陳以建,鐘寶林,梁潔嫻,黃桂明,劉詩(shī)文
基于ERAS理念的非氣管插管麻醉管理策略對(duì)胸腔鏡手術(shù)患者應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的影響及安全性評(píng)價(jià)
陳以建,鐘寶林,梁潔嫻,黃桂明,劉詩(shī)文
(江西省贛州市人民醫(yī)院麻醉科,江西贛州341000)
目的探討以促進(jìn)術(shù)后康復(fù)為目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向的麻醉管理策略在非氣管插管保留自主呼吸胸腔鏡手術(shù)中應(yīng)用的安全性與可行性。方法選擇行胸腔鏡手術(shù)患者60例,分為ERAS+非氣管插管保留自主呼吸組(E組)與常規(guī)管理+雙腔支氣管插管單肺通氣組(C組),每組30例。E組采用非氣管插管、保留自主呼吸、胸段硬膜外阻滯+靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛鎮(zhèn)靜+術(shù)中迷走神經(jīng)阻滯、ERAS理念優(yōu)化患者術(shù)前、術(shù)中、術(shù)后管理,C組采用雙腔支氣管插管、靜脈復(fù)合全身麻醉、常規(guī)進(jìn)行患者術(shù)前、術(shù)中、術(shù)后管理。分別于麻醉誘導(dǎo)前(T0)、手術(shù)開(kāi)始30 min(T1),術(shù)畢即刻(T2)、術(shù)后24 h(T3)抽取動(dòng)脈血檢測(cè)SaO2、PaCO2,抽取外周靜脈血采用放射免疫法檢測(cè)血漿中皮質(zhì)醇(Cor)濃度,采用酶聯(lián)免疫分析法檢測(cè)血清去甲腎上腺素(NE)、腎上腺素(E)含量,同時(shí)比較兩組患者手術(shù)時(shí)間、麻醉蘇醒時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間、麻醉費(fèi)用、術(shù)后VAS疼痛評(píng)分及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況。結(jié)果與T0時(shí)比較,T1~T2時(shí)兩組SaO2下降,PaCO2升高,E組T1~T2時(shí)PaCO2高于C組,SaO2低于C組(P<0.05);與T0時(shí)比較,T1~T3時(shí)兩組Cor、E和NE濃度均升高(P<0.05);T1~T3時(shí)E組的Cor、E和NE均明顯低于C組(P<0.05)。與C組比較,E組的麻醉蘇醒時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間明顯縮短,麻醉費(fèi)用更低,術(shù)后VAS疼痛評(píng)分及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率均明顯降低。結(jié)論基于ERAS理念的非氣管插管麻醉管理策略應(yīng)用于保留自主呼吸胸腔鏡手術(shù)中,通過(guò)優(yōu)化術(shù)前、術(shù)中、術(shù)后患者管理,可以降低手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷應(yīng)激反應(yīng),最小化不良反應(yīng),減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,促進(jìn)患者術(shù)后康復(fù)。
加速康復(fù)外科;非氣管插管;自主呼吸;胸腔鏡;應(yīng)激反應(yīng)
傳統(tǒng)胸腔鏡技術(shù)大都需在全麻雙腔支氣管插管單肺通氣下進(jìn)行,可造成插管相關(guān)并發(fā)癥、呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)心肺功能受損及術(shù)后出現(xiàn)惡心嘔吐、咽喉疼痛等。近年來(lái),為了減少氣管插管與機(jī)械通氣所造成的肺損傷等并發(fā)癥,國(guó)內(nèi)外陸續(xù)有研究[1]采取非氣管插管的麻醉方式行胸腔鏡手術(shù),取得一定效果。加速康復(fù)外科(ERAS)理念倡導(dǎo)圍術(shù)期采用一系列優(yōu)化措施,最大限度地減少患者圍手術(shù)期應(yīng)激反應(yīng),促進(jìn)器官功能早期恢復(fù)。目前,ERAS已廣泛用于胃腸外科、骨科等多學(xué)科,對(duì)圍手術(shù)期處理原則提出了革命性的改變,并已得到循證醫(yī)學(xué)的支持,顯著地改善了患者的愈后,降低了圍術(shù)期并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率。本研究探討以促進(jìn)術(shù)后康復(fù)為目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向的麻醉管理策略在非氣管插管保留自主呼吸胸腔鏡手術(shù)中應(yīng)用的可行性及安全性。
1.1 臨床資料選擇2016年2月~2017年6月期間擬行胸腔鏡手術(shù)患者60例,診斷為肺大皰,肺錯(cuò)構(gòu)瘤,縱膈腫物,手汗癥,其中男38例,女22例,年齡18~65歲,ASA分級(jí)Ⅰ~Ⅱ級(jí),排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):嚴(yán)重心腦肝腎疾病、活動(dòng)性精神性疾病、凝血功能障礙、體重指數(shù)BMI≥30 kg/m2、術(shù)前低氧血癥(血氧飽和度<90%)、經(jīng)氣道評(píng)估預(yù)計(jì)為困難氣道的患者。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),所有參與研究的患者術(shù)前均簽署知情同意書(shū)。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法,分為ERAS+非氣管插管組(E組)和常規(guī)管理+雙腔支氣管插管組(C組),每組30例。
1.2 麻醉方法和常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)
1.2.1 E組實(shí)施ERAS理念管理:(1)術(shù)前宣教:術(shù)前戒煙、戒酒,適當(dāng)增加體育鍛煉,加強(qiáng)醫(yī)患溝通,取得患者信任及配合;(2)術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備:禁食6 h,禁飲2 h,不留置導(dǎo)尿管;(3)麻醉方式:采用非氣管插管+保留自主呼吸、胸段硬膜外阻滯+靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛鎮(zhèn)靜+術(shù)中迷走神經(jīng)阻滯,患者入室后常規(guī)連接監(jiān)護(hù)儀,行胸段硬膜外穿刺(T6~7或T7~8),給予試驗(yàn)劑量2%利多卡因3 mL,向頭側(cè)置管3 cm,固定導(dǎo)管后取平臥位,繼續(xù)分次給予0.25%羅哌卡因,測(cè)定麻醉平面,確定阻滯平面在T2~T10范圍后進(jìn)行擺放體位,進(jìn)入胸腔后行迷走神經(jīng)阻滯,(4)麻醉維持:硬膜外間斷注射0.25%羅哌卡因,靜脈復(fù)合使用丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼,調(diào)控輸注速度,以不抑制呼吸為原則,保留自主呼吸,維持Narcotrend麻醉深度指數(shù)(NI)在40~60;(5)術(shù)中保溫:調(diào)節(jié)手術(shù)間室溫22℃~24℃,濕度40%~50%,肩膀及四肢外露部分用自制肩墊及小棉被包裹保暖,術(shù)中所有輸注液體放入37℃的恒溫水箱中加溫后再輸注,胸腔沖洗液用水溫浴箱加溫至37℃~39℃,患者軀干用醫(yī)用充氣式保溫儀(暖風(fēng)機(jī))保持溫度38℃~40℃,密切監(jiān)測(cè)體溫;(6)術(shù)中輸液:采用限制性輸液原則,術(shù)中BP維持在基礎(chǔ)值±20%范圍內(nèi),必要時(shí)使用血管活性藥物;(7)術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛:術(shù)畢實(shí)施硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛(PCEA),鎮(zhèn)痛泵配置方法:羅哌卡因150 mg+嗎啡4 mg,生理鹽水稀釋至100 mL,設(shè)定持續(xù)給藥量2 mL/h,自控給藥劑量2 mL/次,鎖定時(shí)間20 min;(8)術(shù)后恢復(fù):不常規(guī)放置引流管或術(shù)后復(fù)查胸片視胸腔情況盡早拔除引流管,鼓勵(lì)早期進(jìn)食及下床活動(dòng)。
1.2.2 C組采用傳統(tǒng)理念圍術(shù)期常規(guī)處理,麻醉采用全身麻醉+雙腔支氣管插管單肺通氣,靜脈注射咪達(dá)唑侖0.04 mg/kg、芬太尼3~5μg/kg、丙泊酚1.5~2 mg/kg、順式阿曲庫(kù)銨0.2~0.3 mg/kg行全麻誘導(dǎo),置入雙腔支氣管導(dǎo)管(Malinchrodt),纖維支氣管鏡定位,行間歇指令通氣(IPPV),術(shù)中根據(jù)手術(shù)要求實(shí)施單肺通氣,維持PETCO2在35~45 mmHg。術(shù)中丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼、七氟醚維持麻醉,根據(jù)需要間斷給予順阿曲庫(kù)銨維持肌松,維持NI值在40~60。術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛:術(shù)畢實(shí)施靜脈自控鎮(zhèn)痛(PCIA),鎮(zhèn)痛泵配置方法:芬太尼20μg/kg+托烷司瓊5 mg,生理鹽水稀釋至100 mL,設(shè)定持續(xù)給藥量2 mL/h,自控給藥劑量2 mL/次,鎖定時(shí)間20 min。術(shù)后常規(guī)放置引流管,待胸腔閉式引流無(wú)漏氣和24 h引流量<100 mL時(shí),可拔除胸腔引流管。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)用Drager infinity vista XL監(jiān)測(cè)儀監(jiān)測(cè)Ⅱ?qū)?lián)心電圖、呼吸頻率(RR)、Narcotrend麻醉深度指數(shù)(NI)、心率(HR)和脈搏氧飽和度(SpO2)。局部麻醉下作非手術(shù)側(cè)橈動(dòng)脈穿刺置管監(jiān)測(cè)有創(chuàng)動(dòng)脈壓(IBP)及抽血行動(dòng)脈血?dú)夥治?。分別于麻醉誘導(dǎo)前(T0)、手術(shù)開(kāi)始30 min(T1),術(shù)畢即刻(T2)、術(shù)后24 h(T3)抽取動(dòng)脈血檢測(cè)SaO2、PaCO2,抽取外周靜脈血利用放射免疫法檢測(cè)血漿中皮質(zhì)醇(Cor)濃度,采用酶聯(lián)免疫分析法檢測(cè)血清去甲腎上腺素(NE)、腎上腺素(E)含量,記錄手術(shù)時(shí)間、患者蘇醒時(shí)間(從手術(shù)結(jié)束至麻醉完全蘇醒,以NI值>90,且患者能對(duì)答切題、對(duì)吞咽與抬頭指令有反應(yīng)作為蘇醒時(shí)間)、住院時(shí)間、麻醉費(fèi)用、術(shù)后VAS疼痛評(píng)分及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法采用SPSS 20.0軟件進(jìn)行分析。計(jì)量資料以“x±s”表示,組內(nèi)比較采用重復(fù)測(cè)量設(shè)計(jì)的方差分析,組間比較采用單因素方差分析;計(jì)數(shù)資料應(yīng)采用χ2檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 臨床資料比較兩組患者年齡、體重指數(shù)、手術(shù)時(shí)間差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;E組麻醉蘇醒時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間、麻醉費(fèi)用明顯少于C組(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
表1 兩組患者臨床資料比較(x±s)Table 1 Comparison of clinical data between the two groups(x±s)
2.2 兩組患者各時(shí)點(diǎn)SaO2、PaCO2比較與T0時(shí)比較,T1~T2時(shí)兩組PaCO2均升高,E組T1~T2時(shí)PaCO2高于C組,SaO2低于C組(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 兩組患者Cor濃度、NE、E含量比較與T0時(shí)比較,T1~T3時(shí)兩組Cor、E和NE濃度均升高(P<0.05);T1~T3時(shí)E組的Cor、E和NE均明顯低于C組(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。
表2 兩組患者不同時(shí)點(diǎn)SaO2、PaCO2比較(x±s)Table 2 At the same time,SaO2and PaCO2were compared between the two groups(x±s)
2.4 術(shù)后VAS疼痛評(píng)分與并發(fā)癥情況比較兩組患者手術(shù)視野均滿意,其中E組2例因舌后墜放置口咽通氣道,1例改善不佳插入喉罩外,其余均面罩給氧自然狀態(tài)下呼吸。E組術(shù)后VAS疼痛評(píng)分及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率明顯低于C組(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表4。
傳統(tǒng)VATS的麻醉方式是在全身麻醉下置入雙腔氣管導(dǎo)管或支氣管封堵器行單肺通氣[2]。在提供良好術(shù)野的同時(shí)存在許多并發(fā)癥,影響患者術(shù)后恢復(fù),延長(zhǎng)住院時(shí)間、增加患者費(fèi)用。然而傳統(tǒng)的圍手術(shù)期處理措施對(duì)患者而言不僅增加機(jī)體應(yīng)激反應(yīng),還會(huì)影響術(shù)后恢復(fù)。
表3 兩組患者不同時(shí)點(diǎn)Cor濃度、NE、E含量比較(x±s)Table 3 The concentration of Cor,NE and E in the two groups were different(x±s)
表4 兩組患者Ramsay鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分、術(shù)后VAS疼痛評(píng)分與并發(fā)癥情況比較(n)Table 4 Two groups of patients with Ramsay sedation score, postoperative VAS pain score and complications(n)
手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷刺激經(jīng)傳入神經(jīng)傳入大腦,引起丘腦-垂體-腎上腺皮質(zhì)軸(HPA軸)和交感-腎上腺髓質(zhì)系統(tǒng)興奮,影響神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌活動(dòng),使機(jī)體產(chǎn)生應(yīng)激反應(yīng)[3]。皮質(zhì)醇是是機(jī)體應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的靈敏指標(biāo),臨床上常通過(guò)測(cè)定其濃度變化反映機(jī)體應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的強(qiáng)弱;而交感-腎上腺髓質(zhì)系統(tǒng)興奮會(huì)分泌大量?jī)翰璺影?,是反映機(jī)體應(yīng)激反應(yīng)水平的重要指標(biāo)[4]。手術(shù)引起的長(zhǎng)時(shí)間過(guò)度應(yīng)激可導(dǎo)致血流動(dòng)力學(xué)、代謝、免疫及凝血功能等許多方面的不利改變,因此,在手術(shù)和麻醉過(guò)程中選擇合適的麻醉用藥和麻醉方式以預(yù)防和減輕應(yīng)激反應(yīng),減少術(shù)中和術(shù)后并發(fā)癥具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義[5]。本研究結(jié)果表明,E組患者各時(shí)點(diǎn)的Cor、E和NE含量均明顯低于C組,證實(shí)采用ERAS理念優(yōu)化麻醉管理策略可有效減輕患者的機(jī)體應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。
非氣管插管麻醉胸腔鏡手術(shù)是指在區(qū)域麻醉的基礎(chǔ)上保留自主呼吸、輔以鎮(zhèn)靜鎮(zhèn)痛的狀態(tài)下行胸腔鏡手術(shù),開(kāi)胸后形成醫(yī)源性氣胸,實(shí)現(xiàn)術(shù)側(cè)肺塌陷,達(dá)到與雙腔氣管導(dǎo)管置入單肺通氣同樣的效果,以利于手術(shù)進(jìn)行[6]。國(guó)外Pompeo率先報(bào)道非氣管插管用于VATS的優(yōu)勢(shì)。國(guó)內(nèi)何建行研究團(tuán)隊(duì)證實(shí)非氣管插管在VATS肺楔形切除肺大皰肺結(jié)節(jié)是可行的[7-8]。臺(tái)灣學(xué)者研究也證實(shí)非氣管插管可安全用于肺腫瘤患者VATS肺切除術(shù)[9-10]。
加速康復(fù)外科(ERSA)是由丹麥H.Kehlet教授提出的圍術(shù)期管理新理念。該理念倡導(dǎo)采用循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)優(yōu)化圍術(shù)期管理策略并多學(xué)科協(xié)作,促進(jìn)患者術(shù)后盡快康復(fù)并縮短住院時(shí)間、減少住院費(fèi)用、降低并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率[11-12]。本研究中我們將ERAS提倡的理念和方法與非氣管插管保留自主呼吸的麻醉技術(shù)聯(lián)合應(yīng)用于胸腔鏡圍術(shù)期管理中,研究證實(shí)通過(guò)應(yīng)用ERAS理念優(yōu)化術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備及臟器功能、術(shù)中實(shí)施非氣管插管保留自主呼吸麻醉方案、術(shù)后多模式鎮(zhèn)痛管理、早期下床活動(dòng)等,可顯著降低手術(shù)應(yīng)激引起的內(nèi)源性激素反應(yīng),E組術(shù)后VAS疼痛評(píng)分及相關(guān)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率明顯比C組降低,麻醉蘇醒時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間較C組明顯縮短。在本研究中我們也發(fā)現(xiàn)單純行硬膜外麻醉阻滯可致支氣管張力及氣道反應(yīng)性的增加,對(duì)肺組織的牽拉可激發(fā)咳嗽反射,干擾手術(shù)操作,與李向楠等[6]研究遇到的情況類似。
綜上所述,基于ERAS理念的非氣管插管麻醉管理策略應(yīng)用于保留自主呼吸胸腔鏡手術(shù)中,通過(guò)優(yōu)化術(shù)前、術(shù)中、術(shù)后患者管理,可使胸腔鏡手術(shù)從切口微創(chuàng)發(fā)展到整體微創(chuàng),進(jìn)一步減少對(duì)患者的創(chuàng)傷,更有利于患者的術(shù)后快速康復(fù),可作為一些滿足適應(yīng)癥的胸科患者新的麻醉選擇。但要替代傳統(tǒng)的氣管插管全身麻醉,還需要更多的臨床病例研究及技術(shù)改進(jìn)來(lái)進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
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[7]謝言虎,柴小青,高燕春,等.支氣管封堵器在電視胸腔鏡手術(shù)單肺通氣中的應(yīng)用研究[J].國(guó)際麻醉學(xué)與復(fù)蘇雜志,2013, 34(6):496-498.
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Effects of non-tracheal intubation anesthesia management strategies on stress response in
thoracoscopic surgery and its safety evaluation based on ERAS
Chen Yi-jian,Zhong Bao-lin,Liang Jie-xian,Huang Gui-ming,Liu Shi-wen
(Department ofAnesthesiology,Ganzhou People's Hospital,Ganzhou,Jiangxi,341000,China)
Objective To explore the safety and feasibility of anesthesia management strategy aiming at promoting postoperative rehabilitation in non-tracheal intubation.Methods Sixty patients with thoracoscopic surgery were divided into two groups:ERAS+non-endotracheal intubation group(group E)and conventional management group(30 cases).E group with non-tracheal intubation,to retain spontaneous breathing,thoracic epidural block+intravenous analgesic sedation+intraoperative vagal block,ERAS concept to optimize the patients before surgery,intraoperative and postoperative management,C group using double Bronchial intubation,intravenous compound general anesthesia,routine preoperative,intraoperative,postoperative management.The rats were sacrificed by radioimmunoassay(ROS).The levels of cortisol and plasma in the plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay(T0),30 min(T1),End time(T2),24 h after surgery(T3)extraction SaO2,PaCO2arterial blood detection,extraction of peripheral venous blood radioimmunity method is used to detect the plasma concentration of cortisol(Cor),using enzyme-linked immunoassay detection serum norepinephrine(NE),and adrenaline(E)were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The time of operation,anesthesia recovery time,hospitalization time,anesthesia cost and postoperative VAS pain were compared between the two groups Score and complication. Results Compared with T0,PaCO2was higher than that in group C(P<0.05).The levels of Cor,E and NE in group E were significantly lower than those in group C(P<0.05).Compared with group C,the anesthesia awakening time,hospitalization time was shorter,the cost of anesthesia was lower,the postoperative VAS pain score and the incidence of postoperative complications were significantly reduced.Conclusion The strategy of nontracheal intubation anesthesia based on ERAS is applied to the maintenance of spontaneous breathing thoracoscopic surgery.By optimizing the preoperative,intraoperative and postoperative management,it can reduce the traumatic stress response,minimize the adverse reaction,Postoperative complications,to promote patients with postoperative rehabilitation.
Accelerated rehabilitation surgery;Non-tracheal intubation;Spontaneous breathing;Thoracoscopy;Stress response
10.3969/j.issn.1009-4393.2017.23.003
項(xiàng)目資助:江西省計(jì)委基金課題(20174047)