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乳腺導(dǎo)管內(nèi)癌的X線表現(xiàn)與分子分型的對(duì)照研究

2017-08-22 17:22黃社磊馬捷蔣華景
中國(guó)醫(yī)藥科學(xué) 2017年13期
關(guān)鍵詞:導(dǎo)管

黃社磊+馬捷+蔣華景

[摘要] 目的 探討乳腺導(dǎo)管內(nèi)癌的X線表現(xiàn)與分子分型的關(guān)系。 方法 回顧性分析133例136側(cè)DCIS的X線表現(xiàn)及組織病理學(xué)、免疫組織化學(xué)結(jié)果。 結(jié)果 (1)136側(cè)乳腺導(dǎo)管內(nèi)癌X線表現(xiàn)為單純鈣化(32.4%)、鈣化伴局灶性不對(duì)稱/腫塊(29.4%),鈣化出現(xiàn)率61.8%。鈣化形態(tài)以細(xì)小多形性(58.3%)、段樣分布多見(jiàn)(54.8%);形態(tài)分布組合以細(xì)小多形性鈣化成簇分布多見(jiàn)。腫塊的形態(tài)多為不規(guī)則形(62.5%)、邊緣模糊(43.8%)、高密度(75%)。(2)DCIS以Luminal A型多見(jiàn),Her-2過(guò)表達(dá)型次之。(3)ER/PR(+)、Her-2(-)X線表現(xiàn)單純鈣化多見(jiàn)35.6%、34.6%,形態(tài)為細(xì)小多形性68.6%、71.7%、成簇分布52.9%、52.2%;ER/PR(-)、Her-2過(guò)表達(dá)多表現(xiàn)為鈣化伴局灶性不對(duì)稱/腫塊38.8%、36.2%,鈣化形態(tài)前者為細(xì)小多形性57.6%、段樣分布69.7%,后者為線樣分支狀52.6%、段樣分布65.8%。(4)Ki-67增殖指數(shù)≤10%時(shí),83.3%ER(+)、80.6%Her-2(-),鈣化形態(tài)多為細(xì)小多形性(88.2%);當(dāng)Ki-67增殖指數(shù)>31%時(shí),56.4%ER(+)、48.7%Her-2(-),鈣化形態(tài)為線樣分支狀48.3%。 結(jié)論 DCIS分子分型以Luminal A型多見(jiàn)。X線以鈣化為主要表現(xiàn),形態(tài)多為細(xì)小多形性、線樣分支狀;分布以段樣及成簇多見(jiàn)。鈣化的分布、形態(tài)及形態(tài)分布組合與ER、PR、Her-2及Ki-67增殖指數(shù)有關(guān)。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 數(shù)字化乳腺X線攝影;癌;導(dǎo)管;激素受體;人表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體;分子分型

[中圖分類號(hào)] R737.9 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 2095-0616(2017)13-13-04

[Abstract] Objective To explore the relationship the X-ray appearance and molecule subtype of the Breast DCIS (Ductal Carcinoma In Situ,DCIS),in order to know more about them. Methods The main X-ray appearance,histopathology and immunhistochemistry of the 133 cases DCIS (all 136 latero-breast) were retrospectively analyzed. Results (1)The main X-ray appearance of the 136 laterals DCIS were calcification 32.4%,calcification with focal dissymmetry/mass 29.4%,the frequency of calcification of all cases was 61.8%.The main morphous and distribution of calcifications was fine pleomorphic calcifications 58.3% and segmental 54.8% respectively,the main combination of morphous and distribution of calcifications was clustering fine pleomorphic calcifications.The appearance of the mass were irregular 62.5%,ambigutiy boundary 43.8%,high density 75%.(2)The molecule subtype of the Luminal A was the most frequent found in the different grade DCIS.(3)The main X-ray appearance of the ER/PR(+) and Her-2(-) DCIS were purely calcifications (35.6% vs 34.6%),the appearance of calcifications of them were fine pleomorphic calcifications (68.6% vs 71.7%),cluster(52.9% vs 52.2%).However,the main X-ray appearance of the ER/PR(-) and Her-2(+) DCIS were calcification with focal dissymmetry/mass (38.8% vs 36.2%),the appearance of calcifications the ER/PR(-)DCIS were fine pleomorphic (57.6%),segment (69.7%).While the Her-2(+) DCIS were linear branching (52.6%),segment (65.8%).(4)The proliferation index of the Ki-67≤10%,the proportion of ER(+) and Her-2(-) DCIS were 83.3% vs 80.6%,and the morphous of calcification was fine pleomorphic calcifications (88.2%).While the proliferation index of the Ki-67>31%,the proportion of ER (+) and Her-2(-) DCIS were 56.4% vs 48.7%,and the morphous of calcification was linear branching (48.3%). Conclusion The Luminal A is the most frequent found in the molecule subtypes of the DCIS.The main X-ray appearance of the DCIS is calcifications,the main morphous of the calcifications are fine pleomorphic and linear branching,the main distrutions of them are segment and clustered.The morphous,distrutions,combination of the morphous and distrutions of the calcifications are relevanted with ER, PR, Her-2 and the proliferation index of the Ki-67.

[Key words] Digital mammographic screening;Carcinoma;Duct;Hormone receptors;Her-2;Molecular typing

乳腺導(dǎo)管內(nèi)癌(ductal carcinoma in situ,DCIS)是局限于導(dǎo)管內(nèi)基底膜內(nèi)而不侵犯間質(zhì)的一類乳腺導(dǎo)管上皮細(xì)胞惡性增生,約占全部乳腺癌的20%,影像學(xué)(X線等)的發(fā)展和廣泛應(yīng)用顯著提高了DCIS的檢出率[1]可根據(jù)雌激素受體(ER)、孕激素受體(PR)、人類上皮生長(zhǎng)因子(HER-2)的表達(dá)水平以及細(xì)胞增殖指數(shù)(Ki-67)將乳腺癌劃分為4類分子亞型:包括Luminal A型、Luminal B型、HER-2陽(yáng)性和三陰性乳腺癌,分子分型與乳腺癌治療和預(yù)后具有密切關(guān)系[2]。本研究分析DCIS的X線各種表現(xiàn),重點(diǎn)觀察在鈣化方面的X線形態(tài)及分布表現(xiàn),探討其與分子分型之間的聯(lián)系。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

回顧性分析133例我院于2010年1月~2016年12月期間收治的DCIS女性患者的臨床資料。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)經(jīng)手術(shù)病理組織檢查確診為DCIS;(2)患者臨床資料及X線、術(shù)后病理資料完整。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)接受放化療治療;(2)合并浸潤(rùn)性導(dǎo)管癌;(3)合并其他類型腫瘤。本研究經(jīng)我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)審核通過(guò),所有患者均知情同意。

1.2 儀器與方法

采用飛利浦?jǐn)?shù)字化乳腺X線機(jī)(Digital Mammography,DM),由兩位具有10年以上X線圖像診斷經(jīng)驗(yàn)的醫(yī)師進(jìn)行雙盲法閱片,X線表現(xiàn)根據(jù)美國(guó)放射學(xué)會(huì)的乳腺影像報(bào)告和數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)2003年第四版(BI-RADS分類)[2]標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分為:(1)主要征象:①腫塊:形態(tài)、邊緣及密度;②鈣化:形態(tài)、分布;③鈣化伴腫塊;④結(jié)構(gòu)扭曲;⑤特殊征象;⑵相關(guān)征象包括:局部血運(yùn)增加、病變結(jié)構(gòu)扭曲、乳頭及皮膚回縮、相鄰皮膚增厚、腋窩淋巴結(jié)腫大等。記錄患者主要征象和相關(guān)征象。

1.3 病理學(xué)診斷

根據(jù)病理組織切片中細(xì)胞核的異型性、核分裂、管腔內(nèi)壞死程度將DCIS劃分為低、中、高病變級(jí)別。應(yīng)用4種標(biāo)記免疫組化雌激素受體(ER)、孕激素受體(PR)、人類上皮生長(zhǎng)因子(HER-2)及細(xì)胞增殖指數(shù)(Ki-67)將乳腺癌劃分為4類分子亞型:包括Luminal A型、Luminal B型、HER-2陽(yáng)性和三陰性乳腺癌。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

采用SPSS19.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理和分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料采用百分比表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 一般情況

133例患者,年齡24~79歲。體格檢查結(jié)果:腫塊67側(cè),乳頭溢液10側(cè),其中血性溢液7側(cè),檢查前觸診陰性59側(cè)。前哨淋巴結(jié)有轉(zhuǎn)移4側(cè)、腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移7側(cè)。

2.2 病理結(jié)果

三種組織級(jí)別分子分型結(jié)果差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=17.731,P=0.007),低級(jí)別病變組織Luminal A型比例顯著高于中高級(jí)別,三陰性型均為高級(jí)別病變。見(jiàn)表1。

2.3 X線表現(xiàn)

(1)鈣化伴局灶性不對(duì)稱/腫塊40例(29.4%)、單純鈣化44例(32.4%)。鈣化形態(tài):細(xì)小多形性49例(58.3%)、線樣分支狀30例(35.7%);段樣分布46例(54.8%)、成簇分布30例(35.7%);形態(tài)分布組合多以細(xì)小多形性鈣化成簇分布,有23例(27.7%),以段樣分布的細(xì)小多形性鈣化22例(26.5%)。形態(tài):不規(guī)則形20例(62.5%),橢圓形7例(21.9%),腫塊邊緣模糊14例(43.8%)、毛刺狀表現(xiàn)8例(25%);密度:高密度24例(75%)、等密度7例(21.9%)。(2)單純鈣化多見(jiàn)于三陰性、Luminal A型及Luminal B型乳腺癌,鈣化伴局灶性不對(duì)稱/腫塊為主要表現(xiàn)見(jiàn)于Her-2陽(yáng)性乳腺癌,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。(3)單純鈣化多見(jiàn)于ER/PR陽(yáng)性者(36%),此類患者鈣化形態(tài)以細(xì)小多形性鈣化成簇多見(jiàn)(占42.3%),其次為單純腫塊(25.3%);鈣化伴局灶性不對(duì)稱/腫塊多見(jiàn)于ER/PR陰性者(占38%),其次表現(xiàn)為單純鈣化(26%);鈣化形態(tài)分布多以線樣分支狀鈣化段樣分布為主(45.2%),此類差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。因此,得出結(jié)論:鈣化的分布及形態(tài)與Her-2及ER/PR的表達(dá)有關(guān),見(jiàn)下表2 ~ 3及圖1 ~ 3。(4)當(dāng)細(xì)胞增殖指數(shù)(Ki-67)≤10%時(shí),83.8%ER表現(xiàn)為陽(yáng)性、81.1%Her-2表現(xiàn)為陰性;當(dāng)細(xì)胞增殖指數(shù)(Ki-67)>30%時(shí),56.4%ER表現(xiàn)為陽(yáng)性、48.7%Her-2表現(xiàn)為陰性,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。

3 討論

目前對(duì)DCIS的病程演變的認(rèn)識(shí)還不是很透徹。相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,低級(jí)別DCIS的女性中有14%~60%的患者可進(jìn)展為浸潤(rùn)性乳腺癌。由于DCIS患者在治療過(guò)程中多采取了相關(guān)干預(yù)措施,因此尚不清楚高級(jí)別DCIS女性進(jìn)展為浸潤(rùn)性乳腺癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)度[3]。研究表明,鈣化是DCIS患者最主要的X線表現(xiàn),細(xì)小多形性鈣化、線樣或線樣分支狀鈣化是其主要征象[4]。極少數(shù)(約5%)的患者是在因其他原因進(jìn)行乳腺手術(shù)切除標(biāo)本中偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)。DCIS的組織學(xué)分型能夠用來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)經(jīng)保守治療乳腺癌患者復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并用來(lái)評(píng)估保乳手術(shù)的臨床療效,Wang[5]等研究認(rèn)為X線、分子分型與腫瘤標(biāo)記物等聯(lián)合應(yīng)用能提高對(duì)DCIS患者預(yù)后的評(píng)估,并給予個(gè)體化治療方案。本研究表明,DCIS患者鈣化灶的形成與腫瘤細(xì)胞的分泌、變性及壞死后的鈣鹽沉積具有一定相關(guān)性,鈣化形態(tài)與病理分型及其預(yù)后亦存在有相關(guān)性。研究數(shù)據(jù)提示線樣鈣化通常預(yù)示發(fā)生高級(jí)別的浸潤(rùn)性癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高,患者預(yù)后也較差[6-8]。Muttarak[9] 等認(rèn)為,段樣分布的線樣或線樣分支狀鈣化常見(jiàn)于高級(jí)別 DCIS中;單發(fā)或多發(fā)成簇分布的細(xì)小多形性鈣化常見(jiàn)于中級(jí)別DCIS中;成簇分布的細(xì)點(diǎn)狀鈣化常見(jiàn)于低級(jí)別DCIS中。本研究也表明,鈣化的形態(tài)、分布及形態(tài)分布組合與ER/PR、Her-2表達(dá)有關(guān),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。ER/PR(+)鈣化形態(tài)為細(xì)小多形性(69.2%)、成簇分布(51.9%);ER/PR(-)為細(xì)小多形性(59.4%)、段樣分布(75%)。Her-2(-)患者中,鈣化為細(xì)小多形性(67.3%),成簇分布(80%),Her-2(+)為線樣分支狀66.7%、段樣分布多見(jiàn)(58.7%)。ER/PR(弱+)及Her-2(強(qiáng)+)與段樣分布線樣分支狀鈣化的出現(xiàn)有關(guān);若ER/PR(-),Her-2(強(qiáng)+)與線樣分支狀鈣化有關(guān)。

Tanei[10]等研究認(rèn)為ER/PR與Ki-67的表達(dá)負(fù)相關(guān),表明腫瘤內(nèi)分泌的治療效果不理想,細(xì)胞增殖指數(shù)Ki-67較大時(shí)與較差的臨床治療結(jié)果相關(guān)。本研究中,Ki-67增殖指數(shù)與ER/PR、Her-2表達(dá)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),但與鈣化形態(tài)、分布有關(guān),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。當(dāng)Ki-67增殖率≤10%時(shí),83.3%ER(+)、80.6%Her-2(-),細(xì)小多形性鈣化形態(tài)(占88.2%);當(dāng)Ki-67增殖率為>30%時(shí),56.4%ER(+)、48.7%Her-2(-),線樣分支狀鈣化形態(tài)(占48.3%)。提示細(xì)小多形性鈣化、ER(+)與低細(xì)胞增殖指數(shù)Ki-67相關(guān)。

大多數(shù)學(xué)者將ER(-)/Her-2(強(qiáng)+)與ER(-)/Her-2(-)DCIS對(duì)比研究發(fā)現(xiàn),前者更易出現(xiàn)微小鈣化,同時(shí)在ER(-)DCIS中,腫塊的邊緣、出現(xiàn)的鈣化及腫瘤分期和Her-2表達(dá)的情況密切相關(guān)[11-16]。本研究顯示ER(-)/Her-2強(qiáng)+)與ER(-)/Her-2(-)DCIS的出現(xiàn)鈣化率分別為63.4%(26/41)、75%(6/8),與相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道不一致,究其原因,筆者認(rèn)為可能與ER(-)/Her-2(-)病例過(guò)少有一定關(guān)系。

總之,DCIS大多以細(xì)小多形性鈣化為主,不同病理分子分型的DCIS患者,其X線表現(xiàn)也不一樣。本研究表明,DCIS鈣化的分布及形態(tài)可以反映PR、ER、、Her-2及Ki-67的表達(dá)情況;X線表現(xiàn)以單純細(xì)小多形性鈣化為主并呈成簇分布時(shí),預(yù)示著ER/PR(+)、Her-2(-)及細(xì)胞增殖指數(shù)Ki-67較低可能。而鈣化為線樣分支狀并段樣分布的出現(xiàn),提示ER/PR(-)、Her-2(強(qiáng)+)及細(xì)胞增殖指數(shù)Ki-67較高可能。通過(guò)對(duì)DCIS鈣化分布及形態(tài)的全面、仔細(xì)地分析,對(duì)推斷其病理分型、為臨床提供治療方案信息及評(píng)估患者預(yù)后具有較高應(yīng)用價(jià)值。

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(收稿日期:2017-05-02)

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