易智婷,王建春
·論著·
血管外肺水指數(shù)及肺血管通透性指數(shù)對(duì)重癥急性呼吸窘迫綜合征患者預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值研究
易智婷1,王建春2
目的 探討血管外肺水指數(shù)(EVLWI)及肺血管通透性指數(shù)(PVPI)對(duì)重癥急性呼吸窘迫綜合征(ARDS)患者預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。方法 選取2014年3月—2016年3月湖北省鄂東醫(yī)療集團(tuán)黃石市中心醫(yī)院(湖北理工學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院)收治的重癥ARDS患者31例,根據(jù)預(yù)后分為存活組14例與死亡組17例。兩組患者入院后均予以常規(guī)治療,治療期間監(jiān)測(cè)患者生命體征。比較兩組患者治療前及治療24 h、48 h、72 h EVLWI、PVPI、氧合指數(shù),比較治療72 h不同EVLWI或PVPI患者急性生理學(xué)與慢性健康狀況評(píng)分系統(tǒng)Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)評(píng)分、感染相關(guān)器官功能衰竭評(píng)分系統(tǒng)(SOFA)評(píng)分、氧合指數(shù);EVLWI和PVPI與重癥ARDS患者氧合指數(shù)的相關(guān)性分析采用Pearson相關(guān)性分析,采用四格表評(píng)估EVLWI和PVPI對(duì)重癥ARDS患者預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。結(jié)果 時(shí)間與方法在EVLWI、PVPI、氧合指數(shù)上無(wú)交互作用(P>0.05);時(shí)間在EVLWI、PVPI、氧合指數(shù)上主效應(yīng)不顯著(P>0.05);方法在EVLWI、PVPI、氧合指數(shù)上主效應(yīng)顯著(P<0.05);治療48 h、72 h存活組患者EVLWI、PVPI低于死亡組,氧合指數(shù)高于死亡組(P<0.05)。Pearson相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果顯示,EVLWI和PVPI與重癥ARDS患者氧合指數(shù)呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r值分別為-0.772、-0.691,P<0.05)。治療72 h,EVLWI≥10 ml/kg和PVPI≥3患者APACHEⅡ評(píng)分、SOFA評(píng)分分別高于EVLWI<10 ml/kg和PVPI<3患者,氧合指數(shù)分別低于EVLWI<10 ml/kg和PVPI<3患者(P<0.05)。以10 ml/kg為臨界值,EVLWI預(yù)測(cè)重癥ARDS患者預(yù)后的靈敏度為88.2%,特異度為100.0%,陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值為100.0%,陰性預(yù)測(cè)值為87.5%,符合率為93.5%;以3為臨界值,PVPI預(yù)測(cè)重癥ARDS患者預(yù)后的靈敏度為76.5%,特異度為100.0%,陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值為100.0%,陰性預(yù)測(cè)值為77.8%,符合率為87.1%。結(jié)論 EVLWI和PVPI與重癥ARDS患者氧合指數(shù)呈負(fù)相關(guān),二者對(duì)重癥ARDS患者預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值均較高。
呼吸窘迫綜合征,成人;血管外肺水指數(shù);肺血管通透性指數(shù);預(yù)后
易智婷,王建春.血管外肺水指數(shù)及肺血管通透性指數(shù)對(duì)重癥急性呼吸窘迫綜合征患者預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值研究[J].實(shí)用心腦肺血管病雜志,2017,25(7):36-40.[www.syxnf.net]
YI Z T,WANG J C.Predictive value of extravascular lung water index and pulmonary vascular permeability index on prognosis in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome[J].Practical Journal of Cardiac Cerebral Pneumal and Vascular Disease,2017,25(7):36-40.
急性呼吸窘迫綜合征(ARDS)是指由嚴(yán)重感染、休克、創(chuàng)傷、燒傷、膿毒血癥等原因引起彌漫性肺損傷、肺泡萎陷、肺通氣不足的以頑固性低氧血癥、呼吸衰竭為主要特征的臨床綜合征,起病急驟,病死率較高,可嚴(yán)重影響患者的生命安全[1]。因此,早期診斷和治療ARDS具有重要的臨床意義。
目前,國(guó)內(nèi)外關(guān)于ARDS的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)較多[2-4],但尚無(wú)評(píng)估患者預(yù)后的確切指標(biāo)。研究表明,急性生理學(xué)與慢性健康狀況評(píng)分系統(tǒng)Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)、感染相關(guān)器官功能衰竭評(píng)分系統(tǒng)(SOFA)及氧合指數(shù)可在一定程度上評(píng)估ARDS患者預(yù)后,但預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值不高[5]。近年來(lái),隨著醫(yī)療技術(shù)的發(fā)展,脈搏指示連續(xù)心排血量(PiCCO)監(jiān)測(cè)儀在重癥醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域得到了廣泛應(yīng)用,其監(jiān)測(cè)的血管外肺水指數(shù)(EVLWI)和肺血管通透性指數(shù)(PVPI)可較好地反映ARDS患者血管外肺水量及肺泡毛細(xì)血管通透性[6-7]。本研究旨在探討EVLWI及PVPI對(duì)重癥ARDS患者預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1.1 一般資料 選取2014年3月—2016年3月湖北省鄂東醫(yī)療集團(tuán)黃石市中心醫(yī)院(湖北理工學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院)收治的重癥ARDS患者31例,均符合2012年歐洲柏林會(huì)議制定的ARDS診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[3],且患者氧合指數(shù)≤100 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa);其中膿毒血癥11例,有機(jī)磷中毒7例,交通事故多發(fā)傷5例,肺部感染3例,急性重癥胰腺炎2例,急性化膿性膽囊炎2例,胃腸道術(shù)后1例。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)存在血流動(dòng)力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定者;(2)入院72 h內(nèi)死亡者。根據(jù)預(yù)后將所有患者分為存活組14例與死亡組17例。兩組患者性別、年齡、氧合指數(shù)、APACHEⅡ評(píng)分、SOFA評(píng)分、心率、血壓比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見(jiàn)表1),具有可比性。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)審核批準(zhǔn),患者及其家屬均簽署知情同意書。
1.2 方法 兩組患者入院后均予以常規(guī)治療,包括循環(huán)支持、機(jī)械通氣(保護(hù)性通氣策略)、全身營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持及予以肺血管擴(kuò)張劑、糖皮質(zhì)激素等藥物治療;且治療期間采用美國(guó)GE公司生產(chǎn)的M70型心電監(jiān)護(hù)儀監(jiān)測(cè)患者生命體征。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo) 比較兩組患者治療前后EVLWI、PVPI、氧合指數(shù),治療72 h不同EVLWI、PVPI患者APACHEⅡ評(píng)分、SOFA評(píng)分[8]、氧合指數(shù),并分析EVLWI、PVPI對(duì)重癥ARDS患者預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。(1)患者均經(jīng)鎖骨下靜脈留置,靜脈導(dǎo)管(購(gòu)自美國(guó)Arrow公司),后于股動(dòng)脈放置PiCCO動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管(購(gòu)自德國(guó) Pulsion公司),并連接PiCCO監(jiān)測(cè)儀(PULSION PiCCO Plus生產(chǎn),德國(guó));分別于治療前及治療24 h、48 h、72 h經(jīng)肺熱稀釋法測(cè)量EVLWI和PVPI,測(cè)量同時(shí)自鎖骨下靜脈或頸內(nèi)靜脈導(dǎo)管快速均勻注入(<7 s)8 ℃ 0.9%氯化鈉溶液15 ml,連續(xù)測(cè)量2次取平均值。(2)分別采集患者治療前及治療24 h、48 h、72 h橈動(dòng)脈血2 ml,采用德國(guó)ABL90型血?dú)夥治鰞x檢測(cè)動(dòng)脈血氧分壓(PaO2)、吸入氧濃度(FiO2),并計(jì)算氧合指數(shù)。(3)采用APACHEⅡ評(píng)估所有患者病情嚴(yán)重程度,包括急性生理評(píng)分、年齡評(píng)分及慢性健康評(píng)分,APACHEⅡ評(píng)分越高表明病情越嚴(yán)重。(4)采用SOFA評(píng)估患者預(yù)后,SOFA評(píng)分越高表明患者預(yù)后越差。
2.1 兩組患者治療前后EVLWI、PVPI、氧合指數(shù)比較 時(shí)間與方法在EVLWI、PVPI、氧合指數(shù)上無(wú)交互作用(P>0.05);時(shí)間在EVLWI、PVPI、氧合指數(shù)上主效應(yīng)不顯著(P>0.05);方法在EVLWI、PVPI、氧合指數(shù)上主效應(yīng)顯著(P<0.05);治療48 h、72 h存活組患者EVLWI、PVPI低于死亡組,氧合指數(shù)高于死亡組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見(jiàn)表2)。
2.2 相關(guān)性分析 Pearson相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果顯示,EVLWI和PVPI與重癥ARDS患者氧合指數(shù)呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r值分別為-0.772、-0.691,P<0.05)。
2.3 治療72 h不同EVLWI和PVPI患者APACHEⅡ評(píng)分、SOFA評(píng)分、氧合指數(shù)比較 治療72 h,EVLWI≥10 ml/kg和PVPI≥3患者APACHEⅡ評(píng)分、SOFA評(píng)分分別高于EVLWI<10 ml/kg和PVPI<3患者,氧合指數(shù)分別低于EVLWI<10 ml/kg和PVPI<3患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見(jiàn)表3~4)。
2.4 EVLWI與PVPI對(duì)重癥ARDS患者預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值 以10 ml/kg為臨界值,EVLWI預(yù)測(cè)重癥ARDS患者預(yù)后的靈敏度為88.2%,特異度為100.0%,陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值為100.0%,陰性預(yù)測(cè)值為87.5%,符合率為93.5%(見(jiàn)表5);以3為臨界值,PVPI預(yù)測(cè)重癥ARDS患者預(yù)后的靈敏度為76.5%,特異度為100.0%,陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值為100.0%,陰性預(yù)測(cè)值為77.8%,符合率為87.1%(見(jiàn)表6)。
Table 3 Comparison of APACHEⅡ score,SOFA score and OI in patients with different EVLWI after 72 hours of treatment
組別例數(shù)APACHEⅡ評(píng)分(分)SOFA評(píng)分(分)氧合指數(shù)(mmHg)EVLWI≥10ml/kg1528.1±17.612.8±6.3 93.7±19.1 EVLWI<10ml/kg1616.4±10.9 8.0±4.3 137.4±29.8t值2.2642.4614.834P值<0.05<0.05<0.05
Table 4 Comparison of APACHEⅡ score,SOFA score and OI in patients with different PVPI after 72 hours of treatment
組別例數(shù)APACHEⅡ評(píng)分(分)SOFA評(píng)分(分)氧合指數(shù)(mmHg)PVPI≥31328.7±15.513.2±5.8 91.2±20.8 PVPI<31817.2±10.6 8.9±3.8 134.9±31.6t值2.4622.5134.351P值<0.05<0.05<0.05
表1 兩組患者一般資料比較
注:a為χ2值;APACHEⅡ=急性生理學(xué)與慢性健康狀況評(píng)分系統(tǒng)Ⅱ,SOFA=感染相關(guān)器官功能衰竭評(píng)分系統(tǒng)
表2 兩組患者治療前后EVLWI、PVPI、氧合指數(shù)比較
注:與死亡組比較,aP<0.05;EVLWI=血管外肺水指數(shù),PVPI=肺血管通透性指數(shù)
表5 EVLWI對(duì)重癥ARDS患者預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值(例)
Table 5 Predictive value of EVLWI on prognosis in patients with severe ARDS
EVLWI(ml/kg)預(yù)后死亡存活≥1015 0 <10 2 14
表6 PVPI對(duì)重癥ARDS患者預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值(例)
Table 6 Predictive value of PVPI on prognosis in patients with severe ARDS
PVPI(%)預(yù)后死亡存活≥313 0 <3 4 14
ARDS是以肺泡上皮細(xì)胞及毛細(xì)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷導(dǎo)致肺水腫及彌漫性肺間質(zhì)炎癥為病理特征的臨床綜合征,臨床表現(xiàn)為呼吸窘迫和持續(xù)低氧血癥[9]。目前,臨床常采用肺泡灌洗液蛋白含量與血清蛋白比值、EVLWI等指標(biāo)反映肺毛細(xì)血管通透性[10-11]。PiCCO監(jiān)測(cè)儀是通過(guò)中心導(dǎo)管注入冷指示劑(0~8 ℃的0.9%氯化鈉溶液15 ml),經(jīng)體循環(huán)、肺循環(huán)再到達(dá)導(dǎo)管探頭末端,采用熱稀釋法計(jì)算兩導(dǎo)管溫度探頭測(cè)得的溫度差并輸入PiCCO監(jiān)測(cè)儀后得出多項(xiàng)具有臨床意義的指標(biāo)。近年來(lái),隨著PiCCO監(jiān)測(cè)儀的發(fā)展,其可通過(guò)檢測(cè)EVLWI與PVPI而提高對(duì)重癥ARDS患者預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值[12]。
血管外肺水(EVLW)是分布于肺血管外的液體,由細(xì)胞內(nèi)液、細(xì)胞外液及肺間質(zhì)液組成,正常人約400 ml[13];其可客觀反映肺損傷程度[14];肺毛細(xì)血管內(nèi)靜水壓、肺間質(zhì)靜水壓、肺毛細(xì)血管內(nèi)膠體滲透壓和肺間質(zhì)膠體滲透壓均可引起EVLWI變化,當(dāng)EVLWI≥10 ml/kg時(shí)提示發(fā)生嚴(yán)重肺水腫[5,15]。PVPI可以客觀反映肺泡毛細(xì)血管通透性,其正常值為1~3,對(duì)ARDS患者病情評(píng)估具有重要意義[16]。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,治療48 h、72 h存活組患者EVLWI、PVPI低于死亡組,氧合指數(shù)高于死亡組,提示治療后存活重癥ARDS患者的EVLWI、PVPI較低,氧合指數(shù)較高。本研究結(jié)果顯示,EVLWI和PVPI與氧合指數(shù)呈負(fù)相關(guān),提示EVLWI和PVPI與氧合指數(shù)有關(guān),且氧合指數(shù)是評(píng)估ARDS患者病情的重要指標(biāo),故EVLWI和PVPI對(duì)患者預(yù)后可能具有評(píng)估價(jià)值。既往研究表明,以10 ml/kg為臨界值時(shí),EVLWI預(yù)測(cè)ARDS患者預(yù)后的靈敏度為67.00%,特異度為65.00%[17];3為臨界值時(shí),PVPI預(yù)測(cè)ARDS患者預(yù)后的靈敏度為85%,特異度為100%[18]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,治療72 h,EVLWI≥10 ml/kg和PVPI≥3患者APACHEⅡ評(píng)分、SOFA評(píng)分分別高于EVLWI<10 ml/kg患者,氧合指數(shù)低于EVLWI<10 ml/kg和PVPI<3患者;以10ml/kg為臨界值時(shí),EVLWI預(yù)測(cè)重癥ARDS患者預(yù)后的靈敏度為88.2%,特異度為100.0%,陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值為100.0%,陰性預(yù)測(cè)值為87.5%,符合率為93.5%;以3為臨界值時(shí)PVPI預(yù)測(cè)重癥ARDS患者預(yù)后的靈敏度為76.5%,特異度為100.0%,陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值為100.0%,陰性預(yù)測(cè)值為77.8%,符合率為87.1%,與既往研究報(bào)道一致[19],提示EVLWI和PVPI對(duì)重癥ARDS患者預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值較高。
綜上所述,EVLWI和PVPI與重癥ARDS患者氧合指數(shù)呈負(fù)相關(guān),二者對(duì)重癥ARDS患者預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值均較高,臨床可通過(guò)動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)EVLWI和PVPI而評(píng)估重癥ARDS患者預(yù)后,繼而指導(dǎo)治療。但本研究樣本量較小,EVLW與PVPI測(cè)定依賴于溫度稀釋技術(shù),可能造成導(dǎo)管相關(guān)性感染等,且嚴(yán)重靜脈壓增高及全身炎性反應(yīng)均會(huì)影響PVPI,有待擴(kuò)大樣本量并密切結(jié)合臨床及其他監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo)進(jìn)一步研究。
作者貢獻(xiàn):易智婷進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)施、資料收集整理、撰寫論文、成文并對(duì)文章負(fù)責(zé),并進(jìn)行質(zhì)量控制及審校;王建春進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)實(shí)施、評(píng)估、資料收集。
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(本文編輯:李潔晨)
Predictive Value of Extravascular Lung Water Index and Pulmonary Vascular Permeability Index on Prognosis in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
YIZhi-ting1,WANGJian-chun2
1.DepartmentofRespiratoryMedicine,HuangshiCentralHospitalofEdongMedicalGroupofHubeiProvince(theAffiliatedHospitalofHubeiPolytechnicUniversity),Huangshi435005,China2.DepartmentofPhysicalExamination,AikangHospitalofHuangshi,Huangshi435000,ChinaCorrespondingauthor:WANGJian-chun,E-mail:jian914@163.com
Objective To evaluate the predictive value of extravascular lung water index(EVLWI)and pulmonary vascular permeability index(PVPI)on prognosis in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).Methods A total of 31 patients with severe ARDS were selected in Huangshi Central Hospital of Edong Medical Group of Hubei Province(the Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University)from March 2014 to March 2016,and they were divided into survival group(n=14)and death group(n=17)according to the prognosis.Patients of the two groups
conventional treatment after admission,and vital signs were monitored during the treatment.EVLWI,PVPI and OI were compared between the two groups before treatment,after 24 hours,48 hours and 72 hours of treatment,APACHEⅡ score,SOFA score and OI were compared in patients with different EVLWI or PVPI after 72 hours of treatment;Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlations of EVLWI and PVPI with OI of patients with severe ARDS,and four-fold table was used to evaluate the predictive value of EVLWI and PVPI on prognisis in patients with severe ARDS.Results There was no interaction between time and method in EVLWI,PVPI or OI(P>0.05);main effect of time was not significant in EVLWI,PVPI or OI(P>0.05),while main effect of method was significant in EVLWI,PVPI and OI(P<0.05);after 48 hours and 72 hours of treatment,EVLWI and PVPI of survival group were statistically significantly lower than those of death group,while OI of survival group was statistically significantly higher than that of death group,respectively(P<0.05).Pearson correlation analysis results showed that,EVLWI(r=-0.772)and PVPI(r=-0.691)was negatively correlated with OI of patients with severe ARDS,respectively(P<0.05).After 72 hours of treatment,APACHEⅡ score and SOFA score of patients with EVLWI equal or over 10 ml/kg,with PVPI equal or over 3 were statistically significantly higher than those of patients wiht EVLWI less than 10 ml/kg,with PVPI less than 3,while OI of patients with EVLWI equal or over 10 ml/kg,with PVPI equal or over 3 was statistically significantly lower than that of patients wiht EVLWI less than 10 ml/kg,with PVPI less than 3(P<0.05).Taking 10 ml/kg as critical value,the sensitivity of EVLWI in predicting prognosis in patients with severe ARDS was 88.2%,the specificity was 100.0%,the positive predictive value was 100.0%,the negative predictive value was 87.5%,the coincidence rate was 93.5%;taking 3 as critical value,the sensitivity of PVPI in predicting prognosis in patients with severe ARDS was 76.5%,the specificity was 100.0%,the positive predictive value was 100.0%,the negative predictive value was 77.8%,the coincidence rate was 87.1%.Conclusion EVLWI and PVPI are negatively correlated with OI of patients with severe ARDS,both them has significantly high predictive value on prognisis in patients with severe ARDS.
Respiratory distress syndrome,adult;Extravascular lung water index;Pulmonary vascular permeability index;Prognosis
王建春,E-mail:jian914@163.com
R 563.8
A
10.3969/j.issn.1008-5971.2017.07.009
2017-04-02;
2017-07-07)
1.435005湖北省黃石市,湖北省鄂東醫(yī)療集團(tuán)黃石市中心醫(yī)院(湖北理工學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院)呼吸內(nèi)科
2.435000湖北省黃石市愛(ài)康醫(yī)院體檢科