姜加琴

2016年高考漸行漸遠，2017年高考即將來臨。在高考中，一分之差，天壤之別。如何在高考英語寫作中勝券在握成為眾考生關(guān)注的熱點話題。寫作的目的是考查考生整合信息和信息表達，并用適當(dāng)短語、句型等語言手段產(chǎn)生出連貫語篇的能力。筆者通過長期的教學(xué)實踐和高考閱卷體驗，現(xiàn)總結(jié)一些常用的語言表達手段，掌握這些語言手段對提高寫作能力一定有所幫助。

一、同位語手段

[典型例題] 信息點：

書名： Richards Future作者：Amy Lin， 美籍華人， 中文版：2014年初開始在中國銷售

信息表達：A book， Richards Future， written by Amy Lin， an AmericanChinese， has been sold in China since the beginning of 2014.

（Richards Future 作a book的同位語， an AmericanChinese 作Amy Lin的同位語）

翻譯：上學(xué)期，我參加了名為“英語角”的社團活動。“英語角”是用來幫助學(xué)生提高英語口語和筆頭英語能力的組織。

Last term I participated in the “English Corner”， an organization that helps students improve their skills in oral English and written English.

二、主題的呈現(xiàn)手段

在呈現(xiàn)主題時要用到的詞語有很多， 簡單的有about， on， as to等，復(fù)雜的有concerning， regarding， with respect to等。

[典型例題] 信息點：這次交流會引發(fā)了中美教育方式孰優(yōu)孰劣的討論。

信息表達：The Exchange Conference has received a heated discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of Chinese and American educational ways.

1. 翻譯： 上周末我校在3500名學(xué)生中進行了有關(guān)“學(xué)習(xí)負擔(dān)”的相關(guān)問題調(diào)查。

Last weekend， a survey about “The Burden of Study” was carried out （conducted） among 3500 students in our school.

2. 翻譯： 最近， 你班就“高三學(xué)生是否需要鍛煉來保持健康”展開了討論。

Recently we have had a discussion in a class meeting about whether Senior 3 students should take exercises to keep fit.

三、觀點的呈現(xiàn)手段

在表達觀點時可用短語如according to sb.（根據(jù)某人的看法），in my opinion / in my view（在我看來，我認為），from ones point of view（在某人看來），as far as Im concerned（對我而言）， as for（至于……，就……而言）等， 也可用句型如sb. believes / thinks / claims，sb. told us that...，sb. pointed out that...（某人指出）等。

[典型例題] 專家解讀（王教授）：沉溺于上網(wǎng)學(xué)生

（1）發(fā)生率：略高于50%

（2）人數(shù)：世界第一

信息表達：According to Professor Wang， slightly more than half of the school children in our country are addicted to surfing the Internet， ranking first in the world.

1. 翻譯：我的看法是我們應(yīng)保護自然資源，減少環(huán)境污染。

In my opinion， we should try to protect natural resources and decrease environment pollution.

2. 翻譯：依我看， 合作需要有效的交流， 沒有它人們會盲目地做事情。

From my point of view， cooperation calls for effective communication， without which people will do things blindly.

四、百分比的表達

在表達百分比時可用如下形式：

1. （1）70% of... （2）seventy percent of... （3）70 percent of the...（注意：考生最易漏用of）

2. 其他一些關(guān)于比例的表達手段。如：

（1）一半：half of the... =fifty percent of the...

（2）四分之一（25%）：a quarter of =25 percent of the...

（3）四分之三（75%）：three quarters of =75 percent of the...

3. 分數(shù)表達法：分子是基數(shù)詞， 分母是序數(shù)詞。如：

1/4：one fourth2/3：two thirds

7/8：seven eighths

五個當(dāng)中有三個：three out of five，three in five

[典型例題] 信息點：

相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)： （1）（目前中國）吸煙人數(shù)： 約35億

（2）分布：男性75%， 女性：25%

信息表達：Currently China has about 350 million smokers， among whom 75 percent are men and 25 percent are women.

五、建議的表達手段

在文章中要提出各種建議時可采用以下短語：advise sb. to do...（勸某人做某事），另外，還可以使用以下從句：（1） Sb. suggests that...（2） Sb. gives sb. a suggestion that...（3） It is suggested that...（4） It is highly advisable that...（5） give sb. some advice on...

[典型例題] 信息點：

專家解讀：建議：（中小學(xué)生）不要過度用眼；多參加戶外活動

信息表達：He suggested that school children avoid overuse of their eyes and do more outdoor activities.

或 He gave us a suggestion that school children should avoid overusing their eyes and take more outdoor activities.

六、目的的表達手段

表目的的表達手段很多， 用作不同的成分有不同的表達。

1. 用謂語表達：aim / intend to do sth.（目的是， 旨在）

2. 用狀語表達：

（1） so as to / in order to / in an effort to do...（為了做某事）

（2） with the purpose of doing sth.（帶著……的目的， 為了）

（3） in hopes / the hope of（懷著……的希望）

（4） with dreams of doing（帶著……的夢想）

（5） with the goal of doing sth.（目的是）

3. 用不定式作表語表達：

（1） The purpose of doing sth. is to do...（做某事的目的是）

（2） Our goal is to do...（我們的目標/的是）

（3） The aim is to do...（目的是）

4. 用從句表達：

（1） so that...（以便）

（2） in order that...（為了）

（3） in the hope that...（懷著……的希望）

[典型例題] 信息點：

目標：所有室內(nèi)公共場所無煙

實施時間：2011年1月1日起

信息表達：This decision， which aims to make all indoor public places smokefree， will come into effect from the first day of 2011.

或This decision， aiming to make all indoor public places smokefree， will be carried out from January 1， 2011.

七、原因的表達手段

在表達原因時可以使用介詞短語：because of， due to， owing to， thanks to， for the reason that+從句。另外還可以使用：because， as， since， so...that...。句式The reason for / why...is that... （……的原因是……）也是極佳的選擇以下從句。

[典型例題]

1. 你的偶像及理由。

As for myself， Thomas Edison is my idol because his inventions have greatly changed our life.

專家解讀：（1）原因：很復(fù)雜

（2）治療：沒有哪一種藥物能治愈近視

信息表達：He also pointed out that the causes for shortsightedness are so complicated that no medicine can cure it.或 Due to the complication of shortsightedness， no medicine can cure it， Professor Wang told us.

2. 翻譯：部分大學(xué)為什么吸引力下降：部分大學(xué)辦學(xué)質(zhì)量差、學(xué)生上學(xué)學(xué)費高、畢業(yè)生就業(yè)難等。

The reason why some colleges have become less attractive is that the educational quality of some colleges is poor， the tuition fee is high and its hard for college graduates to get jobs.

或Due to the poor educational quality of some colleges， high tuition fees and difficult employment for college graduates， some colleges have become less attractive.

八、舉例的表達手段

在舉例時可用如下表達手段：

1. such as / like / such...as...（后接名詞、動名詞， 不能接句子和動詞原形）

2. For instance， ... / For example， ...（前后有標點， 后接句子）

3. Take sb. or sth. for example / Take sb. or sth. as an example（用于舉一個例子）

1. 翻譯：很多中國學(xué)生面臨很多體質(zhì)問題，諸如肥胖、近視等。

Many Chinese students are facing a number of physical problems， such as obesity， and shortsightedness， etc.

2. 翻譯：就拿我班的同學(xué)來說吧， 有些擔(dān)心自己個子小， 有些為自己胖而苦惱， 其他同學(xué)因為自己不漂亮而沮喪。

Take some of my classmates as an example. Some worry about their small size； some get annoyed that they are fat； and others are upset that they are not beautiful.

寫作是語言輸出的一個重要過程，高效的語言輸出源自于充分的語言輸入。高考英語作文基本為幾種固定的題材體裁，下面就幾種典型的文章給大家提供一些示范內(nèi)容。對于正反觀點的文章，我們可以借鑒如下內(nèi)容：Recently weve had a heated discussion on “...”. Opinions concerning this hot topic vary from person to person. / The majority of people hold the view that... / However， those who are against the idea maintain that... / From my perspective， I firmly support the idea that... 對于事物優(yōu)缺點的文章我們可以借鑒以下內(nèi)容：There is a widespread concern over the issue that “...”. / As the saying goes， “each coin has two sides”. / ...has both advantages and disadvantages. / Generally speaking， the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. / The advantages can be listed as follows. / However， we cant be blind to the disadvantages it brings to us.

對于看圖作文我們可以參照如下內(nèi)容：As can be seen from the picture， ... / As is vividly described in the cartoon， ... / The picture reflects a widespread phenomenon that...， which has raised public concern. / Simple as the picture is， the meaning it conveys is thoughtprovoking. / My suggestions on dealing with the problem are as follows： to begin with， its urgent to do sth. / More importantly， we cant emphasize the importance of doing sth. too much. / Finally we have to admit the fact that...

除了以上提及的種種語言手段，我們應(yīng)該注意通篇使用高級詞匯、高級句法。這是高考高分作文的法寶。關(guān)于具體的高級句法示范如下：

1. 定語從句、非限制性定語從句：

Those who disagree think it unnecessary to do sth.

There are 50 students in our class， twothirds of whom are fond of music.

Some students even turn a deaf ear to their teachers， which is very disappointing.

2. 分詞短語作后置定語：

1） According to the figures shown in the table， we can see that...

2） From the reasons listed above， we may draw the conclusion that...

3） There are several reasons accounting for this change.

3. 名詞性從句：

1） There is a widespread concern over the issue that “...”（同位語從句）

2） The picture reminds me of a common phenomenon that...（同位語從句）

3） What I want to stress （主語從句）is that...（表語從句）

4） The writer mainly tells us that...（賓語從句）

4. 倒裝：

Only after we take effective measures to solve the problem can we have / embrace a promising future.

So much homework did we have to do that we had no time to take a rest.

By no means should we give up.

5. it的用法

1） As a matter of fact， we should keep it in mind that...（形式賓語）

2） It is universally acknowledged that...（形式主語）

3） It is your attitude towards it that matters.（強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)）

6. 被動語態(tài)：

1） Students afterschool life can never be overlooked.

2） After reading the story， I am deeply moved by the hero， who reminds me of...

7. 諺語：

1） As an old saying goes， “A friend in need is a friend indeed.”

2） As the saying goes， “Teachers should not only pass on knowledge to students but also teach them how to study.”

8. 狀語從句：

1） Simple as the picture is， the meaning it conveys is very thoughtprovoking.

2） No matter how busy we are， we should spare some time to talk with our parents.

9. 動名詞短語作主語：

1） However， keeping an eye on its negative aspects is a must.

2） Taking part in all kinds of activities does good to us students.

10. 省略形式：

When asked about how long they spend on computers， many people admit that they spend too much time playing computer games.

11. 并列句：

1） Protect the environment， and we will have a harmonious society.

2） One more step， and you will succeed.

3） Work hard， or you will fall behind others.

綜上所述，英語寫作語言手段極為豐富，我們平時要養(yǎng)成良好的寫作習(xí)慣，注意使用各種語言手段，以便在考場上快速寫出一篇高分作文。當(dāng)然，我們也必須減少單詞硬傷、語法硬傷以及書寫硬傷。減少硬傷，修煉“軟實力”，英語作文高分不再是奢望。

（作者：姜加芹，海安縣實驗中學(xué)）