馬黨捐,康彥智,韋明炯,劉雨峰
·適宜技能·
高壓氧治療重型顱腦損傷的臨床效果
馬黨捐,康彥智,韋明炯,劉雨峰
目的 觀察高壓氧治療重型顱腦損傷的臨床效果。方法 選取2012—2015年陜西省第二人民醫(yī)院收治的重型顱腦損傷患者146例,其中失訪29例,實際納入患者117例,采用隨機數(shù)字表法分為對照組53例與觀察組64例。對照組患者予以常規(guī)治療,觀察組患者在對照組基礎(chǔ)上予以高壓氧治療;兩組患者均連續(xù)治療8周。比較兩組患者治療前后血腫面積、Loewenstein認(rèn)知評定量表(LOTCA)評分。結(jié)果 治療前兩組中腦挫裂傷、硬膜外出血、硬膜下出血、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者血腫面積比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);治療后觀察組中腦挫裂傷、硬膜下出血、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者血腫面積小于對照組中腦挫裂傷、硬膜下出血、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者(P<0.05),但兩組中硬膜外出血患者血腫面積比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。治療前兩組患者定向評分、知覺評分、視組織運動評分、思維運作評分、注意與集中評分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);治療后觀察組患者定向評分、知覺評分、視組織運動評分、思維運作評分、注意與集中評分高于對照組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 高壓氧治療重型顱腦損傷的臨床效果確切,可有效縮小血腫面積,改善患者認(rèn)知功能。
顱腦損傷;高壓氧;計算機斷層掃描;治療結(jié)果
馬黨捐,康彥智,韋明炯,等.高壓氧治療重型顱腦損傷的臨床效果[J].實用心腦肺血管病雜志,2017,25(7):74-77.[www.syxnf.net]
MA D J,KANG Y Z,WEI M J,et al.Clinical effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on severe craniocerebral injury[J].Practical Journal of Cardiac Cerebral Pneumal and Vascular Disease,2017,25(7):74-77.
顱腦損傷是指因暴力直接或間接作用于頭部引起的腦組織損傷,其中腦損傷后昏迷>6 h或再次昏迷者為重型顱腦損傷,臨床表現(xiàn)為意識障礙、頭痛、惡心、嘔吐、癲癇發(fā)作、肢體癱瘓、感覺障礙、失語及偏盲等。近年來,隨著交通、運輸業(yè)的發(fā)展,顱腦損傷發(fā)生率呈逐年上升趨勢,嚴(yán)重影響人們的生命健康和生活質(zhì)量。
高壓氧可有效改善重型顱腦損傷患者臨床癥狀,減輕患者腦水腫,促進昏迷患者清醒,具有較好的臨床效果[1-2]。計算機斷層掃描(CT)具有掃描時間快、圖像清晰等特點,是臨床常用的影像學(xué)檢測方法[3-5]。本研究旨在探討高壓氧治療重型顱腦損傷患者的臨床效果,現(xiàn)報道如下。
1.1 一般資料 選取2012—2015年陜西省第二人民醫(yī)院收治的重型顱腦損傷患者146例,其中失訪29例,本研究實際納入患者117例,經(jīng)顱腦CT或磁共振成像(MRI)檢查確診。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)有明確創(chuàng)傷史;(2)格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)評分3~8分;(3)病程<1個月。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)存在嚴(yán)重多發(fā)傷者;(2)存在心、肺、肝、腎等重要臟器功能不全者;(3)昏迷時間<6 h或GCS評分>8分者;(4)臨床明確診斷為植物狀態(tài)者;(5)存在高壓氧治療禁忌證者。采用隨機數(shù)字表法將所有患者分為對照組53例與觀察組64例。兩組患者性別、年齡、損傷類型比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見表1),具有可比性。本研究經(jīng)陜西省第二人民醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會審核批準(zhǔn),患者家屬均簽署知情同意書。
1.2 方法 對照組患者予以常規(guī)治療,包括護腦、脫水、降顱壓、抗感染以及對癥處理等。觀察組患者在對照組基礎(chǔ)上予以高壓氧治療,儀器為YC3200型空氣加壓艙,治療期間壓力維持0.2 MPa,升壓15~20 min,穩(wěn)壓70~80 min,減壓20~25 min,1次/d,4周為1個療程;對意識障礙患者予以頭罩直接供氧,意識清醒且能配合治療患者采用面罩吸氧。兩組患者均連續(xù)治療8周。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo) (1)血腫面積:兩組患者治療前后采用西門子SomotonBR 3型CT儀進行掃描,電壓設(shè)定為125 kV,電流設(shè)定為350 mA,層厚設(shè)定為8 mm,間距設(shè)定為8~10 mm;檢查結(jié)果由放射科醫(yī)師集體讀片后寫出報告。(2)Loewenstein認(rèn)知評定量表(LOTCA)評分:治療前后采用LOTCA評估兩組患者認(rèn)知功能,包括定向、知覺、視組織運動、思維運作、注意與集中5方面,LOTCA評分越高表明患者認(rèn)知功能越好。
表1 兩組患者一般資料比較
注:a為t值
2.1 血腫面積 治療前兩組中腦挫裂傷、硬膜外出血、硬膜下出血、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者血腫面積比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);治療后觀察組中腦挫裂傷、硬膜下出血、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者血腫面積分別小于對照組中腦挫裂傷、硬膜下出血、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),但兩組中硬膜外出血患者血腫面積比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見表2)。
2.2 LOTCA評分 治療前兩組患者定向評分、知覺評分、視組織運動評分、思維運作評分、注意與集中評分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);治療后觀察組患者定向評分、知覺評分、視組織運動評分、思維運作評分、注意與集中評分高于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見表3)。
表2 兩組不同類型顱腦損傷患者治療前后血腫面積比較
表3 兩組患者治療前后LOTCA評分比較分)
重型顱腦損傷是臨床常見的急危重癥,其會影響血-腦脊液屏障功能導(dǎo)致顱內(nèi)壓升高,造成腦水腫、壞死,進而引發(fā)微循環(huán)障礙、腦組織缺血缺氧,且隨著病情進展可能發(fā)生腦疝,嚴(yán)重威脅患者的生命安全[6-7]。因此,及時、有效地糾正重型顱腦損傷患者腦組織缺血、缺氧可預(yù)防腦組織出現(xiàn)不可逆損傷。
研究表明,高壓氧治療重型顱腦損傷的臨床效果較好[8-10]。高壓氧治療可通過提高重型顱腦損傷患者血氧張力及血氧含量、增加有效彌散距離而改善缺血、缺氧腦組織供血及微循環(huán),促進毛細(xì)血管再生和側(cè)支循環(huán)形成,進而發(fā)揮保護病灶區(qū)及周圍神經(jīng)元的作用[11];同時,重型顱腦損傷患者早期予以高壓氧治療,一方面可通過收縮腦血管、增強血管阻力、降低血管通透性而減輕腦水腫,另一方面可通過提高血液、腦組織及腦脊液氧分壓而降低顱內(nèi)壓,從而切斷腦缺氧-腦水腫-代謝障礙惡性循環(huán),最大限度地促進腦組織功能恢復(fù);高壓氧治療還能促進重型顱腦損傷患者腦神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞釋放,從而加速腦功能重組[12-16]。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,治療后觀察組中腦挫裂傷、硬膜下出血、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者的血腫面積小于對照組中腦失傳裂傷、硬膜下出血、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者,但兩組中硬膜外出血患者的血腫面積間無差異,提示高壓氧治療可減少重型顱腦損傷患者的血腫面積。本研究利用CT對重型顱腦損傷患者高壓氧治療前后血腫面積進行評估,對早期診斷和提高重型顱腦損傷患者預(yù)后具有重要意義;且由于CT檢查具有準(zhǔn)確率較高、操作方便快捷等優(yōu)點,故CT檢查可能在診斷和評估重型顱腦損傷方面具有廣泛應(yīng)用前景。本研究結(jié)果還顯示,觀察組患者定向評分、知覺評分、視組織運動評分、思維運作評分、注意與集中評分高于對照組,與相關(guān)研究結(jié)果一致[17-18],提示高壓氧治療可改善重型顱腦損傷患者的認(rèn)知功能。
綜上所述,高壓氧治療重型顱腦損傷的臨床效果確切,可有效縮小血腫面積,改善患者認(rèn)知功能,值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。但本研究樣本量較小,觀察指標(biāo)較少,結(jié)果結(jié)論仍有待擴大樣本量、增加觀察指標(biāo)等進一步研究證實。
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(本文編輯:李潔晨)
Clinical Effect of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Severe Craniocerebral Injury
MADang-juan,KANGYan-zhi,WEIMing-jiong,LIUYu-feng
DepartmentofImageology,theSecondPeople′sHospitalofShaanxiProvince,Xi′an710005,ChinaCorrespondingauthor:LIUYu-feng,E-mail:511388645@qq.com
Objective The observe the clinical effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on severe craniocerebral injury.Methods A total of 146 patients with severe craniocerebral injury were selected in the Second People′s Hospital of Shaanxi Province from 2012 to 2015,thereinto 29 cases lost to follow-up,thus 117 cases enrolled into this study eventually,and they were divided into control group(n=53)and observation group(n=64)according to random number table.Patients of control group
conventional treatment,while patients of observation group received hyperbaric oxygen therapy based on conventional treatment;both groups continuously treated for 8 weeks.Hematoma area and LOTCA score were compared between the two groups before and after treatment.Results No statistically significant differences of hematoma area in patients with cerebral contusion and laceration,with extradural hemorrhage,with subdural hemorrhage or with subarachnoid hemorrhage between the groups before treatment(P>0.05);after treatment,hematoma area in patients with cerebral contusion and laceration,with subdural hemorrhage and with subarachnoid hemorrhage of observation group was statistically significantly smaller than that in patients with cerebral contusion and laceration,with subdural hemorrhage and with subarachnoid hemorrhage of control group(P<0.05),while no statistically significant differences of hematoma area in patients with extradural hemorrhage was found between the two groups(P>0.05).No statistically significant differences of orientation score,consciousness score,eyesight tissue movement score,mental operation score,attention and concentration score was found between the two groups before treatment(P>0.05),while orientation score,consciousness score,eyesight tissue movement score,mental operation score,attention and concentration score of observation group were statistically significantly higher than those of control group after treatment(P<0.05).Conclusion Hyperbaric oxygen therapy has certain clinical effect in treating severe craniocerebral injury,can effectively shrink the hematoma area and improve the cognitive function.
Craniocerebral trauma;Hyperbaric oxygenation;Computed tomography scan;Treatment outcome
劉雨峰,E-mail:511388645@qq.com
R 651
B
10.3969/j.issn.1008-5971.2017.07.017
2017-03-18;
2017-07-14)
710005陜西省西安市,陜西省第二人民醫(yī)院影像科