譚 平,羅湘貴,許新華
(1.湖南機(jī)電職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院,中國(guó) 長(zhǎng)沙 410151;2.湖南省機(jī)械研究所,中國(guó) 長(zhǎng)沙 410116;3.湖南大學(xué)化學(xué)化工學(xué)院,中國(guó) 長(zhǎng)沙 410082)
銫催化高立體、區(qū)域選擇性制備硫(硒)代替加氟烯烴
譚 平1,羅湘貴2,許新華3**
(1.湖南機(jī)電職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院,中國(guó) 長(zhǎng)沙 410151;2.湖南省機(jī)械研究所,中國(guó) 長(zhǎng)沙 410116;3.湖南大學(xué)化學(xué)化工學(xué)院,中國(guó) 長(zhǎng)沙 410082)
以替加氟和3-對(duì)甲苯磺?;矠樵?,制備出替加氟炔烴化合物,繼而以廉價(jià)的氫氧化銫作為催化劑,催化替加氟炔烴和二芳基二硫(硒)醚反應(yīng),高立體、區(qū)域選擇性制備硫(硒)代替加氟烯烴.該方法具有環(huán)境友好,產(chǎn)率高,反應(yīng)條件溫和,立體、區(qū)域選擇性高等優(yōu)點(diǎn),為硫(硒)代替加氟烯烴的制備提供了一個(gè)新方法.該類硫(硒)代替加氟烯烴化合物有望成為一種有效的抗腫瘤藥物.
氫氧化銫;替加氟;二芳基二硫(硒)醚;替加氟炔烴;硫(硒)代替加氟烯烴
替加氟是一種抗嘧啶藥5-氟尿嘧啶的衍生物,可以阻止腫瘤細(xì)胞嘧啶類核苷酸形成的抗代謝藥物[1].替加氟主要在肝內(nèi)活化為氟尿嘧啶而起作用,其作用機(jī)理與氟尿嘧啶相同.替加氟在體內(nèi)能干擾、阻斷蛋白質(zhì)、DNA及RNA的合成而發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用,主要用于治療胃、直腸、結(jié)腸、肝、乳癌等癌癥.替加氟由于存在一定的不良反應(yīng)而受到一定的限制[2-4]. 如何使其在發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用的同時(shí)減少毒副作用,成為廣大科研工作者關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)[5-7].有機(jī)硫族化合物由于其良好的生物活性及其在化學(xué)反應(yīng)中的立體及區(qū)域選擇性,成為有機(jī)化學(xué)中極具吸引力的合成目標(biāo)產(chǎn)物[8-9].近十年來(lái),許多有用的有機(jī)硫化合物相繼被合成[10-14].在這些化合物合成過(guò)程中,有機(jī)硫基烯烴作為中間體發(fā)揮著重要的作用,尤其在某些功能性烯烴化合物的區(qū)域選擇性和立體選擇性合成方面[15-17].同時(shí),有機(jī)硫基烯烴也是重要的配體[18],在新型光學(xué)材料的先導(dǎo)化合物的制備中也具有重要作用[19].此外,有機(jī)硫族化合物在毒理學(xué)和藥物化學(xué)中也具有重要的作用[20].因此,有機(jī)硫族烯烴化合物的制備引起了廣大科研工作者的興趣,這些方法主要包括Pd[21]或Rh[22]等過(guò)渡金屬催化下的二芳基二硫醚與端炔的反應(yīng),PhSeBr催化炔硫醚與硫酚反應(yīng)[23],光催化下端炔與二芳基二硫(硒)醚反應(yīng)[24].這些方法中有些使用強(qiáng)刺激性、毒性較大的硫醇或難以制備的PhSeBr作為催化劑,增加了反應(yīng)操作的危險(xiǎn)性和復(fù)雜性.在光催化或Pd(Rh)等過(guò)渡金屬催化下,端炔與二芳基二硫(硒)醚的反應(yīng)可以有效進(jìn)行,但這些方法通常得到難以分離的E/Z構(gòu)型混合物.本文使用廉價(jià)、易得的CsOH·H2O作為催化劑,催化替加氟炔烴和二芳基二硫(硒)醚反應(yīng),高立體、區(qū)域選擇性地制備了 (Z)-1,2-二芳硫(硒)基-3-[N1-(2-呋喃基)-N3-(5-氟尿嘧啶)]-1-丙烯.該方法為硫(硒)代替加氟烯烴的制備提供了一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)便的方法.該類新型的替加氟衍生物結(jié)合了有機(jī)硫(硒)的生物活性和替加氟的抗腫瘤活性,有望通過(guò)結(jié)構(gòu)修飾增強(qiáng)替加氟的抗炎抗腫瘤生物活性,降低其毒副作用,開(kāi)發(fā)出一種新的抗菌抗腫瘤藥物.
1.1 原料和分析方法
1H NMR與13C NMR (以CDCl3作溶劑,TMS為內(nèi)標(biāo)) 用BRUKER AC-P400型儀測(cè)定,質(zhì)譜由VG Auto Spec-300儀測(cè)定.
氫氧化銫從Aldrich公司購(gòu)買,炔丙醇、對(duì)甲苯磺酰氯、替加氟、溴苯從上海國(guó)藥集團(tuán)購(gòu)買,苯硫酚、硒粉從百靈威公司購(gòu)買.硅膠為青島海洋化工廠產(chǎn)品,型號(hào)為GF254.
1.2 3-[N1-(2-呋喃基)-N3-(5-氟尿嘧啶)]-1-丙炔的制備 (1a)
在50 mL的單口瓶中加入3-對(duì)甲苯磺?;?(1.0 mmol)、替加氟 (1.0 mmol)、碳酸鉀 (1.0 mmol)和乙腈 (3 mL),油浴中80 ℃回流,TLC跟蹤反應(yīng)進(jìn)程.反應(yīng)結(jié)束后,冷卻至室溫,過(guò)濾除去碳酸鉀.旋蒸溶劑乙腈,然后通過(guò)柱層析純化 (洗脫劑:V(石油醚)∶V(乙酸乙酯)=2∶1),得到3-(N1-(2-呋喃基)-N3-(5-氟尿嘧啶))-1-丙炔(1a),產(chǎn)率98%.1H NMRδ(ppm) 1.89~1.98 (m, 1H), 2.02~2.12 (m, 2H), 2.20 (s, 1H), 2.40~2.50 (m, 1H), 3.98~4.02 (m, 1H), 4.20~4.28 (m, 1H), 4.72 (t,J=4.0 Hz, 2H), 6.01~6.03 (m, 1H), 7.42 (d,J=6.0 Hz, 1H);13C NMRδ(ppm) 23.80, 30.68, 33.07, 70.68, 79.55, 88.24, 122.12, 138.72, 141.06, 148.37, 156.20; MSm/z(M+): 238.
1.3 化合物3a-3h的合成
以(Z)-1,2-二苯硒基-3-[N1-(2-呋喃基)-N3-(5-氟尿嘧啶)]-1-丙烯的制備為例,室溫下,將1.0 mmol CsOH·H2O加入2.0 mL DMF溶液中,攪拌下加入3-(N1-(2-呋喃基)-N3-(5-氟尿嘧啶))-1-丙炔1.0 mmol,攪拌15 min后,加入1.0 mmol二苯基二硒醚, 氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)下反應(yīng)2 h, TLC跟蹤反應(yīng),反應(yīng)完全后,將20 mL水倒入反應(yīng)瓶中,用乙醚萃取三次(20 mL×3),合并有機(jī)相,無(wú)水Na2SO4干燥,將旋蒸溶劑后的剩余物經(jīng)快速柱層析得到目標(biāo)產(chǎn)物3a,用石油醚/乙酸乙酯(體積比2∶1)做洗脫劑,產(chǎn)率85%.
(Z)-1,2-二苯硫基-3-[N1-(2-呋喃基)-N3-(5-氟尿嘧啶)]-1-丙烯 (3a):1H NMRδ(ppm): 1.78~1.83 (m, 1H), 1.93~1.98 (m, 2H), 2.32~2.36 (m, 1H), 3.58 (s, 2H), 3.94~3.98 (m, 1H), 4.15~4.18 (m, 1H), 4.82 (d,J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 5.80 (s, 1H), 7.15~7.58 (m, 10H).13C NMRδ(ppm): 22.8, 34.3, 46.8, 68.8, 102.0, 118.9, 128.3, 128.9, 129.9, 131.7, 132.1, 134.8, 138.9, 140.2, 150.6, 163.8. MSm/z(M+): 456.
(Z)-1,2-二(對(duì)甲苯硫基)-3-[N1-(2-呋喃基)-N3-(5-氟尿嘧啶)]-1-丙烯 (3b):1H NMRδ(ppm): 1.80~1.88 (m, 1H), 2.00~2.03 (m, 2H), 2.34 (s, 6H), 2.39~2.43 (m, 1H), 3.63 (s, 2H), 3.94~3.98 (m, 1H), 4.23~4.26 (m, 1H), 4.85 (d,J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 5.80 (s, 1H), 7.23~7.62 (m, 8H).13C NMRδ(ppm): 21.5, 23.5, 34.6, 46.5, 68.4, 102.8, 120.0, 126.7, 127.9, 128.8, 129.7, 131.5, 136.6, 138.8, 140.0, 141.2, 151.8, 162.6. MSm/z(M+): 484.
(Z)-1,2-二(對(duì)甲基苯硫基)-3-[N1-(2-呋喃基)-N3-(5-氟尿嘧啶)]-1-丙烯 (3c):1H NMRδ(ppm): 1.76~1.81 (m, 1H), 1.93~1.99 (m, 2H), 2.33~2.36 (m, 1H), 3.63 (s, 2H), 3.85 (s, 6H), 4.01~4.05 (m, 1H), 4.18~4.22 (m, 1H), 4.79 (d,J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 5.76 (s, 1H), 7.18~7.58 (m, 8H).13C NMRδ(ppm): 23.3, 34.5, 46.6, 56.8, 68.5, 102.8, 114.6, 119.1, 121.9, 123.33, 129.1, 135.2, 137.8, 140.8, 150.9, 160.8, 163.0. MSm/z(M+): 516.
(Z)-1,2-二(對(duì)溴苯硫基)-3-[N1-(2-呋喃基)-N3-(5-氟尿嘧啶)]-1-丙烯 (3d):1H NMRδ(ppm):1.77~1.82 (m, 1H), 1.91~1.95 (m, 2H), 2.36~2.40 (m, 1H), 3.52 (s, 2H), 3.90~3.95 (m, 1H), 4.16~4.19 (m, 1H), 4.76 (d,J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 5.78 (s, 1H), 7.20~7.66 (m, 8H).13C NMRδ(ppm): 22.7, 33.6, 45.7, 68.3, 102.1, 119.0, 123.3, 128.0, 129.6, 131.8, 134.1, 138.0, 140.5, 151.0, 163.6. MSm/z(M+): 614.
(Z)-1,2-二(對(duì)苯硒基)-3-[N1-(2-呋喃基)-N3-(5-氟尿嘧啶)]-1-丙烯 (3e):1H NMRδ(ppm):1.75~1.82 (m, 1H), 1.90~2.08 (m, 2H), 2.28~2.38 (m, 1H), 3.59 (s, 2H), 3.89~3.98 (m, 1H), 4.12~4.20 (m, 1H), 4.82 (d,J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 5.82 (m, 1H), 7.17~7.60 (m, 10H).13C NMRδ(ppm): 23.0, 34.1, 46.0, 68.3, 102.4, 118.7, 128.4, 128.7, 129.3, 130.7, 131.1, 134.4, 138.1, 140.2, 151.4, 162.9. MSm/z(M+): 552.
(Z)-1,2-二(對(duì)甲基苯硒基)-3-[N1-(2-呋喃基)-N3-(5-氟尿嘧啶)]-1-丙烯 (3f):1H NMRδ(ppm): 1.73~1.80(m, 1H), 1.92~2.06 (m, 2H), 2.34 (s, 6H), 2.39~2.43 (m, 1H), 3.60 (s, 2H), 3.94~4.03 (m, 1H), 4.18~4.23 (m, 1H), 4.83 (d,J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.85 (s, 1H), 7.15~7.58 (m, 8H).13C NMRδ(ppm): 21.3, 23.2, 34.3, 46.3, 68.2, 102.6, 119.0, 126.3, 127.7, 128.4, 129.8, 131.0, 136.9, 138.1, 138.4, 140.2, 151.4, 162.9. MSm/z(M+): 580.
(Z)-1,2-二(對(duì)甲氧苯硒基)-3-[N1-(2-呋喃基)-N3-(5-氟尿嘧啶)]-1-丙烯 (3g):1H NMRδ(ppm): 1.72~1.79 (m, 1H), 1.94~1.99 (m, 2H), 2.30~2.37 (m, 1H), 3.61 (s, 2H), 3.83 (s, 6H), 3.98~4.03 (m, 1H), 4.15~4.20 (m, 1H), 4.81 (d,J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 5.79 (s, 1H), 7.12~7.55 (m, 8H).13C NMRδ(ppm): 23.1, 34.0, 46.2, 55.8, 68.5, 102.5, 114.3, 118.7, 121.6, 123.0, 128.4, 134.7, 138.1, 140.2, 151.3, 160.6, 162.8. MSm/z(M+): 612.
(Z)-1,2-二(對(duì)溴苯硒基)-3-[N1-(2-呋喃基)-N3-(5-氟尿嘧啶)]-1-丙烯 (3h):1H NMRδ(ppm): 1.79~1.86 (m, 1H), 1.93~2.00 (m, 2H), 2.38~2.43 (m, 1H), 3.56 (s, 2H), 3.94~4.00 (m, 1H), 4.19~4.24 (m, 1H), 4.79 (d,J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 5.81 (s, 1H), 7.25~7.60 (m, 10H).13C NMRδ(ppm): 22.8, 33.8, 45.8, 68.0, 102.0, 118.7, 123.1, 128.3, 129.7, 131.6, 134.5, 138.1, 140.0, 151.2, 163.2. MSm/z(M+): 708.
2.1 反應(yīng)條件優(yōu)化
以3-[N1-(2-呋喃基)-N3-(5-氟尿嘧啶)]-1-丙炔 (1.0 mmol)與二苯基二硫醚(1.0 mmol)的反應(yīng)作為模型反應(yīng)(Scheme 1), 考察不同催化劑、反應(yīng)溫度、溶劑、催化劑用量和反應(yīng)時(shí)間對(duì)反應(yīng)的影響(見(jiàn)表1).
Scheme 1 替加氟炔烴與二苯基二硒醚反應(yīng)Scheme 1 The reaction of tegafur alkynes with diphenyl diselenide
EntrySolventCatalyst(equiv.)Temp/℃Time/hYied/%b1THFNaOH(1.0)2512trance2THFKOH(1.0)2512233THFCsOH·H2O(1.0)2512584THFCsOH·H2O(1.0)012355THFCsOH·H2O(1.0)5012416DMFCsOH·H2O(1.0)2512867HMPACsOH·H2O(1.0)2512818CH3CNCsOH·H2O(1.0)2512629THF?HMPACsOH·H2O(1.0)25126810DMFCsOH·H2O(0.5)25128611DMFCsOH·H2O(0.25)25128612DMFCsOH·H2O(0.10)25126413DMFCsOH·H2O(0.25)2588614DMFCsOH·H2O(0.25)2566715cDMFCsOH·H2O(0.25)25646
a反應(yīng)條件: 3-(N1-(2-呋喃基)-N3-(5-氟尿嘧啶))-1-丙炔(1a, 1.0 mmol), 二苯基二硫醚(2a, 1.0 mmol), 反應(yīng)溶劑 (2 mL), N2.b分離產(chǎn)率.c反應(yīng)在空氣氛圍下進(jìn)行.
由表1可知,CsOH·H2O是最好的催化劑,在CsOH·H2O催化下,3-(N1-(2-呋喃基)-N3-(5-氟尿嘧啶))-1-丙炔與二苯基二硫醚的反應(yīng)在室溫條件下就可以有效進(jìn)行,以58%的產(chǎn)率得到目標(biāo)產(chǎn)物(entry 3).由entries 3~5可知,25 ℃為該反應(yīng)進(jìn)行的最佳反應(yīng)溫度,當(dāng)反應(yīng)溫度升高或降低時(shí)反應(yīng)產(chǎn)率均有所下降.反應(yīng)溫度太低,反應(yīng)速率較慢,而當(dāng)反應(yīng)溫度升高時(shí),反應(yīng)選擇性降低.考察不同反應(yīng)溶劑可知,DMF是該反應(yīng)進(jìn)行的最佳溶劑,主要因?yàn)镈MF對(duì)反應(yīng)底物和催化劑都具有較好的溶解性.最后考察催化劑用量和反應(yīng)時(shí)間對(duì)反應(yīng)的影響,在0.25當(dāng)量催化劑的催化下,反應(yīng)進(jìn)行8 h,即可獲得86%的產(chǎn)率(entry 13).在最優(yōu)化反應(yīng)條件下,將反應(yīng)置于空氣氛圍下,反應(yīng)產(chǎn)率較低,且有部分炔硒醚存在.綜上所述,該反應(yīng)進(jìn)行的最佳條件為:3-(N1-(2-呋喃基)-N3-(5-氟尿嘧啶))-1-丙炔(1a, 1.0 mmol), 二苯基二硫醚(2a, 1.0 mmol), DMF (2 mL), CsOH·H2O (0.25 equiv.),反應(yīng)在25 ℃下,N2氛圍下進(jìn)行8 h.
2.2 反應(yīng)適用性
在最優(yōu)化條件下, 考察3-[N1-(2-呋喃基)-N3-(5-氟尿嘧啶)]-1-丙炔與不同的二芳基二硫(硒)醚的反應(yīng)情況,結(jié)果見(jiàn)表2.
表2 硫(硒)代替加氟烯烴的合成a
EntryYArProductYield/%b1SC6H53a862Sp?CH3C6H43b823Sp?CH3OC6H43c884Sp?BrC6H43d755SeC6H53e856Sep?CH3C6H43f867Sep?CH3OC6H43g908Sep?BrC6H43h78
a反應(yīng)條件: 3-(N1-(2-呋喃基)-N3-(5-氟尿嘧啶))-1-丙炔 (1a, 1.0 mmol), 二芳基二硫(硒)醚 (2, 1.0 mmol),CsOH·H2O (0.25 mmol), DMF (2mL), 25 ℃, N2.b分離產(chǎn)率.
由表2可知,該反應(yīng)對(duì)不同取代的二芳基二硫醚和二芳基二硒醚都具有較好的適用性,反應(yīng)均能較高效地得到目標(biāo)產(chǎn)物.苯環(huán)上的取代基無(wú)論是吸電子基還是給電子基都對(duì)反應(yīng)產(chǎn)率沒(méi)有明顯的影響.所有目標(biāo)產(chǎn)物都通過(guò)1H NMR,13C NMR,MS進(jìn)行表征、確證.
Scheme 2 可能的反應(yīng)機(jī)理Scheme 2 A plausible mechanism of reaction
根據(jù)本課題組前期對(duì)CsOH·H2O催化炔烴和二芳基硒硫雜醚反應(yīng)機(jī)理的研究[13],筆者提出以下可能的反應(yīng)機(jī)理(Scheme 2):CsOH·H2O奪取端炔上的H原子得到炔負(fù)離子中間體A, 中間體A中帶負(fù)電的C進(jìn)攻二芳基二硒醚得到炔硒醚中間體C和芳基硒負(fù)離子B和CsOH·H2O,使反應(yīng)得以循環(huán)進(jìn)行.這與實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果相一致, 當(dāng)反應(yīng)在空氣氛圍下進(jìn)行時(shí), 只有痕量的目標(biāo)產(chǎn)物生成.
本文首先制備了一種新型的替加氟炔烴(3-[N1-(2-呋喃基)-N3-(5-氟尿嘧啶)]-1-丙炔).在CsOH·H2O催化下,替加氟炔烴與二芳基二硫(硒)醚反應(yīng),高立體、區(qū)域選擇性地制備了(Z)-1,2-二芳硫基(硒基)-3-[N1-(2-呋喃基)-N3-(5-氟尿嘧啶)]-1-丙烯.該方法具有反應(yīng)條件溫和、操作簡(jiǎn)便、產(chǎn)率高、立體選擇性好等優(yōu)點(diǎn),為硫(硒)代替加氟烯烴的合成提供了一種新方法.該類硫(硒)代替加氟烯烴同時(shí)含有替加氟和具有生物活性的硫族原子,有可能在今后的臨床應(yīng)用中與替加氟產(chǎn)生協(xié)同作用,開(kāi)發(fā)出一種新型的替加氟抗腫瘤治療藥物.
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(編輯 WJ)
Cesium-Catalyzed Highly Regio- and Stereo-Selective Synthesis of S(Se)-Substituted Tegafur Alkenes
TAN Ping1, LUO Xiang-gui2, XU Xin-hua3*
(1.Hunan Mechanical Electrical Polytechnic, Changsha 410151, China;2. Hunan Academy of Mechanical Sciences, Changsha 410116, China;3.College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China)
Tegafur alkynes are synthesized by using tegafur and 3-(p-toluene sulfonyl) propyne as starting materials, which were then treated with diaryl disulfides or diaryl diselenides catalyzed by cesium hydroxide monohydrate to yield S (Se)-substituted tegafur alkenes in high regio- and stereo-selectivity. This method has the advantages of environmentally friendly, high yield, mild conditions and high regio- and stereo-selectivity, providing a convenient and efficient way to obtain S (Se)-substituted tegafur alkenes, which could be used as effective drugs for cancer treatment in the future.
cesium hydroxide monohydrate; tegafur; diaryl disulfides (diselenides); tegafur alkynes; S(Se)-substituted tegafur alkenes
10.7612/j.issn.1000-2537.2017.04.009
2017-02-24
湖南省教育廳科學(xué)研究資助項(xiàng)目(14C0405)*通訊作者,E-mail:xhx1581@hnu.edu.cn
O614.81+2
A
1000-2537(2017)04-0051-06
湖南師范大學(xué)自然科學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)2017年4期