張曉萌 陳建海 王艷華 寇玉輝 付中國(guó) 張殿英
·論著·
鎖骨骨折患者并發(fā)癥的原因分析與對(duì)策
張曉萌 陳建海 王艷華 寇玉輝 付中國(guó) 張殿英
目的探討鎖骨骨折患者并發(fā)癥的原因及相應(yīng)對(duì)策。方法選自1999年1月至2016年9月北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院創(chuàng)傷骨科收治的鎖骨骨折患者465例,對(duì)所有病例進(jìn)行檢索,并收集并發(fā)癥患者的相關(guān)病歷資料,分析其發(fā)生原因并據(jù)此采取相應(yīng)對(duì)策。結(jié)果本組共有17例患者出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥,占全部鎖骨骨折住院患者總數(shù)的3.87%;住院時(shí)間為3~36d,平均(12.35±10.39)d。所有患者初次致傷后按照Craig分型分類,其中Ⅰ型骨折13例、Ⅱ型骨折3例,Ⅲ型骨折1例。本組患者并發(fā)癥出現(xiàn)時(shí)間大多在20d至1年內(nèi),僅有1例醫(yī)源性骨折患者發(fā)生于術(shù)后26年。5例患者有內(nèi)科合并癥,其中超過(guò)3項(xiàng)術(shù)后合并癥的患者有3例。9例患者出現(xiàn)骨折不愈合,其中包括4例鋼板斷裂、2例內(nèi)固定松動(dòng)和3例出現(xiàn)骨折不愈合;3例患者出現(xiàn)內(nèi)固定取出后原位置再骨折;2例出現(xiàn)傷口愈合不良;1例出現(xiàn)內(nèi)固定外露;1例患者內(nèi)固定術(shù)后同側(cè)鎖骨因外傷出現(xiàn)新發(fā)骨折。再次手術(shù)的16例患者中,有7例患者行自體髂骨植骨術(shù)。除外1例保守治療導(dǎo)致鎖骨嚴(yán)重畸形愈合患者因手術(shù)禁忌而繼續(xù)采取保守治療措施,其他16例患者均再次行手術(shù)治療并痊愈出院。結(jié)論本組鎖骨骨折病例的并發(fā)癥多與內(nèi)固定手術(shù)有關(guān),針對(duì)已發(fā)生并發(fā)癥的鎖骨骨折患者應(yīng)制定個(gè)性化的治療方案,但大多需通過(guò)再次手術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn);嚴(yán)密的術(shù)前評(píng)估與手術(shù)計(jì)劃,規(guī)范的術(shù)中操作以及合理的功能鍛煉是預(yù)防并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的主要措施。
鎖骨骨折;并發(fā)癥;保守治療;手術(shù)治療
鎖骨骨折是最常見(jiàn)的骨折之一,其發(fā)生率在成人中占全身骨折的2.6%~4.0%[1-3]。傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,大多數(shù)鎖骨骨折通過(guò)保守治療可獲得良好功能,但Zlowodzki等[4]的一項(xiàng)Meta分析表明,非手術(shù)治療鎖骨骨折的不愈合發(fā)生率大約為5.9%。目前針對(duì)移位顯著(移位、短縮大于2cm)、粉碎嚴(yán)重(骨塊大于3塊、多段骨折)的鎖骨骨折患者,大多推薦手術(shù)治療以降低并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率[5],但仍存在一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Ricci等[6]報(bào)道了鎖骨中段骨折切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定術(shù)后再手術(shù)原因有骨折不愈合、深部感染和畸形愈合,其發(fā)生率遠(yuǎn)低于保守治療。目前針對(duì)鎖骨骨折并發(fā)癥尚缺乏規(guī)范的治療。本研究回顧性分析了北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院創(chuàng)傷骨科自1999年1月至2016年9月共收治的465例鎖骨骨折患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)有17例出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥,本文總結(jié)了這些并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生原因及相應(yīng)對(duì)策,取得了滿意的臨床療效,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
一、一般資料
自1999年1月至2016年9月,本院共收治鎖骨骨折患者465例,其中有17例患者發(fā)生并發(fā)癥,列入本組研究對(duì)象。本研究采用回顧性分析方法,研究指標(biāo)包括患者的性別、年齡、左右側(cè)、致傷原因、并發(fā)癥發(fā)生時(shí)間、主要合并癥、治療措施、住院時(shí)間以及出院時(shí)情況等(表1)。
表1 17例出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥患者的相關(guān)資料
本組17例患者,男9例,女8例;年齡20~69歲,平均年齡為(43.53±13.01)歲;左側(cè)10例,右側(cè)7例。初次致傷原因均為外傷,其中摔傷13例,車禍致傷2例,醫(yī)源性鎖骨骨折2例。傷后16例患者接受手術(shù)治療,1例患者因手術(shù)禁忌行保守治療。另外,11例患者發(fā)生于日?;顒?dòng)中,無(wú)明顯外傷誘因,1例患者發(fā)生再次摔傷,1例患者發(fā)生于患側(cè)肢體過(guò)度負(fù)重時(shí),2例患者因可疑感染導(dǎo)致傷口愈合不良,1例因內(nèi)固定物長(zhǎng)期與皮膚及皮下組織摩擦導(dǎo)致外露。
二、治療措施
17例患者中有16例再次行手術(shù)治療。治療措施:3例患者行內(nèi)固定取出、再次切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定、植骨手術(shù);4例患者行內(nèi)固定取出、再次切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定未植骨;4例患者行切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定、髂骨取骨植骨術(shù);2例患者僅行切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定術(shù);1例患者取出內(nèi)固定后行皮膚軟組織清創(chuàng)術(shù);1例患者僅行內(nèi)固定取出術(shù);1例患者僅行皮膚軟組織清創(chuàng)術(shù);1例患者因禁忌證采取非手術(shù)治療。
三、術(shù)后處理
所有手術(shù)患者術(shù)后均采用前臂吊帶固定患肩2周左右,2周后逐漸恢復(fù)肩關(guān)節(jié)的主、被動(dòng)活動(dòng),6~8周后行持重功能訓(xùn)練。1例保守治療的患者因鎖骨已畸形愈合,不再對(duì)患側(cè)肩關(guān)節(jié)主、被動(dòng)活動(dòng)進(jìn)行限制,僅要求避免患側(cè)上肢過(guò)度持重。
四、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
所有數(shù)據(jù)采用Excel 2016軟件整理,并采用SPSS 20.0軟件對(duì)部分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析處理,計(jì)量資料用±s表示。
本組研究共有17例患者,占全部鎖骨骨折住院患者總數(shù)的3.66%;住院時(shí)間為3~36d,平均(12.35±10.39)d。所有患者初次致傷后按照Craig分型分類,其中Ⅰ型骨折13例、Ⅱ型骨折3例,Ⅲ型骨折1例。本組患者并發(fā)癥出現(xiàn)時(shí)間大多在20d至1年內(nèi),僅有1例醫(yī)源性骨折患者發(fā)生于術(shù)后26年。5例患者有內(nèi)科合并癥,其中超過(guò)3項(xiàng)合并癥的患者有3例。9例患者出現(xiàn)骨折不愈合,其中包括4例(1、3、6和14號(hào))鋼板斷裂(圖1)、2例(5和10號(hào))內(nèi)固定松動(dòng)(圖2)、3例(2、7和8號(hào))僅出現(xiàn)骨折不愈合;3例(13、16和17號(hào))患者出現(xiàn)內(nèi)固定取出后原位置再骨折;2例(12和15號(hào))出現(xiàn)傷口愈合不良;1例(11號(hào))出現(xiàn)內(nèi)固定外露;1例(9號(hào))患者內(nèi)固定術(shù)后同側(cè)鎖骨因外傷出現(xiàn)新發(fā)骨折;另有1例患者(4號(hào))傷后因手術(shù)禁忌采取保守治療導(dǎo)致畸形愈合(圖3)。再次手術(shù)的16例患者中,有7例患者行自體髂骨取骨植骨術(shù)。
圖1 14號(hào)患者,59歲,男性,左側(cè)鎖骨中段骨折切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定術(shù)后正位X線片(A),提示內(nèi)固定位置良好,達(dá)到解剖復(fù)位。術(shù)后3個(gè)月左右正位X線片(B)提示左側(cè)鎖骨內(nèi)固定斷裂,骨折不愈合,輕度成角移位。術(shù)中(C)取出斷裂的內(nèi)固定后清除斷端死骨,再次復(fù)位后放置鎖骨解剖型鎖定鈦板,斷端植入自體髂骨。術(shù)后正位X線片(D)顯示內(nèi)固定位置良好,骨折斷端愈合。術(shù)后2年正位X線片(E、F)顯示骨折已愈合以及內(nèi)固定取出術(shù)后表現(xiàn)
圖2 5號(hào)患者,44歲,女性,X線片(A)示右鎖骨中段骨折,斷端移位。手術(shù)采用切開復(fù)位非鎖定解剖鈦板內(nèi)固定。術(shù)后正位X線片(B)提示骨折不愈合,螺釘松動(dòng),內(nèi)固定失效。術(shù)中(C、D)取出內(nèi)固定后放置鎖定型解剖鈦板并取自體髂骨植入骨折斷端。術(shù)中(E)及術(shù)后X線片(F)顯示內(nèi)固定位置良好,骨折解剖復(fù)位
圖3 4號(hào)患者,37歲,男性,右鎖骨骨折后保守治療10個(gè)月,因手術(shù)禁忌繼續(xù)采取保守治療。X線片分別顯示傷后10個(gè)月(A)、傷后15個(gè)月(B)和傷后18個(gè)月(C)的鎖骨愈合情況
鎖骨骨折可發(fā)生于各年齡段,通常好發(fā)于小于3 0歲的青年男性和大于80歲的老年人這兩個(gè)高峰段[1]。早期觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,鎖骨中段骨折即使有移位(斷端有2/3接觸)也可通過(guò)保守治療(“8”字繃帶或前臂吊帶)獲得收益。Lenza等[7]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)有移位骨折的通過(guò)保守治療其不愈合發(fā)生率可高達(dá)15%。同時(shí),Andermahr等[8]和 Edelson[9]認(rèn)為保守治療的鎖骨骨折均有不同程度的畸形愈合,而鎖骨畸形愈合不僅影響患者美觀,也可引起肩關(guān)節(jié)功能障礙。Ledger等[10]通過(guò)CT三維重建、調(diào)查問(wèn)卷及生物力學(xué)檢測(cè)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)鎖骨骨折短縮移位15mm時(shí)對(duì)肩關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)的影響較大。McKee等[11]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)鎖骨畸形可嚴(yán)重影響相應(yīng)上肢的肌力。因此對(duì)于存在臨床癥狀的骨折不愈合或畸形愈合患者應(yīng)積極采取手術(shù)矯正,以改善肩胛帶及相應(yīng)肢體的功能。在本院465例鎖骨骨折住院患者中,有1例37歲中年男性患者(4號(hào))因車禍導(dǎo)致右鎖骨中段骨折,采取保守治療約2個(gè)月后出現(xiàn)右側(cè)鎖骨嚴(yán)重畸形愈合的并發(fā)癥。但由于合并有竇性心動(dòng)過(guò)緩,最終只能放棄手術(shù)矯形并接受后續(xù)功能康復(fù)鍛煉。
隨著內(nèi)固定材料的發(fā)展和技術(shù)的成熟,現(xiàn)代觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為鎖骨骨折只要存在手術(shù)指征都應(yīng)積極采取手術(shù)治療,其優(yōu)勢(shì)在于能夠達(dá)到解剖復(fù)位、減少疼痛[1215],避免了骨折斷端的扭轉(zhuǎn),而且手術(shù)簡(jiǎn)單可靠還可重復(fù)[16],降低了畸形愈合的發(fā)生率[17],有助于患者早期功能鍛煉,恢復(fù)正常工作和生活,并獲得更好的美觀和整體滿意度。然而手術(shù)治療也有一定幾率導(dǎo)致并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,原因較為復(fù)雜,應(yīng)該獲得足夠重視。這些并發(fā)癥通常包括內(nèi)固定松動(dòng)(4.8%)[1820]、鋼 板 斷 裂 (1.9%)[18]、感 染 (0% ~18%)[1921]、內(nèi) 固 定 引 起 的 疼 痛、術(shù) 后 再 發(fā) 骨 折(0.04%)[22]等,通常與骨折粉碎嚴(yán)重、術(shù)中操作不當(dāng)、內(nèi)固定取出時(shí)間過(guò)早、術(shù)后患者依從性差、不能遵循制動(dòng)及限制負(fù)重等危險(xiǎn)因素有關(guān)[22-25]。章浩等[26]研究認(rèn)為,醫(yī)源性因素是鎖骨骨折內(nèi)固定失敗的最主要原因。術(shù)中復(fù)位手法粗暴、過(guò)度強(qiáng)調(diào)解剖復(fù)位以及過(guò)多剝離骨膜,均可干擾骨折斷端血運(yùn);同時(shí),為達(dá)到滿意的復(fù)位而采用縫線或鋼絲捆扎過(guò)緊也可減少骨折斷端的血供,影響骨折愈合。因此,在骨折端的顯露與復(fù)位時(shí)應(yīng)盡量避免對(duì)周圍組織及骨膜的過(guò)度干擾,減少術(shù)后骨折不愈合的發(fā)生。術(shù)中采用重建板并可因金屬疲勞而降低鋼板強(qiáng)度,易導(dǎo)致內(nèi)固定物斷裂;而內(nèi)固定物工作距離過(guò)短則使鋼板受力增大,無(wú)法抗拒鎖骨在肩胛帶活動(dòng)時(shí)產(chǎn)生的扭轉(zhuǎn)力量,同時(shí)鋼板未放置于鎖骨張力側(cè)以及固定螺釘數(shù)量不足均可導(dǎo)致日后發(fā)生內(nèi)固定松動(dòng)。針對(duì)此類并發(fā)癥大多主張取出原有內(nèi)固定后清除死骨,對(duì)骨折斷端進(jìn)行新鮮化處理,復(fù)位后盡量選用鎖定鈦板內(nèi)固定治療以減少反復(fù)塑形對(duì)鈦板強(qiáng)度的影響,同時(shí)進(jìn)行斷端植骨可促進(jìn)骨折斷端生長(zhǎng)。與人工骨材料相比,自體髂骨具有其他人工骨材料所不具備的良好的骨形成、骨傳導(dǎo)和骨誘導(dǎo)作用,降低了感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn),是最理想的材料[27]。此外,術(shù)后應(yīng)延長(zhǎng)患側(cè)肩關(guān)節(jié)的制動(dòng)時(shí)間以及避免患肢過(guò)早負(fù)重活動(dòng)。
本組17例患者的并發(fā)癥主要與內(nèi)固定物及手術(shù)傷口相關(guān)。1、3、6、14號(hào)患者出現(xiàn)內(nèi)固定斷裂,主要與內(nèi)固定物選擇不當(dāng)有關(guān)。這4例患者均選用重建鈦板,術(shù)中未貼附鎖骨解剖形態(tài)進(jìn)行塑形,反復(fù)塑形可導(dǎo)致金屬疲勞,降低了鈦板的強(qiáng)度;同時(shí),患側(cè)肩關(guān)節(jié)術(shù)后過(guò)早活動(dòng)增加了鈦板的受力以致發(fā)生斷裂。因此,再次固定時(shí)依據(jù)個(gè)體情況,內(nèi)固定物分別選擇了鎖定加壓鈦板、鎖定解剖鈦板、3.0mm克氏針及鎖定重建鈦板,同時(shí)術(shù)中取自體髂骨植骨,并延長(zhǎng)了術(shù)后制動(dòng)時(shí)間、避免患肢過(guò)早負(fù)重活動(dòng)。5號(hào)患者初次固定采用的鈦板工作距離過(guò)短,螺釘距離骨折斷端太近,因此無(wú)法抗拒鎖骨在肩胛帶活動(dòng)時(shí)產(chǎn)生的扭轉(zhuǎn)力量而發(fā)生松動(dòng)失效,再次手術(shù)時(shí)更換為相對(duì)加長(zhǎng)的鎖定重建鈦板并盡量避免螺釘距離骨折線過(guò)近。8號(hào)患者為切出右鎖骨上區(qū)腫物而行鎖骨截骨術(shù),術(shù)后采用解剖型鎖定鈦板固定,3個(gè)月后發(fā)生不愈合,更換內(nèi)固定后取自體髂骨植骨,其發(fā)生原因可能與切除腫物時(shí)對(duì)周圍軟組織的剝離與破壞導(dǎo)致血供受損有關(guān)。
7號(hào)及10號(hào)均為右鎖骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折術(shù)后并發(fā)癥患者。7號(hào)患者發(fā)生骨折不愈合的主要原因是術(shù)中骨折復(fù)位不良,雙紐扣鋼板的縫線磨斷導(dǎo)致內(nèi)固定失效,同時(shí)紐扣鋼板僅重建了喙鎖垂直方向的穩(wěn)定性,但對(duì)于水平方向的單純喙鎖固定并不能將不穩(wěn)定骨折完全轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榉€(wěn)定骨折,也是導(dǎo)致這一并發(fā)癥的原因之一。10號(hào)是采用鎖骨遠(yuǎn)端解剖鎖定板治療右鎖骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折的48歲女性患者,在術(shù)后14d出現(xiàn)鎖骨遠(yuǎn)端螺釘松動(dòng)退出,由于該患者患有腎功能衰竭、糖尿病,且自身處于更年期狀態(tài),結(jié)合其自身疾病以及生理上的特殊時(shí)期,考慮該患者骨質(zhì)疏松導(dǎo)致螺釘?shù)陌殉至Χ认陆?,同時(shí)鎖骨遠(yuǎn)端螺釘數(shù)量偏少,引起內(nèi)固定失效,故再次手術(shù)時(shí)在鎖骨遠(yuǎn)端增加了螺釘數(shù)量,以實(shí)現(xiàn)堅(jiān)強(qiáng)固定。有4例女性患者(9,13,16和17號(hào))在鎖骨骨折術(shù)后患側(cè)鎖骨在原骨折部位或內(nèi)固定周圍再次發(fā)生骨折,這主要與內(nèi)固定的類型、拆除內(nèi)固定的時(shí)間、術(shù)后未采取制動(dòng)保護(hù)、患側(cè)肩關(guān)節(jié)過(guò)度活動(dòng)或再次受外傷有關(guān)。王曉波等認(rèn)為男女鎖骨解剖形態(tài)特點(diǎn)有很大不同:女性鎖骨的總長(zhǎng)度及各部分長(zhǎng)度均較短,因此應(yīng)選擇較短的接骨板;近段最大寬度、中段最小寬度和遠(yuǎn)段最大寬度也偏小。這也可能是女性鎖骨術(shù)后強(qiáng)度下降且易發(fā)生再骨折的一個(gè)原因。針對(duì)此類并發(fā)癥大多主張取出原有內(nèi)固定后清除死骨,對(duì)骨折斷端進(jìn)行新鮮化處理,復(fù)位后再次行內(nèi)固定治療的同時(shí)進(jìn)行斷端自體植骨。2號(hào)患者為鎖骨中段骨折重建鈦板內(nèi)固定患者,術(shù)后4個(gè)月出現(xiàn)骨折不愈合,經(jīng)上述內(nèi)固定取出、斷端新鮮化處理后更換內(nèi)固定為鎖定解剖鈦板,同時(shí)置入自體髂骨,效果良好。
此外,2例患者(12和15號(hào))在行鎖骨內(nèi)固定取出后出現(xiàn)傷口愈合不良,局部分泌物細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)有1例表皮葡萄球菌感染,2例患者均為35歲以下青年男性,自身健康狀況良好,術(shù)前無(wú)任何合并癥,各項(xiàng)檢查化驗(yàn)指標(biāo)未見(jiàn)明顯異常,其中1例行皮膚皮下組織清創(chuàng)術(shù),另1例行內(nèi)固定取出、清創(chuàng)術(shù),均經(jīng)過(guò)抗感染治療后痊愈,因而此類并發(fā)癥發(fā)生可能與鎖骨區(qū)放置內(nèi)固定后皮膚更加薄弱、手術(shù)操作不規(guī)范有關(guān),嚴(yán)格規(guī)范的無(wú)菌操作并注意保護(hù)骨折區(qū)域周圍軟組織是預(yù)防此類并發(fā)癥的主要措施。11號(hào)患者在26年前因肺減容手術(shù)行鎖骨近端截骨術(shù),現(xiàn)內(nèi)固定鋼絲外露,未見(jiàn)明顯感染跡象,予取出后清創(chuàng)關(guān)閉傷口,愈合良好。這主要由于內(nèi)固定長(zhǎng)期與皮膚、軟組織發(fā)生摩擦有關(guān),在條件允許的情況下及時(shí)取出可能影響皮膚和軟組織的內(nèi)固定可避免此類并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。
綜上所述,鎖骨骨折并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生原因較多,手術(shù)并發(fā)癥通常與內(nèi)固定的選擇不當(dāng)及術(shù)中操作不當(dāng)有關(guān)。因此,應(yīng)依據(jù)骨折類型選擇合適種類及長(zhǎng)度的內(nèi)固定材料并避免過(guò)度塑形、減少對(duì)骨折斷端血運(yùn)的破壞,術(shù)中遵循嚴(yán)格規(guī)范的無(wú)菌操作,術(shù)后患側(cè)肩關(guān)節(jié)予以制動(dòng)保護(hù),科學(xué)地指導(dǎo)功能康復(fù)鍛煉,有助于降低術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率。
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Analyses and countermeasures of complications in patients with clavicle fractures
Zhang Xiaomeng,Chen Jianhai,Wang Yanhua,Kou Yuhui,F(xiàn)u Zhongguo,Zhang Dianying.Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology,Peking University People′s Hospital,Beijing 100044,China
Zhang Dianying,Email:zdy8016@163.com
BackgroundClavicle fracture is one of the most common fractures,and its incidence rate weights about 2.6%-4.0%of total body fractures.The traditional view believes that most of the clavicle fractures can be managed well via conservative treatment.However,a Meta-analysis by Zlowodzki et al.showed that the incidence of nonunion for clavicle fractures with non-surgical treatment was approximately 5.9%.Most of the patients with clavicle fractures of significant shift(shift or shortening of more than 2cm)and comminuted bone fractures(multiple fractures with more than 3fragments)are currently recommend with surgery to lower the incidence of complications,but there are still some risks.Ricci et al.reported that the reoperation of mid-shaft clavicle fractures with previous open reduction and internal fixation was caused by nonunion,deep infection and malunion,the complications that had an incidence rate much lower than that of the complications caused by conservative treatments.Nowadays,there is still a lack of clinical guidelines for the standardized treatment of clavicle fractures.In this study,we conducted a retrospective analysis on 17cases of clavicle fractures with postsurgical complications to summarize causes of complications and to take relevant measures.Methods(1)General data.From January 1999to September 2016,17out of 465cases of treated clavicle fractures were found with complications.A retrospective study was conducted based on indicators including gender,age,affected side,causes of injury,occurring time of complications and related retreating measures ,major combined diseases,therapeutic measures,duration of hospitalization and discharge conditions.17patients(9males and 8females)were included in the group of this study,and the average age was(43.53±13.01)years(20-69years).10cases had the left side affected,and 7cases had the right side affected.Trauma was the cause of primary cause for all patients,including fall injury(13cases),injury by traffic accidents(2cases)and iatrogenic clavicle fractures(2cases).16patients
the surgical treatment,and 1patient was treated conservatively due to surgical contraindications.In addition,11cases occurred in daily activities without any obvious trauma cause;1case occurred with repeated fall injury;1case occurred during overloading of the affected limb;2cases had poor wound healing due to suspected infection;1case had exposure of internal fixator because of the long-term friction between internal fixator and subcutaneous tissue/skin.(2)16cases received further surgical treatments.The therapeutic measures included:3 cases of removal of internal fixator and reopening for reduction of internal fixation with autologous bone graft;4cases of removal of internal fixator and reopening for reduction of internal fixation without bone graft;4cases of opening for reduction of internal fixation with iliac crest bone graft;1 case of skin and soft tissue debridement after removal of internal fixator;1case of internal fixator removal;1case of skin and soft tissue debridement.Another patient did not receive the surgical treatment due to contraindications.(3)Postoperative management.The affected shoulder of all patients was immobilized with forearm sling postoperatively for 2weeks.The active and passive movements of shoulder were gradually restored 2weeks after the operation,and the pragmatic functional training was allowed 6to 8weeks later.One patient with conservative treatment had clavicle malunion.Thus,the active and passive activities of affected shoulder were no longer limited.The only request was to avoid weight-bearing of the affected upper limb.(4)Statistical analysis.All data were collected using Microsoft Excel 2016,and the software SPSS 20.0was used for data analysis and process.The measurement data were expressed as mean±standard deviation.Results The 17patients in this study accounted for 3.66%of the total patients with clavicle fractures,and the length of stay ranged from 3 to 36days.According to Craig classification:13cases were typeⅠfractures;3cases were typeⅡfractures;1case was typeⅢfractures.Most of the complications occurred 20days to 1year after the surgery,and only 1case of iatrogenic fractures occurred 26years postoperatively.5cases had medical complications,including 3cases with more than 3complications.9cases had fracture nonunion,including 4cases(No.1,3,6and 14)of plate fractures,2cases(No.5and 10)of internal fixator loosening and 3cases(No.2,7and 8)of simple fracture nonunion;3cases(NO.13,16and 17)had clavicle fractures at the original position after plate removal;2cases(No.12and 15)had poor wound healing;1case(No.11)had exposure of internal fixator;1cases(NO.19)had fresh clavicle fractures due to trauma of the operated side;another one(No.4)with conservative treatments had fracture malunion due to surgical contraindication.Out of the 16patients who underwent reoperation,7 patients were performed with autologous iliac bone grafting.Conclusions The causes of complications of clavicular fractures varies,which usually relate to impropriate selection of internal fixators or intraoperative operation.Therefore,proper type and length of internal fixators should be chosen according to the fracture classification.Also,excessive remodeling of plates should be avoided as well.Blood supply of the fracture ends should be protected,and strict aseptic operative regulations should be followed during the surgery.The affected shoulder should be protected for immobilization,and functional rehabilitations should be guided scientifically after operation.With these beneficial measures,the postoperative complication rate can be lowered.
Clavicle fractures;Complications;Conservative treatment;Surgical treatment
2016-12-14)
(本文編輯:胡桂英;英文編輯:陳建海、張曉萌、張立佳)
10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-5790.2017.01.005
衛(wèi)生公益性行業(yè)科研專項(xiàng)(201002014);教育部創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)項(xiàng)目(IRT1201);國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金主任基金(31640045);國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金面上項(xiàng)目(31671246);國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃專項(xiàng)(2016YFC1101604)
100044 北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院創(chuàng)傷骨科
張殿英,Email:zdy8016@163.com
張曉萌,陳建海,王艷華,等.鎖骨骨折患者并發(fā)癥的原因分析與對(duì)策 [J/CD].中華肩肘外科電子雜志,2017,5(1):22-28.