柏靜儒, 張慶燕, 王林濤, 白 章, 王 擎
(1.東北電力大學(xué) 油頁(yè)巖綜合利用教育部工程研究中心, 吉林 吉林 132012; 2.中國(guó)科學(xué)院 工程熱物理研究所, 北京 100190)
柏靜儒1, 張慶燕1, 王林濤1, 白 章2, 王 擎1
(1.東北電力大學(xué) 油頁(yè)巖綜合利用教育部工程研究中心, 吉林 吉林 132012; 2.中國(guó)科學(xué)院 工程熱物理研究所, 北京 100190)
利用Aspen Plus軟件對(duì)基于油頁(yè)巖固體熱載體干餾法構(gòu)建的綜合利用系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行模擬,結(jié)合模擬結(jié)果對(duì)系統(tǒng)做了詳細(xì)的能量分析和分析,并繪制了系統(tǒng)能流圖與流圖來(lái)描述每個(gè)熱力過(guò)程的能量分布與損分布情況。結(jié)果表明,油頁(yè)巖輸入量為100 kg/s時(shí),干餾爐內(nèi)部不可逆損失(即熱解反應(yīng)損失)其損率為47.43%,是系統(tǒng)損失最大環(huán)節(jié),油頁(yè)巖中11.03%的燃料化學(xué)能貶值為干餾產(chǎn)物熱能;綜合利用系統(tǒng)各損失中,凈化冷凝單元的熱損失能量品位最高。
油頁(yè)巖; 固體熱載體; 綜合利用; 能量分析;分析
油頁(yè)巖作為典型的非常規(guī)油氣能源,其儲(chǔ)量約為2×1013t,相當(dāng)于8×1011t頁(yè)巖油[1],加大對(duì)油頁(yè)巖的開(kāi)發(fā)利用,對(duì)改變我國(guó)能源結(jié)構(gòu),改善我國(guó)能源不足現(xiàn)狀,具有非常重要的戰(zhàn)略意義。
油頁(yè)巖能源既可以干餾制取頁(yè)巖油,也可以燃燒發(fā)電[2]。現(xiàn)有油頁(yè)巖干餾技術(shù)包括固體熱載體干餾法和氣體熱載體干餾法,其中固體熱載體干餾技術(shù)規(guī)避了氣體熱載體干餾法中存在的爐內(nèi)氣流分布不均、頁(yè)巖流動(dòng)阻力大等問(wèn)題,同時(shí)還具有干餾時(shí)間短、油收率高、干餾強(qiáng)度大、資源利用率高等諸多優(yōu)點(diǎn)[3],受到研究開(kāi)發(fā)者的重視[4],將成為油頁(yè)巖資源開(kāi)發(fā)利用的主要發(fā)展方向[5-7]。隨著技術(shù)進(jìn)步和環(huán)保意識(shí)的增強(qiáng),油頁(yè)巖已從單一的能源利用發(fā)展到資源的綜合利用[8-9],如“油頁(yè)巖干餾煉油-半焦燃燒發(fā)電/供熱-頁(yè)巖灰聯(lián)產(chǎn)建材”綜合開(kāi)發(fā)利用集成技術(shù)[10-13]及“油頁(yè)巖干餾-半焦燃燒-油氣提質(zhì)-灰渣綜合利用”的系統(tǒng)集成路線[14]等。為了有效評(píng)價(jià)綜合利用系統(tǒng),需要對(duì)其能量分布、能量轉(zhuǎn)化率及能量損失情況等進(jìn)行深入計(jì)算與分析。
1.1 工藝流程
基于油頁(yè)巖固體熱載體干餾法構(gòu)建的綜合利用系統(tǒng)工藝流程包括4個(gè)單元,分別為油頁(yè)巖干餾單元(RR)、凈化冷凝單元(P/C)、循環(huán)流化床鍋爐加熱發(fā)電單元(CFB-ST)、燃?xì)?蒸汽聯(lián)合循環(huán)發(fā)電單元(CC),工藝流程見(jiàn)圖1。
圖1 油頁(yè)巖固體熱載體綜合利用系統(tǒng)工藝流程示意圖Fig.1 Process diagram of the oil shale comprehensive utilization system with solid heat carrier technology
油頁(yè)巖從頁(yè)巖儲(chǔ)罐送至破碎機(jī),破碎至15 mm以下粒徑的油頁(yè)巖顆粒進(jìn)入RR單元,與高溫循環(huán)灰(850℃)在混合器內(nèi)混合后送至干餾爐內(nèi)進(jìn)行干餾,干餾溫度為520℃,離開(kāi)RR單元的物料為頁(yè)巖油氣、頁(yè)巖熱解氣、固體半焦及低溫循環(huán)灰的混合物(500℃)。隨后這些混合物進(jìn)入P/C單元的旋風(fēng)分離器進(jìn)行分離,分離出固體半焦和低溫循環(huán)灰的混合物(500℃)送至CFB-ST單元進(jìn)行燃燒發(fā)電,自旋風(fēng)分離器頂部分離出的油氣經(jīng)過(guò)凈化和冷凝處理,最終得到頁(yè)巖油并送至油罐進(jìn)行儲(chǔ)存。
干餾產(chǎn)物頁(yè)巖熱解氣屬于高熱值氣體燃料,經(jīng)P/C單元的旋風(fēng)分離器分離后送至CC單元,用于電能生產(chǎn)。CFB-ST單元的鍋爐排煙經(jīng)過(guò)靜電除塵后和CC單元的余熱鍋爐排煙一起通過(guò)煙囪排放。
1.2 油頁(yè)巖及干餾產(chǎn)物基礎(chǔ)特性
在本研究中所用的油頁(yè)巖樣品取自吉林樺甸的公朗頭礦區(qū)。根據(jù)《油頁(yè)巖含油率的測(cè)定方法》(SH/T 0508-92)對(duì)油頁(yè)巖(OS)進(jìn)行鋁甄分析,結(jié)果列于表1。按照國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB/T 212-2001、GB/T 476-2001 和GB/T 213-2001對(duì)油頁(yè)巖(OS)及經(jīng)干餾所得半焦(SC)和頁(yè)巖油(OIL)進(jìn)行工業(yè)分析、元素分析和發(fā)熱量的測(cè)定,結(jié)果如表2所示。
表1 油頁(yè)巖鋁甄實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)定結(jié)果(空干基)Table 1 Fischer assay of the oil shale sample w/%
表2 樣品的工業(yè)分析、元素分析和發(fā)熱量Table 2 Proximate analysis, ultimate analysis and calorific value of the samples
OS—Oil shale; SC—Semi-coke; OIL—Shale oil
在本研究中所構(gòu)建的流程按照100 kg/s的油頁(yè)巖輸入量進(jìn)行模擬,油頁(yè)巖在常溫狀態(tài)下送入干餾爐,吸收850℃高溫?zé)彷d體循環(huán)灰的熱量,使得油頁(yè)巖溫度升至520℃的最佳干餾溫度并開(kāi)始熱解,干餾產(chǎn)物送入旋風(fēng)分離器進(jìn)行分離,模擬方法見(jiàn)文獻(xiàn)[26-28],利用Aspen Plus模擬得到的物流參數(shù)如表3所示。
表3 系統(tǒng)的主要物流參數(shù)Table 3 Process parameters of some material streams of the system
結(jié)合Aspen Plus模擬得到的物流參數(shù)及油頁(yè)巖試樣的基礎(chǔ)特性數(shù)據(jù),采用黑箱模型分別對(duì)油頁(yè)巖干餾單元(RR)、凈化冷凝單元(P/C)、循環(huán)流化床鍋爐加熱發(fā)電單元(CFB-ST)、燃?xì)?蒸汽聯(lián)合循環(huán)發(fā)電單元(CC)進(jìn)行能量分析和分析。
圖2 油頁(yè)巖干餾單元(RR)分析計(jì)算結(jié)果Fig.2 The analysis results of oil shale retorting unit (RR) (a) Results of energy analysis; (b) Results of exergy analysis
P/C單元的主要目的是將500℃的油氣混合物經(jīng)冷凝、分離、凈化脫硫處理,實(shí)現(xiàn)油汽分離,除去熱解氣中的含硫氣體,以減少對(duì)環(huán)境的污染。在P/C單元,物流燃料化學(xué)能保持不變,只有物流顯熱大幅度降低。
圖3 油頁(yè)巖凈化冷凝單元(P/C)分析計(jì)算結(jié)果Fig.3 The analysis results of the oil shale purifier condenser unit (P/C)(a) Results of energy analysis; (b) Results of exergy analysis
CFB-ST單元實(shí)現(xiàn)固體半焦的充分利用,干餾產(chǎn)物半焦具有一定熱值并含有多種微量金屬元素,將干餾產(chǎn)生的半焦送入循環(huán)流化床中燃燒,既減少了能量浪費(fèi)和對(duì)環(huán)境的污染,又能實(shí)現(xiàn)能量的梯級(jí)利用,同時(shí)也解決了油頁(yè)巖干餾系統(tǒng)需另設(shè)加熱爐加熱熱載體的問(wèn)題。
圖4 油頁(yè)巖循環(huán)流化床鍋爐加熱發(fā)電單元(CFB-ST)分析計(jì)算結(jié)果Fig.4 The analysis results of the oil shale circulating fluidized bed boiler power generation unit (CFB-ST)(a) Results of energy analysis; (b) Results of exergy analysis
圖5 油頁(yè)巖燃?xì)?蒸汽聯(lián)合循環(huán)發(fā)電單元(CC)分析計(jì)算結(jié)果Fig.5 The analysis results of the oil shale gas-steam combined cycle generating unit (CC)(a) Results of energy analysis; (b) Results of exergy analysis
4.1 綜合利用系統(tǒng)能效分析
4.2 綜合利用系統(tǒng)能量分析
根據(jù)油頁(yè)巖固體熱載體綜合利用系統(tǒng)能量分析計(jì)算結(jié)果,筆者以油頁(yè)巖熱值為100%輸入量,以熱平衡為尺度繪制了油頁(yè)巖固體熱載體綜合利用系統(tǒng)能流圖如圖7所示,計(jì)算了油頁(yè)巖固體熱載體綜合利用系統(tǒng)各環(huán)節(jié)可利用能量與損失能量的百分比如表4所示。
由圖7可以看出,當(dāng)油頁(yè)巖輸入量為100 kg/s時(shí),油頁(yè)巖經(jīng)過(guò)干餾過(guò)程后,其能量的46.84%轉(zhuǎn)換到干餾產(chǎn)物頁(yè)巖油中,頁(yè)巖油的能量為綜合利用系統(tǒng)有效輸出能量,可以進(jìn)一步加工利用;CC單元電能總產(chǎn)量為7.53%,其中3.13%的電能應(yīng)用于空氣壓縮機(jī)做功,故CC單元有效輸出電能為4.40%,CFB-ST單元有效輸出能量為6.51%的電能;綜合利用系統(tǒng)中不小于5.00%的損失為干餾爐散熱損失12.88%、CFB-ST單元汽輪機(jī)冷源損失10.35%、P/C單元冷凝熱損失9.76%,其中RR單元干餾爐散熱損失為系統(tǒng)熱損失最高位置,是綜合利用系統(tǒng)能量利用的薄弱環(huán)節(jié),由于熱量屬于低質(zhì)能,要想回收利用這部分能量十分困難;CFB-ST單元各處熱損失之和為14.42%,其主要能量損失為排煙熱損失為3.45%和汽輪機(jī)冷源損失10.35%;CC單元各處熱損失之和為5.12%,其主要能量損失包括排煙熱損失為1.55%和汽輪機(jī)冷源損失2.97%,從整體角度分析,CC單元是系統(tǒng)熱損失最小單元,但CC單元的熱效率僅為45.87%(見(jiàn)表4),是綜合利用系統(tǒng)熱效率最低的單元。
圖6 基于能量分析和分析的能效分布情況Fig.6 The distribution of energy efficiency based on energy analysis and exergy analysis(a) The distribution of energy efficiency based on energy analysis; (b) The distribution of energy efficiency based on energy analysis
圖7 油頁(yè)巖固體熱載體綜合利用系統(tǒng)能流圖Fig.7 Energy flow diagram of the oil shale comprehensive utilization system with solid heat carrier technology
UnitEnergyefficiency/%Exergyefficiency/%RR88.9681.76P/C85.2482.60CFB-ST61.6256.50CC45.8753.58
圖8 油頁(yè)巖固體熱載體綜合利用系統(tǒng)流圖Fig.8 Exergy flow diagram of the oil shale comprehensive utilization system with solid heat carrier technology
(1) 油頁(yè)巖固體熱載體綜合利用系統(tǒng)中,系統(tǒng)能效最低的單元是CC單元,其熱效率僅為45.84%,效率為53.58%,但CC單元總熱能損失為5.12%,總損失為3.64%,是綜合系統(tǒng)能量損失最小的單元,故該單元節(jié)能潛力有限。
(3) 油頁(yè)巖固體熱載體綜合利用系統(tǒng)中熱損失最高位置發(fā)生在RR單元干餾爐部分,該部分的散熱損失占油頁(yè)巖熱值的12.88%,其次是CFB-ST單元汽輪機(jī)冷源損失(10.35%)和P/C單元的冷凝熱損失(9.76%),此三部分熱損失相應(yīng)的值百分?jǐn)?shù)分別為3.63%、1.83%和4.27%,說(shuō)明P/C單元損失的能量品味最高,故提高利用系統(tǒng)的綜合效率應(yīng)首先從減少該單元的能量損失著手。針對(duì)汽輪機(jī)冷源損失,可根據(jù)具體運(yùn)行情況,采用熱泵技術(shù)吸取循環(huán)水的低品位能源,使之提高品位向用戶們供熱。
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Energy Analysis and Exergy Analysis of Oil Shale Comprehensive UtilizationSystem on Solid Heat Carrier Technology
BAI Jingru1, ZHANG Qingyan1, WANG Lintao1, BAI Zhang2, WANG Qing1
(1.EngineeringResearchCenterofOilShaleComprehensiveUtilization,MinistryofEducation,NortheastElectricPowerUniversity,Jilin132012,China; 2.InstituteofEngineeringThermophysics,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100190,China)
The Aspen Plus software was used to simulate the oil shale comprehensive utilization system built with solid heat carrier technology. Moreover, the income and expense distribution of energy and exergy were calculated and analyzed in detail with the simulation results using the energy and exergy analysis approach, and we mapped the flow charts of energy and exergy in the system to describe the energy distribution and energy loss distribution of each thermal process. The results show that when the oil shale input is 100 kg/s, the irreversible exergy loss in internal retort furnace (i.e., the exergy loss in the pyrolysis reaction) is 47.43%, which accounts toward the most of the lost exergies in the whole system. It was also observed that 11.03% of oil shale fuel chemistry energy is devalued as the pyrolysis product heat energy. In addition, among all the heat losses of the comprehensive utilization system, the heat loss energy grade of the condensing unit contributes the most.
oil shale; solid heat carrier; comprehensive utilization; energy analysis; exergy analysis
2016-06-21
吉林市科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(201434001)和吉林省重點(diǎn)科技攻關(guān)項(xiàng)目(20140204004SF)資助
柏靜儒,女,教授,博士,研究方向?yàn)橛晚?yè)巖綜合利用;Tel:0432-64807366;E-mail:bai630@mail.nedu.edu.cn
1001-8719(2017)04-0708-09
TE662
A
10.3969/j.issn.1001-8719.2017.04.015