(jù)。
草地; 林地; 土壤入滲; 土壤持水能力; 土壤化學; 具茨山; 河南
林火作為一種常見的自然現(xiàn)象,深刻影響著許多生態(tài)過程,尤其是森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育過程[1]?;馃诟淖冎脖换謴瓦M程的同時,還會深刻改變土壤物理、化學和微生物發(fā)育進程,火燒對土壤影響程度的強弱,也會受到火燒烈度[2]、土壤類型[3]、植被特征[4]、火燒后氣象因素[5]和土壤本身性質(zhì)等諸多因素的影響。研究表明,低強度的火燒對土壤理化特性的影響有限,而高強度的火燒會對土壤性質(zhì)產(chǎn)生負面影響[6],如土壤有機質(zhì)的流失[7],微生物數(shù)量下降和種類減少[8],土壤結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定性下降[9],土壤侵蝕和流失上升[10]等。土壤入滲是水分通過地表進入土壤的過程[11],影響著水分傳輸?shù)脑俜峙淠芰?、地表徑流和土壤侵蝕量[12];土壤持水能力是衡量土壤水源涵養(yǎng)功能和水土保持功能的重要指標[13]。由于林火會改變土壤結(jié)構(gòu),造成結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定性下降,進而可能會影響土壤滲透和持水能力;但是這種影響在不同的火燒烈度和土壤類型之間,也可能存在著一定的差異。
目前,關(guān)于火燒對土壤性質(zhì)的影響研究,集中在土壤有機C、N及其循環(huán)[14-15]、土壤有機質(zhì)[16]等土壤化學性質(zhì)、植被,以及土壤斥水性[17]、土壤侵蝕[12]和土壤微生物[18]等方面,而且由于生態(tài)過程的復雜性,研究結(jié)論往往并不一致。中等強度火干擾,對土壤諸多理化性質(zhì)和生態(tài)過程影響的研究相對較少[14],尤其是對土壤滲透特性的研究未見報道,火燒前后土壤滲透和持水能力的變化,尚不清楚。筆者以具茨山林地和草地火燒跡地為研究對象,通過開展野外土壤調(diào)查和室內(nèi)實驗,研究火燒前后土壤理化性質(zhì)、土壤滲透特性和土壤持水能力的變化,旨在為開展科學的林火管理和植被恢復實踐提供參考。
研究區(qū)具茨山國家級森林公園位于河南省新鄭市西南部(E 113°32′,N 34°21′),與禹州市和新密市接壤。該區(qū)屬伏牛山余脈,面積3 km2,海拔793 m,處于暖溫帶半濕潤半干旱地區(qū),多年平均氣溫為14.15 ℃。海拔較高地帶以草叢地為主,其他區(qū)域以落葉闊葉林地為主,以及部分常綠闊葉林和針闊混交林地。喬木建群種以黑松(Pinusthunbergii)、栓皮櫟(Quercusvariabilis)和側(cè)柏(Platycladusorientalis)為主。該區(qū)地處風口區(qū),人為活動十分頻繁,近年來多次發(fā)生強度不大的森林火災。
2.1 樣地設置和樣品采集
2011年10月,研究區(qū)發(fā)生了一次過火面積較大的森林火災,林木死亡株樹占總株樹的35%。根據(jù)火燒烈度的分級標準[19],判定此次火災為中度火干擾。與草地相比,過火及未過火林地坡度較大,立地條件較差,地被物覆蓋度和生物量較低,主要樹種側(cè)柏采用魚鱗坑方法栽植,平均樹高為3 m。2013年春季,在火燒跡地全面踏查的基礎(chǔ)上,對林地和草地選擇火燒后土壤和植被環(huán)境條件相似的地塊,開展野外土壤調(diào)查。分別選取面積為10 m×10 m過火草地樣地和20 m×20 m過火林地樣地各4個;同時,在過火樣地附近,選擇環(huán)境條件基本一致、數(shù)量相同的未過火樣地作為對照,樣地基本情況見表1。
表1 樣地基本情況表Tab.1 Basic conditions of plots
土壤調(diào)查是在樣地4角及中心選取5個樣點,挖土壤剖面,去除土壤表層植物、凋落物和腐殖質(zhì)后,用小環(huán)刀(容積100 cm3,高5.1 cm)分別取地表土壤(0~5 cm)以及地表下層(5~10 cm)原狀土樣各2份,密封后帶回實驗室,分別進行土壤滲透性能和土壤水分物理特性的測定。將取樣點各層土壤混合后,去除根系和石塊,取約1 kg混合土樣,裝入布袋帶回實驗室自然風干,用于土壤化學元素的測定。
2.2 樣品分析
土壤滲透特性測定采用雙環(huán)入滲法[20-21]。具體過程如下:將含有原狀土的環(huán)刀帶回室內(nèi),浸水24 h(浸水深度4.9 cm)后,在其上部密封接合一個相同規(guī)格的空環(huán)刀,并固定于漏斗架上,向上部空環(huán)刀內(nèi)注水,并保持4~5 cm水層高度,自滴下第1滴水開始計時,以后每隔3、5、10和15 min更換燒杯,并計量滲下的水量,試驗持續(xù)到穩(wěn)定入滲時為止,每更換一次燒杯,要將上面環(huán)刀水面加至原來高度。
根據(jù)單位時間滲透量,計算土壤初滲率(mm/min)、穩(wěn)滲率(mm/min)和平均入滲率(mm/min)。土壤初滲率為前6 min土壤平均入滲速率,穩(wěn)滲率為土壤入滲達到穩(wěn)定時的土壤入滲速率,平均入滲率為從入滲開始到穩(wěn)滲時的平均入滲速率。土壤持水能力采用土壤最大持水量和土壤有效持水量表征[23]。
Wt=10 000Pth。
式中:Wt為土壤最大持水量,t/hm2;Pt為總孔隙度,%;h為土層厚度,m。
Wa=10 000Pah。
式中:Wa為土壤有效持水量,t/hm2;Pa為非毛管孔隙度,%。
土壤物理和化學性質(zhì)測定方法[22]如下:采用環(huán)刀法分別測定土壤密度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度和總孔隙度;土壤含水率采用烘干法;土壤有機C采用高溫外加熱重鉻酸鉀氧化- 容量法;土壤全N采用硫酸- 過氧化氫凱氏定氮儀蒸餾滴定法;土壤pH值采用電位法測定;土壤全P采用酸溶- 鉬銻抗比色法;土壤全K的測定采用全鉀采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法。
2.3 數(shù)據(jù)處理
采用R軟件(https:∥cran.r-project.org/mirrors/,R version 3.3.1)平臺,對林地和草地分別進行統(tǒng)計分析。利用t.test函數(shù),分別對相同土層厚度、不同處理(過火及未過火),以及相同處理、不同土層厚度(0~5和5~10 cm)之間的土壤理化性質(zhì)指標,分別采用t檢驗,進行差異的顯著性檢驗。
3.1 中度火干擾對土壤理化特性的影響
火燒對土壤密度、土壤孔隙度和土壤含水率均造成了顯著影響(表2),但是火燒后林地和草地,不同土層、不同土壤理化特征指標變化趨勢并不一致。火燒均使林地和草地土壤表層(0~5 cm)土壤密度、土壤含水率和非毛管孔隙度顯著下降(P<0.05),火燒前后5~10 cm土壤上述指標沒有顯著差異(P>0.05)。說明火燒改變了土壤物理性質(zhì),但是這種改變主要集中在土壤表層;這是因為火燒時,土壤溫度隨土層厚度增加快速下降,對土壤物理性質(zhì)的影響有限。從火燒對表層(0~5 cm)土壤影響程度來看,火燒對林地土壤密度的影響(下降11.295%)大于對草地的影響(下降3.994%),對其他指標的影響差別不大。
表2 火干擾后林地、草地土壤物理性質(zhì)的變化(平均值±標準差)Tab.2 Changes of soil physical properties of woodland and grassland after fire disturbance (Mean±SD)
注:同列數(shù)據(jù)標不同小寫字母表示林地或草地相同處理、不同土層厚度各指標數(shù)值差異顯著;同列數(shù)據(jù)標不同大寫字母表示林地或草地相同土層厚度、不同處理火燒前后各指標數(shù)值差異顯著;P<0.05;下同。Note:Different small letters in the same column indicate the significant difference among index values between different soil depths in the same treatment of woodland or grassland.Different capital letters in the same column indicate the significant difference among index values between burned treatment and unburned treatment in the same soil depth of woodland or grassland.(P<0.05).The same below.
林地、草地火燒前后,土壤化學性質(zhì)均發(fā)生不同程度的變化(表3)。與火燒對土壤物理性質(zhì)的影響規(guī)律相似,火燒對林地土壤化學性質(zhì)的顯著影響主要表現(xiàn)在土壤表層(0~5 cm),林地土壤表層有機C和全N均顯著下降(P<0.05),土壤pH、全P和全K均顯著上升(P<0.05),而火燒對林地下層土壤(5~10 cm)沒有顯著的影響?;馃共莸赝寥辣韺?0~5 cm)有機C和全N均顯著下降(P<0.05),而土壤pH、全P和全K均顯著上升(P<0.05),且火燒除了對草地下層土壤(5~10 cm)全N沒有顯著影響外,對其他土壤化學性質(zhì)指標的影響與土壤表層(0~5 cm)相同,即產(chǎn)生了顯著的影響。說明火燒對草地土壤0~10 cm層土壤主要化學性質(zhì)指標,均造成了顯著影響,而對林地的影響主要集中在0~5 cm土層。
上述結(jié)果可能與研究區(qū)特殊的植被特征有關(guān),即林地和草地地表可燃物生物量存在顯著差異,對照草地平均地被物覆蓋度為81%,而對照林地平均地被物覆蓋度只有33%(表1)。據(jù)調(diào)查,對照草地可燃物的生物量(1.356 t/hm2)顯著高于對照林地(0.872 t/hm2)(P<0.05),且過火林分為密度不大的側(cè)柏幼齡林(平均樹高3 m),對林火燃燒的助推作用有限;因此,與林地相比,草地火燒持續(xù)時間長,可能會對表層土壤產(chǎn)生較為持久的影響。
表3 火干擾后林地、草地土壤化學性質(zhì)的變化(平均值±標準差)Tab.3 Changes of soil chemical properties of woodland and grassland after fire disturbance (Mean±SD)
3.2 中度火干擾對土壤滲透特性的影響
火燒前后,從草地和林地土壤表層(0~5和5~10 cm)的初滲率、穩(wěn)滲率和平均入滲率(表4)可知,草地和林地各土壤滲透特性指標在不同土層之間呈現(xiàn)相同的趨勢,即火燒造成了土壤0~5 cm層土壤初滲率、穩(wěn)滲率和平均入滲率顯著上升(P<0.05),如草地和林地平均入滲率分別從未過火的1.704和2.046 mm/min上升到1.883和2.448 mm/min,分別增加9.506%和16.422%,而火燒對土壤5~10 cm層土壤各滲透特性指標沒有顯著的影響(P>0.05)。說明與火干擾對土壤密度、含水率和土壤空隙特性的影響類似,火干擾對土壤滲透特性的影響,也主要集中在土壤0~5 cm土層。
表4 火干擾后林地、草地土壤滲透特性和持水能力的變化(平均值±標準差)Tab.4 Changes of soil infiltration properties and water storage capacities of woodland and grassland after fire disturbance (Mean±SD)
3.3 中度火干擾對土壤持水能力的影響
火燒對土壤持水能力的影響,與對土壤滲透特性的影響基本一致,即火燒對土壤持水能力的影響,主要體現(xiàn)在土壤表層(0~5 cm),而對土壤5~10 cm層的影響不明顯?;馃斐赏寥?~5 cm層土壤最大持水量和有效持水量顯著下降(P<0.05),草地和林地最大持水量分別從未過火的289.984和390.971 t/hm2下降到258.072和342.386 t/hm2,分別下降25.830%和24.625%。由于火燒,使得土壤孔隙度下降,進而造成土壤持水能力的下降,不利于水土保持和水源涵養(yǎng)功能的發(fā)揮。
火干擾不僅改變植被恢復的進程,還會影響土壤水分滲透和地表徑流過程,進而可能造成土壤侵蝕、退化和營養(yǎng)元素流失等現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生[22]?;馃龑ν寥赖挠绊懀诙虝r間內(nèi)表現(xiàn)的最為劇烈[14]。很多學者都選擇土壤表層開展研究工作,如E.L.Thomaz 等[8]選擇0~2.5和2.5~5 cm土層,開展火燒對土壤特性的影響研究。筆者選擇一個中度火燒水平的林火,重點研究火干擾對土壤特性的短期影響,且主要選取土壤0~10 cm層開展研究。其結(jié)果也證明,火燒對土壤的影響主要體現(xiàn)在土壤表層,發(fā)現(xiàn)火燒后,土壤表層(0~5 cm)土壤密度、含水率、非毛管孔隙度、總孔隙度、土壤滲透特性指標和土壤持水特性指標,均發(fā)生顯著變化,但火燒前后土壤5~10 cm層,上述土壤特性指標并沒有發(fā)生顯著變化。這主要是因為隨著土層厚度的增加,火燒造成土壤溫度上升的趨勢會迅速改變[23],特別是土壤較濕潤的地區(qū),火燒對土壤下層土壤的影響非常有限。火燒對土壤的影響會受很多因素的影響,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)火燒后,草地和林地土壤表層含水率和孔隙度顯著下降(P<0.05)。這與耿玉清等[24]關(guān)于北京西山油松林火燒后,土壤物理性質(zhì)的研究結(jié)果一致;但是與唐季林等[25]對云南松林火燒前后,土壤性質(zhì)的對比研究卻明顯不同,云南松林土壤火燒后,土壤總孔隙度卻在升高。筆者還發(fā)現(xiàn)火燒后,土壤密度顯著下降,這與唐季林等[25]的研究結(jié)果一致,卻與耿玉清等[24]的研究結(jié)果不同。
國內(nèi)外的相關(guān)研究結(jié)果[26-27]表明,火燒后土壤pH值一般呈上升趨勢,尤其是在高溫調(diào)節(jié)下(>450~500 ℃),這與筆者研究結(jié)果一致,主要原因可能是可燃物燃燒產(chǎn)生大量的CaCO3,CaCO3溶入水后,使得土壤呈弱堿性,造成pH值上升[28]。火燒對土壤的一個重要影響就是造成土壤有機C的流失,且有機C的恢復,需要在火燒跡地自然或人工植被恢復之后才開始。筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)火燒后,土壤有機C顯著下降。這與大多數(shù)的研究結(jié)果一致,如閆平等[29]對大興安嶺興安落葉松的研究等;但與H.A.Syman[5]的研究結(jié)論截然相反。土壤N在火燒后,極易揮發(fā),但是低強度的火燒可能對N素的影響不大,土壤全N在火燒后迅速下降,這與耿玉清等[25]的研究結(jié)果一致。
火燒后,草地和林地土壤表層的土壤初滲率、穩(wěn)滲率和平均入滲率等土壤滲透特性指標,均呈顯著上升趨勢,這與J.Neris等[30]研究結(jié)果一致;火燒還造成了草地和林地土壤0~5 cm層土壤最大持水量和有效持水量顯著下降?,F(xiàn)有研究[31]表明,火燒深刻影響著土壤有機C、結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定性和土壤密度,這些都會對土壤滲透和持水能力產(chǎn)生影響。筆者只進行了一次取樣,目的在于分析火燒前后土壤理化性質(zhì)的變化趨勢,而沒有對火燒跡地開展連續(xù)取樣,且分析指標有限;因此,無法準確描述火燒后土壤理化性質(zhì)變化進程及其影響因素,也是以后研究中需要改進的地方。
1)中度火干擾對土壤理化性質(zhì)的影響,主要集中在土壤表層(0~5 cm),使土壤表層土壤密度、含水率、非毛管孔隙度、有機C和全N顯著下降(P<0.05),而土壤pH、全P和全K均顯著上升(P<0.05),說明火干擾對土壤理化性質(zhì)產(chǎn)生顯著影響,可能會對火燒后植被恢復進程和水文過程產(chǎn)生影響。
2)火燒后,草地和林地土壤0~5 cm層土壤初滲率、穩(wěn)滲率和平均入滲率呈顯著上升(P<0.05)趨勢,而火燒對土壤5~10 cm層土壤各滲透特性指標,沒有顯著的影響(P>0.05);火燒造成草地和林地0~5 cm層土壤最大持水量和有效持水量顯著下降(P<0.05),而對土壤5~10 cm 層土壤最大持水量和有效持水量影響不明顯。在開展火燒跡地土壤水文研究或制訂水土流失防治措施時,應把土壤表層作為研究重點;同時,應該考慮火燒造成有機C和全N下降以及pH上升等趨勢,可能對植被恢復進程產(chǎn)生的影響。
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Short-term effects of moderate fire disturbance on soil physical and chemical characteristics of woodlands and grasslands
YAN Dongfeng,WU Guizang,GUO Dandan,ZHANG Zhen,YANG Xitian
(College of Forestry,Henan Agricultural University,450002,Zhengzhou,China)
[Background] Fire is recognized as a natural disturbance phenomenon that could significantly affect soil physical,chemical,mineralogical,and biological characteristics.The objective of this study is to evaluate the short-term effects of moderate fire disturbance on soil physical and chemical characteristics of woodlands and grasslands under different soil depths in Juci Mountain,Henan Province.[Methods]Soil samples from grasslands and woodlands at 0-5 and 5-10 cm soil depths of burned and unburned soil were collected by small circular knife,relative indices indicating soil infiltration and soil water storage capacity were determined via traditional methods such as the method of double-ring permeation.The short-term effects of moderate fire disturbance on soil infiltration and soil water storage capacity of woodlands and grasslands under different soil depths were studied by t test using t test function in R software.[Results] Results showed that moderate fire disturbance had a great influence on soil infiltration and water storage capacity.Compared to unburned soil,burned soil of both woodlands and grasslands exhibited a significant decrease in soil bulk density,soil water content and soil non-capillary porosity at soil top 5 cm layers (P<0.05),but no significant changes were observed of above soil properties between burned and unburned soil at 5-10 cm soil depth (P>0.05).A significant decrease in organic carbon and total nitrogen of burned soil and a significant increase in pH,total P and total K of burned soil than that of unburned soil of both grasslands and woodlands at 0-5 cm layer were noted (P<0.05),the similar discipline was found at 5-10 cm soil depth of grasslands.No significant changes of soil chemical characteristics were observed between burned and unburned soil of woodlands.Results showed that soil initial infiltration rate,stable infiltration rate and average soil infiltration rate at soil 0-5 cm soil depths of both grasslands and woodlands increased significantly after moderate fire disturbance (P<0.05),but no significant changes were observed at 5-10 cm soil depth (P>0.05).Soil maximal water storage capacity and soil non-capillary water storage capacity significantly decreased from 289.984 t/hm2and 390.971 t/hm2of unburned soil to 258.072 t/hm2and 342.386 t/hm2of burned soil (P<0.05),respectively,at 0-5 cm soil depth of grasslands and woodlands.[Conclusions]This study provides better understanding the influence of fire disturbance on the soil infiltration and water storage capacity,and suggests that a burned area is expected to have a faster infiltration rate and a lower water storage capacity than an unburned area especially in top 5 cm soil layer.More works should be done to improve the soil and water storage capacity in burned zone in Juci Mountain area.
grassland; woodland; soil infiltration; soil water storage capacity; soil chemical characteristics; Juci Mountain; Henan Province
2016-10-26
2017-03-28
項目名稱:河南省科技發(fā)展計劃項目“河南山區(qū)櫟類中幼齡林近自然撫育關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究”(172102110232);河南省高等學校重點科研項目“碳分布格局對櫟類天然次生林近自然森林撫育的響應”(17B220001);河南省林業(yè)廳技術(shù)招標項目“河南省山區(qū)森林撫育技術(shù)研究”(201402);河南省高等學校青年骨干教師資助計劃“撫育間伐對次生櫟林碳周轉(zhuǎn)的影響及其生態(tài)模擬”(2014GGJS- 036)
閆東鋒(1979—),男,博士,副教授。主要研究方向:數(shù)量生態(tài)學與森林經(jīng)理學。E-mail:yandongfeng2002@126.com
S157
A
2096-2673(2017)04-0096-08
10.16843/j.sswc.2017.04.012