陳元生,羅致迪,鐘平華
棉鈴蟲發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度和有效積溫的地理變異
陳元生*,羅致迪,鐘平華
(江西環(huán)境工程職業(yè)學(xué)院,江西贛州 341000)
為探明棉鈴蟲Helicoverpaarmigera不同地理種群發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度和有效積溫及其地理變異,推測(cè)該蟲在不同地區(qū)可能發(fā)生的代數(shù)、為預(yù)測(cè)其發(fā)育發(fā)生期的差異提供依據(jù),從而更有效地進(jìn)行該蟲的綜合治理。以采集自中國(guó)的4個(gè)地理種群(廣東廣州(23.08° N,113.14° E)、江西永修(29.04° N,115.82° E)、山東泰安(36.15° N,116.59° E)、遼寧喀佐(41.34° N, 120.27° E)的幼蟲在室內(nèi)飼養(yǎng)繁育1代后為試材,采用在獲得其在20℃、22℃、25℃和28℃恒溫、L16∶D8的光周期條件下飼養(yǎng)的發(fā)育歷期的基礎(chǔ)上,比較研究這4個(gè)地理種群的幼蟲、非滯育蛹和滯育蛹的發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度和有效積溫及其與棲息地緯度的關(guān)系。結(jié)果表明:在實(shí)驗(yàn)室人工飼料飼養(yǎng)的條件下,棉鈴蟲幼蟲、非滯育蛹和滯育蛹發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度分別為10.18℃-12.19℃、10.60℃-13.50℃、15.56℃-17.96℃,有效積溫分別為254.91-300.89日度、126.21-204.43日度、181.03-363.39日度,滯育蛹的發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度比非滯育蛹高3.39℃-5.50℃,其有效積溫比非滯育蛹高35.56-165.89日度。這些說(shuō)明棉鈴蟲發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度和有效積溫均存在明顯地理變異,隨棲息地緯度的升高,幼蟲、非滯育蛹和滯育蛹的發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度呈現(xiàn)逐漸下降趨勢(shì),幼蟲的發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度與棲息地緯度呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系(P<0.05),其余呈不顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(P>0.05),而有效積溫則相反,呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢(shì),滯育蛹有效積溫與棲息地緯度升高呈顯著正相關(guān)(P<0.05),其余呈不顯著正相關(guān)(P>0.05)。
棉鈴蟲;發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度;有效積溫;地理變異;緯度;地理種群
昆蟲是典型的變溫動(dòng)物,溫度是影響昆蟲生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的主要外因,發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度(development threshold temperature, DTT)和有效積溫(sum of effective temperatures, SET)是昆蟲的基本生物學(xué)特性,是昆蟲地理種群在當(dāng)?shù)啬芊裢瓿砂l(fā)育的重要標(biāo)志,也是預(yù)測(cè)昆蟲發(fā)育進(jìn)程和種群動(dòng)態(tài)的重要指標(biāo)。對(duì)昆蟲的發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度和有效積溫的研究,有助于掌握其發(fā)育速度(Honěk, 1996; Jarosiketal., 2002),也有助于預(yù)測(cè)其發(fā)生期和發(fā)生代數(shù)(Bartekova and Praslicka, 2006)。
昆蟲的熱量需求變異與種群的地理起源(地理種群)有關(guān),而且隨地理緯度的增加,發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度(LDT)降低、有效積溫(SET)增加,且LDT與SET一般呈負(fù)相關(guān)(Trudgill, 1995)。Honěk(1996)報(bào)道了335種昆蟲的發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度和有效積溫的地理變異,在熱帶(0-23°N or S),LDT較高且?guī)缀鯚o(wú)地理差異,而在亞熱帶(24-39°N or S)和溫帶地區(qū)(≥40°N or S),隨地理緯度的升高,335種昆蟲的LDT平均值顯著降低,SET則隨地理緯度升高而增加,且其變化幅度比LDT大(Honěk, 1996)。而同種昆蟲不同地理種群的發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度和有效積溫的地理變異,已有不少報(bào)道。
多數(shù)情況下,同種昆蟲不同地理種群的LDT同樣也是隨棲息地緯度升高而降低的,SET則相反。例如,小菜蛾P(guān)lutellaxylostella的發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度與棲息地緯度呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系,而有效積溫則呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系(Umeya and Yamada, 1973);甘蔗紅粉蚧Saccharicoccussacchari菲律賓種群(低緯度)比埃及種群(高緯度)具有更高的LDT和更低的SET(Rae and De’ath, 1991);亞洲玉米螟一化性(黑龍江雙鴨山,46.38°N)種群SET最高,二化性(吉林公主嶺,43.31°N)種群次之,三化性(河北衡水,37.44°N)種群最低,卵、幼蟲和蛹的LDT均為三化性的最高,二化性居中,一化性最低(夏新等,2007)。另外,還有步甲Pterostihusnigrita(Ferenz, 1975)、歐洲玉米螟Ostrinianubilalis(Lee and Spence, 1987)等。顯然,上述昆蟲種群通過LDT和SET的變異來(lái)適用其當(dāng)?shù)氐纳鷳B(tài)環(huán)境。此外,也有些種類的昆蟲在整個(gè)分布區(qū)域內(nèi)發(fā)育穩(wěn)定,即LDT和SET無(wú)變異或者差異不顯著,如金眼草蛉Chrysopaoculeata(Necholsetal., 1987; Tauberetal., 1987),七星瓢蟲Coccinellaseptempunctata(Phoofolo and Obrycki, 1995), 竹桃蚜Aphisnerii(Groeters, 1992),豌豆蚜AcyrthosiphonpisumHarris(Lambetal., 1987),茶足柄瘤蚜繭蜂LysiphlebustestaceipesCresson(Royeretal., 2001),櫻桃繞實(shí)蠅Rhagoletiscerasi(Baker and Miller, 1978),褐色雛蝗Chorthippusbrunneus(Telfer and Hassall, 1999)等。
棉鈴蟲HelicoverpaarmigeraHübner是一種危險(xiǎn)性的世界性的害蟲,屬夜蛾科Noctuidae,主要為害玉米和棉花,隨著綜合防治的開展,需要我們對(duì)其基本生物學(xué)特性及環(huán)境因素對(duì)這些特性的影響有更深刻的了解。資料表明,棉鈴蟲在滯育誘導(dǎo)(吳孔明和郭予元,1997;Shimizu and Fujisaki, 2006)、發(fā)育歷期(陳元生和涂小云,2016)等方面存在地理變異,但棉鈴蟲發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度和有效積溫的地理變異,尚未見報(bào)道。有關(guān)棉鈴蟲發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度和有效積溫的報(bào)道雖然有不少(吳坤君等,1980;李錦華和李茲新,1985;李超等,1987;吳孔明和郭予元,1994;牟吉元等,1995;吳孔明和郭予元,1996;Qureshietal., 1999; Jallow and Matsumura, 2001; Bartekova and Praslicka, 2006),但這些研究所采用的實(shí)驗(yàn)種群不同,且實(shí)驗(yàn)條件及測(cè)定方法不完全一致,故所得到的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果(DTT和SET)差異很大,很難有可比性,因?yàn)槔ハx通過人工飼料飼養(yǎng)所獲得LDT和SET,不同于寄主材料飼養(yǎng)的LDT和SET,人工飼料飼養(yǎng)的棉鈴蟲生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育要比多數(shù)寄主植物飼養(yǎng)的快(吳孔明和郭予元,1994;Casimeroetal., 2000; Jallow and Matsumura, 2001; Jallowetal., 2001),即實(shí)驗(yàn)條件(營(yíng)養(yǎng)、溫度設(shè)置等)對(duì)LDT及SET影響極大,所以我們不能依據(jù)不同人在不同的實(shí)驗(yàn)條件下所得到的數(shù)據(jù)匯總來(lái)類推棉鈴蟲LDT和SET是否存在地理變異。鑒此,本試驗(yàn)在相同的實(shí)驗(yàn)條件下,系統(tǒng)比較了廣東、江西、山東和遼寧4個(gè)地理種群棉鈴蟲幼蟲、非滯育蛹和滯育蛹的LDT及SET,旨在探明其LDT和SET的真實(shí)地理變異及其特點(diǎn),為推測(cè)該蟲在不同地區(qū)可能發(fā)生的代數(shù)、預(yù)測(cè)其發(fā)育發(fā)生期的差異提供依據(jù),從而更有效地進(jìn)行該蟲的綜合治理。
1.1 供試蟲源
供試棉鈴蟲分別于2010年6-8月采自廣東省廣州市(以下簡(jiǎn)寫為“GZ”,23.08°N,113.14°E)、江西省永修縣(以下簡(jiǎn)寫為“YX”,29.04°N,115.82°E)、山東省泰安市(以下簡(jiǎn)寫為“TA”,36.15°N,116.59°E)、遼寧省喀佐縣(以下簡(jiǎn)寫為“KZ”,41.34°N,120.27°E)。幼蟲在室內(nèi)用人工飼料(參照Wu and Gong(1997)的方法)、在25℃、L16:D8的光周期條件下飼養(yǎng),3齡前在24孔板內(nèi)群養(yǎng),3齡后在21孔冰格板內(nèi)單養(yǎng),成蟲用復(fù)合維生素糖水(梁革梅等,1999)飼喂,備用。
1.2 歷期測(cè)定方法
實(shí)驗(yàn)在恒溫下進(jìn)行,設(shè)置20℃、22℃、25℃和28℃4個(gè)恒溫;光照時(shí)間為:16 h/d。
將4個(gè)地理種群的初孵幼蟲(室內(nèi)第1代)分別移入相應(yīng)溫度和光周期的培養(yǎng)箱中,觀察并記錄各組幼蟲的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育及化蛹情況,然后將滯育蛹與非滯育蛹分開,分別觀察記錄其羽化情況,統(tǒng)計(jì)求得幼蟲歷期、非滯育蛹?xì)v期和滯育蛹?xì)v期。以上實(shí)驗(yàn)均在新苗光照培養(yǎng)箱GZX-250BS-Ⅲ中進(jìn)行,光照強(qiáng)度為500-700 lx,箱內(nèi)的溫度變化幅度為±0.5℃。
棉鈴蟲滯育蛹的判斷依據(jù)蛹的眼點(diǎn)移動(dòng)情況判斷,化蛹后10-15 d眼點(diǎn)位置仍無(wú)變化的蛹判定為滯育個(gè)體(Cullen and Browning, 1978)。
1.3 發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度和有效積溫的計(jì)算
上述所得的各蟲態(tài)發(fā)育歷期(D)(陳元生和涂小云,2016)換算成發(fā)育速率(R=1/D)。依據(jù)有效積溫法則,采用直線回歸法(Honěk, 1996;Bartekova and Praslicka, 2006),按溫度(T)與發(fā)育速率(R)的線性回歸方程:R=a+bT [a,b均為線性回歸參數(shù)],計(jì)算各蟲態(tài)發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度(DTT)與有效積溫(SET):DTT=-a/b;SET=1/b。
1.4 地理變異分析方法
運(yùn)用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件中線性回歸分析法(Linear-regression)分析處理各蟲態(tài)LDT和SET與棲息地緯度關(guān)系。
2.1 幼蟲發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度和有效積溫
不同地理種群棉鈴蟲幼蟲的發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度和有效積溫見表1。由表1可知,GZ、YX、TA和KZ種群幼蟲的發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度分別為12.14℃、10.89℃、10.98℃和10.24℃,隨緯度升高,幼蟲發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度逐漸下降。采用線性回歸分析得到,雌性幼蟲發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度與棲息地緯度的相關(guān)性方程為:y=-0.0984x+ 14.564(R2= 0.8496,P<0.05),雄幼蟲的發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度與棲息地緯度的相關(guān)性方程為:y=-0.0857x+ 13.689(R2=0.6245,P<0.05),這說(shuō)明,雌、雄幼蟲的發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度均隨棲息地緯度升高而下降,呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系,而且雌蟲的相關(guān)性表現(xiàn)更顯著、明顯些。
從表1還可見,GZ、YX、TA和KZ種群幼蟲的有效積溫分別為231.00、290.19、263.64和264.48日度,雌、雄幼蟲發(fā)育有效積溫均隨棲息地緯度升高而呈現(xiàn)出增加的趨勢(shì),呈不顯著的正相關(guān)關(guān)系(P>0.05)。
2.2 非滯育蛹發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度和有效積溫
不同地理種群棉鈴蟲蛹的發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度和有效積溫見表2。由表2可見,GZ、YX、TA和KZ種群非滯育蛹的發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度分別為12.11℃、12.46℃、13.11℃和11.24℃,隨緯度升高,雌、雄非滯育蛹發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度均呈下降趨勢(shì),但線性關(guān)系不明顯(雌蛹相關(guān)性方程:y=-0.0281x+13.472,R2=0.0473,P>0.05;雄蛹相關(guān)性方程:y=-0.0251x+ 12.784,R2=0.0283,P>0.05)。雌性非滯育蛹DTT,中緯度YX、TA種群(13.36℃、13.36℃)明顯分別高于低緯度GZ種群(12.11℃)和高緯度種群(11.24℃),差異顯著;而雄性DTT只TA種群高于其它種群,其差異也達(dá)顯著水平。
表1 不同地理種群棉鈴蟲幼蟲發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度和有效積溫Table 1 DTT and SET of larva of different geographic populations of Helicoverpa armigera
從表2還可見,GZ、YX、TA和KZ種群非滯育蛹的有效積溫分別為153.54、159.53、135.42和183.28日度,雌、雄非滯育蛹有效積溫均隨棲息地緯度升高而呈現(xiàn)出增加的趨勢(shì),呈不顯著的正相關(guān)關(guān)系(雌蛹相關(guān)性方程:y=0.9061x+ 116.52,R2= 0.1398,P>0.05;雄蛹相關(guān)性方程:y=1.0335x+ 137.79,R2= 0.0864,P>0.05)。
除TA種群雌、雄非滯育蛹DTT基本相同外,其余種群非滯育蛹DTT均為雌性略高于雄性,而SET則所有種群均雄性高于雌性。
2.3 滯育蛹發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度和有效積溫
從表2可知,YX、TA和KZ種群滯育蛹的發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度分別為17.51℃、16.50℃和16.74℃,均高于相應(yīng)的非滯育蛹,分別高出5.05℃、3.39℃和5.50℃;隨緯度升高,雌、雄滯育蛹發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度均呈下降趨勢(shì),雌性呈不顯著的負(fù)相關(guān)(y=-0.027x+ 17.387,R2=0.0486,P>0.05),雄性卻呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(y=-0.1096x+ 21.094,R2=0.9793,P<0.05)。
YX、TA和KZ種群滯育蛹的有效積溫分別為195.05、269.46和349.17日度,大大高于相應(yīng)非滯育蛹,分別高出35.56、134.04和165.89日度;雌、雄滯育蛹有效積溫均隨棲息地緯度升高而顯著增加,呈顯著正相關(guān)(雌滯育蛹回歸方程:y=10.421x-83.107,R2=0.9303,P<0.05;雄滯育蛹回歸方程:y=14.447x-250.99,R2=0.9331,P<0.05)。
滯育蛹DTT,YX、TA種群雄性高于雌性,KZ種群兩性間幾乎無(wú)差異;滯育蛹SET,YX、TA種群雌性高于雄性,KZ種群由相反。
表2 不同地理種群棉鈴蟲蛹發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度和有效積溫Table 2 PupalDTT and SET of different geographic populations of Helicoverpa armigera
本研究結(jié)果顯示,棉鈴蟲發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度和有效積溫均存在地理變異,隨棲息地緯度的升高,幼蟲、非滯育蛹和滯育蛹的發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度呈現(xiàn)逐漸下降趨勢(shì),幼蟲的發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度與棲息地緯度呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系(P<0.05),其余呈不顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(P>0.05),而有效積溫則相反,呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢(shì),滯育蛹有效積溫與棲息地緯度升高呈顯著正相關(guān)(P<0.05),其余呈不顯著正相關(guān)(P>0.05)。棉鈴蟲發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度和有效積溫的地理變異,符合絕大多數(shù)昆蟲的變異趨勢(shì),即LDT隨棲息地緯度升高而降低,SET則相反(Honěk, 1996)。這說(shuō)明高緯度北方種群幼蟲、蛹的發(fā)育過程中溫度較低也能開始并完成發(fā)育, 而低緯度南方種群幼蟲、蛹的發(fā)育過程中要求溫度較高才能開始并完成發(fā)育。
滯育蛹與非滯育蛹的發(fā)育特性有明顯的差別,就發(fā)育起始溫度來(lái)講,滯育蛹發(fā)育起始溫度高于非滯育蛹。Wilson等(1979)研究表明,滯育蛹的發(fā)育起始溫度較非滯育蛹高5℃左右;蔣明星等(1997)發(fā)現(xiàn),越冬蛹眼點(diǎn)移動(dòng)前的發(fā)育特性明顯不同于非滯育蛹,發(fā)育起始溫度前者較后者高4℃-5℃,而在眼點(diǎn)移動(dòng)后期,兩類蛹則比較相似。吳孔明等(1996)的研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)滯育蛹發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度比非滯育蛹高4℃以上。本試驗(yàn)與上述結(jié)果相似,滯育蛹的發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度比非滯育蛹高3.39℃-5.50℃,其有效積溫比非滯育蛹高35.56-165.89日度,在16℃以上滯育蛹才能啟動(dòng)發(fā)育,且北方種群需要累積的溫度量要遠(yuǎn)高于南方種群,所以北方種群越冬代羽化時(shí)間遠(yuǎn)晚于南方種群。
有關(guān)棉鈴蟲發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度和有效積溫的研究已有一些零星報(bào)道,見表3。由表3可見,由于各人的研究方法、實(shí)驗(yàn)條件、食料以及蟲源不同,所得結(jié)果差異很大。造成這些差異的主要原因,除了可能存在的棉鈴蟲地理變異外,還與食料及溫度條件密切相關(guān)。如吳孔明等(1994)報(bào)道,同是河南新鄉(xiāng)的棉鈴蟲且實(shí)驗(yàn)條件相同,幼蟲分別飼于人工飼料和棉葉,得到的幼蟲、蛹LDT和SET卻存在很大差異(表3),說(shuō)明幼蟲期營(yíng)養(yǎng)是影響棉鈴蟲有效積溫的主要因素(吳孔明和郭予元,1994);日本熊本種群的LDT和SET與日本岡山種群的不同(Qureshietal., 1999),主要是由于所用的食料不同所致,而不是由于DTT的地理變異引起(Jallow and Matsumura, 2001);同是河北饒陽(yáng)種群,由于食料和溫度不同,吳坤君和李超所獲得的結(jié)果卻差異很大(表3);本實(shí)驗(yàn)的山東泰安種群(36.15° N)幼蟲、非滯育蛹和滯育蛹DTT分別為10.98℃、13.11℃和16.50℃,SET分別為263.64、135.42和269.46日度,這與吳孔明等報(bào)道的飼于飼料的河南新鄉(xiāng)種群(35° N)結(jié)果相近(滯育蛹DTT為16.52℃)(吳孔明和郭予元,1994,1996),而與緯度相近的卻飼于棉花的山東臨清種群(36.68° N)(牟吉元等,1995)差異較大,這進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明,食料及營(yíng)養(yǎng)條件對(duì)對(duì)棉鈴蟲LDT及SET影響極大。此外,實(shí)驗(yàn)的溫度范圍不同,所得DTT估值可能也不同,應(yīng)用線性回歸方法推測(cè)DTT、SET時(shí),應(yīng)盡量選擇4個(gè)以上的恒溫,且溫度范圍要廣(Bergant and Trdan, 2006)。本實(shí)驗(yàn)所采用的溫度范圍是20℃-28℃,設(shè)置20℃、22℃、25℃和28℃4個(gè)恒溫,所有種群均在相同飼料等條件下進(jìn)行的,故所得的結(jié)果是充分可信可靠的,完全可以以此比較種群的地理差異。
對(duì)發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度DTT的估計(jì)有不同的方法。林郁等(1959)曾用實(shí)測(cè)法、圖測(cè)法和回歸直線法估計(jì)了三化螟SchoenobiusincertellusWalker的發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度DTT和有效積溫SET,發(fā)現(xiàn)計(jì)算所得數(shù)值都與實(shí)測(cè)的有一定差異,而且有些計(jì)算數(shù)值例如卵的LDT是沒有實(shí)際意義的。有關(guān)棉鈴蟲LDT和SET的估算,國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者多是根據(jù)有效積溫法則公式和最小二乘方求系數(shù)公式求得LDT和SET常數(shù)(牟吉元等,1995),或者依據(jù)有效積溫的“直接最優(yōu)法”(吳孔明和郭予元,1994),而國(guó)外學(xué)者多采用溫度與發(fā)育速率(發(fā)育歷期的倒數(shù))的線性回歸法(Qureshietal., 1999; Jallow and Matsumura, 2001; Bartekova and Praslicka, 2006),這是一種簡(jiǎn)便的分析溫度對(duì)昆蟲發(fā)育的影響的方法,在昆蟲生理溫度范圍內(nèi),這種方法適合于絕大多數(shù)昆蟲,具有廣泛實(shí)用性(Lamb, 1992;Honěk, 1996;Trudgilletal., 2005)。本實(shí)驗(yàn)所采用的是后面一種方法。
表3 棉鈴蟲的發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度和有效積溫(文獻(xiàn)資料)Table 3 DTT and SET of Helicoverpa armigera (Literatures)
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Geographic variation indevelopment threshold temperature and sum of effective temperatures of the cotton bollworm,HelicoverpaarmigeraHübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
CHEN Yuan-Sheng*, LUO Zhi-Di, ZHONG Ping-Hua
(Jiangxi Environmental Engineering Vocational College, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, Province, China)
The purpose of the research is to understanding geographic variation in development threshold temperature (DTT) and sum of effective temperatures (SET) of different populations of the cotton bollworm,HelicoverpaarmigeraHübner, in order to suppose its possible occurrence generations in different regions as the basis for predicting the occurrence period of its development., thus to establish IPM method to control this pest effectively.After breeding the larvae ofH.armigerafor one generation from 4 different geographic populations (Guangzhou population, 23.08°N, 113.14°E; Yongxiu population, 29.04°N, 115.82°E; Taian population, 36.15°N, 116.59° E; Kazuo, 41.34°N, 120.27°E), on the basis of its developmental durations under constant temperature 20℃, 22℃, 25℃, and 28℃, and light period L16:D8, the DTT and SET of larvae, non-diapaused pupae and diapaused pupae ofH.armigerawas systematically investigated, and the relationship between the DTT, SET and latitude was analyzed.The results showed that the DTT of larvae, non-diapaused pupae and diapaused pupae was 10.18℃-12.19℃, 10.60℃-13.50℃ and 15.56℃-17.96 ℃, respectively.Their SET were 254.91-300.89, 126.21-204.43 and 181.03-363.39 day-degrees, respectively, reared in the laboratory with artificial feed.The DTT of diapaused pupae was 3.39℃-5.50℃ more than that of non-diapaused pupae, and their SET were 35.56-165.89 day-degrees more than that of non-diapaused pupae.There was clear geographic variation in the DTT and SET ofH.armigera, with the increase of latitude habitat.The DTT of larvae, non-diapaused pupae and diapaused pupae was decreased, showing negative correlation, but the SET were the opposite, SET increased with increasing geographical latitude.
Helicoverpaarmigera; development threshold temperature; sum of effective temperatures; geographic variation; latitude; geographic population
陳元生,羅致迪,鐘平華.棉鈴蟲發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度和有效積溫的地理變異[J].環(huán)境昆蟲學(xué)報(bào),2017,39(3):573-579.
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(31060243);江西省科技支撐計(jì)劃重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(20151BBF60069)
陳元生,男,1967年生,江西信豐人,教授,博士,從事昆蟲生物學(xué)和滯育生理生態(tài)研究,E-mail: cys0061@163.com
Received: 2016-03-14; 接受日期Accepted: 2016-10-24
Q965;S433.3
A
1674-0858(2017)03-0573-07