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后路椎間融合及經(jīng)椎間孔入路椎間融合治療伴椎弓斷裂的退變性腰椎滑脫癥的臨床效果比較

2017-07-31 10:35:28侯剛王四清孫達峰
中國醫(yī)藥導報 2017年18期

侯剛++++++王四清++++++孫達峰+++++路曉++++++周金軍

[摘要] 目的 探討后路椎間融合及經(jīng)椎間孔入路椎間融合治療伴椎弓斷裂的退變性腰椎滑脫癥的臨床療效。 方法 回顧性分析2011年1月~2015年12月東臺市人民醫(yī)院骨科收治的120例伴椎弓斷裂的退變性腰椎滑脫癥患者的臨床資料,按手術(shù)方法不同分為兩組,其中60例采用后路椎間融合為對照組,60例采用經(jīng)椎間孔入路椎間融合為觀察組。比較兩組手術(shù)時間、住院費用、術(shù)中出血量;術(shù)后隨訪1年,比較兩組JOA評分,定期復查X線片,觀察融合情況及腰椎穩(wěn)定性。 結(jié)果 觀察組手術(shù)時間、術(shù)中出血量和住院費用均低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。兩組術(shù)后OD指數(shù)均低于術(shù)前,且觀察組低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。兩組融合率差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05)。兩組隨訪期間椎體活動度和透亮帶寬度差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05),而椎間隙平均高度對照組低于觀察組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。對照組2例出現(xiàn)腦脊液漏,與術(shù)中分離瘢痕粘連有關(guān),術(shù)后予頭低腳高位,癥狀緩解。隨訪期間未出現(xiàn)無融合器移位、下沉及釘棒松動、斷裂發(fā)生。兩組均未出現(xiàn)感染。 結(jié)論 經(jīng)椎間孔入路椎間融合在伴有椎弓峽部裂的腰椎滑脫癥患者中創(chuàng)傷小、復位理想、臨床療效滿意,腰椎穩(wěn)定性好,骨性融合率高,值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 椎間融合;椎間孔;椎弓斷裂;腰椎滑脫癥

[中圖分類號] R687.3 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2017)06(c)-0094-04

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinical effect of posterior interbody fusion and intervertebral foramen fusion in the treatment of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis with vertebral fracture. Methods From January 2011 to December 2015, in Department of Orthopedics, Dongtai People's Hospital, the clinical data of 120 patients with vertebral fracture degeneration lumbar spondy lolisthesis were analyzed retrospectively. according to the operation method they were divided into observation group and control group, 60 cases with posterior interbody fusion were as control group, and 60 cases with intervertebral foremen fusion were as observation group. The operative time, hospitalization cost and intraoperative blood loss of the two groups were compared. 1 year after operation, the JOA scores were compared, the X-ray films were regularly reviewed to observe the fusion and lumbar stability. Results The operation time, intraoperative blood loss and hospitalization cost were in the observation group lower than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The ODI of the observation group was lower than that of the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05). There was no significant difference of fusion rate between the two groups (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in vertebral activity and translucent band width between the two groups (P > 0.05), but the average height of the intervertebral space of control group was lower than that of the observation group, the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05). In the control group, there were 2 cases of cerebrospinal fluid leakage, which was related to the separation of scar adhesions during operation. During the follow-up, there was no dislocation of the fusion, sinking and nail bar loosening, and the fracture occurred. No infection in both groups. Conclusion Intervertebral forumen fusion is superior to lumbar spondylolisthesis in patients with lumbar spondylolisthesis. The clinical effect is satisfactory, the stability of lumbar vertebra is good and the fusion rate is high. It is worthy of clinical application.

[Key words] Intervertebral fusion; Intervertebral foramen; Pedicle fracture; Lumbar spondy lolisthesis

腰椎峽部裂又稱為椎弓峽部裂或峽部不連,主要因腰椎一側(cè)或兩側(cè)椎弓上下關(guān)節(jié)突之間的峽部骨質(zhì)缺損不連續(xù),其本質(zhì)是假關(guān)節(jié)的形成[1]。腰椎峽部裂常導致腰椎滑脫,同時發(fā)生相鄰節(jié)段的退變和椎管狹窄,臨床表現(xiàn)以下腰痛、腰后伸痛和局部深壓痛為主,部分患者可有下肢放射痛。目前治療腰椎椎弓斷裂伴滑脫的主要方法是腰椎融合內(nèi)固定術(shù),即可矯正滑脫,也可維持脊柱局部的穩(wěn)定性。傳統(tǒng)后路腰椎融合術(shù)在臨床上已廣泛開展,但存在手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大,術(shù)后腰背痛發(fā)生率高,脊柱矯形丟失等一系列并發(fā)癥,影響患者的生活質(zhì)量和脊柱功能。隨著微創(chuàng)外科的發(fā)展,臨床誕生了經(jīng)椎間孔入路手術(shù),具有創(chuàng)傷小的優(yōu)點[2-4]。以往經(jīng)椎間孔手術(shù)主要用于椎間盤的摘除手術(shù),在腰椎滑脫患者的融合術(shù)中療效如何尚待考證。為了比較傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)和經(jīng)椎間孔入路手術(shù)在伴椎弓斷裂的退變性腰椎滑脫癥患者中的臨床療效,本文回顧性分析了東臺市人民醫(yī)院骨科收治的伴椎弓斷裂的退變性腰椎滑脫癥患者,分別采用后路椎間融合和經(jīng)椎間孔入路椎間融合治療,現(xiàn)將結(jié)果報道如下:

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

回顧性分析2011年1月~2015年12月東臺市人民醫(yī)院骨科收治的120例伴椎弓斷裂的退變性腰椎滑脫癥患者的臨床資料。按手術(shù)方法不同分為兩組,其中60例采用后路椎間融合為對照組,60例采用經(jīng)椎間孔入路椎間融合為觀察組。對照組男27例,女32例;年齡(52.3±3.4)歲;病程3~16個月;部位:L3~4 18例,L4~5 21例,L5~S1 21例。觀察男32例,女28例;年齡(51.8±4.0)歲;病程3~14個月;部位:L3~4 18例,L4~5 22例,L5~S1 20例。兩組一般資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院相關(guān)醫(yī)學倫理委員會批準。

納入標準:①具有典型的臨床癥狀,包括頑固性腰痛,部分患者可伴有下肢射痛和間歇性跛行,經(jīng)正規(guī)保守治療6個月以上無效,影響日常生活和工作;②腰椎過伸過屈側(cè)位片:L3~5 椎體前后滑移>3 mm,L5、S1前后滑移>4 mm,或終板成角>10°;③斜位X線片證實伴腰椎峽部裂。

排除標準:①病理性腰椎不穩(wěn),包括感染性疾病,腫瘤、結(jié)核等;②因各種原因不能納入研究和不能完成隨訪者;③伴有椎間盤突出癥者;④既往有脊柱手術(shù)史者。

1.2 手術(shù)方法

對照組:采用傳統(tǒng)后路椎間融合術(shù)?;颊呷「┡P位,胸部墊枕,麻醉生效后,常規(guī)消毒鋪單。以病椎為中心,取腰部后正中切口,長約10 cm,切開皮膚及皮下組織,骨膜下剝離骶棘肌,拉鉤向兩側(cè)牽開軟組織,充分顯露椎體兩側(cè)椎板、橫突及上、下關(guān)節(jié)突,以橫突中軸線與上關(guān)節(jié)突外緣交點為進針點,鉆孔角度一般向外側(cè)傾斜15°,L5平面鉆孔時向頭側(cè)傾斜10°~20°,S1平面鉆孔在S1下關(guān)節(jié)突軟骨面中點上方2 mm,向頭側(cè)傾斜20°~40°。C型臂X線機透視定位滿意后,在相應(yīng)節(jié)段安裝椎弓根螺釘系統(tǒng)。在纖維環(huán)和韌帶處作一切口,咬除椎間盤,清理終板,置入1~2枚腎形融合器。安放預彎的連接棒,適度撐開椎間隙后旋緊螺帽,適當加壓。

觀察組:麻醉、體位同前。C型臂X線機透視下克氏針定位明確后,在病變節(jié)段椎弓根外側(cè)緣作長約4 cm切口,進針,取18G穿刺定位針與軀干矢狀面成10°~20°緩慢刺入,直至小關(guān)節(jié)突外緣。經(jīng)Kambin安全三角穿刺成功后,取出針芯,注入碘海醇常規(guī)造影,并再次透視確認病變節(jié)段。插入導絲,取出穿刺針,在對應(yīng)皮膚作約4 cm小切口,插入弧形導桿,插入時注意保護下行神經(jīng)和硬膜囊。逐級插入擴張?zhí)坠埽ハ麝P(guān)節(jié)突。通過常規(guī)切開經(jīng)椎間孔腰椎管減壓椎體間融合術(shù)(TILF)手術(shù)方式摘除突出的椎間盤和髓核,并磨削增生、鈣化組織。將咬除的骨質(zhì)回填,向椎間隙內(nèi)置入椎間融合器。

1.3 術(shù)后處理

術(shù)后常規(guī)采用頭孢唑啉鈉靜脈滴注預防感染,觀察引流量,術(shù)后第2~3天常規(guī)拔除引流管。臥床行腰背肌功能鍛煉。術(shù)后1周佩戴支具下地,術(shù)后11 d拆線出院,術(shù)后1、3、6、12個月分別攝X線片復查,判斷脊柱穩(wěn)定性及腰椎融合情況。同時行改良Oswestry功能障礙指數(shù)評分(ODI)[5-7]。包括腰腿疼痛、日?;顒幼岳砟芰?、提物、行走、坐、站立、睡眠、社會活動、旅行等9項內(nèi)容,分值0~5分,分數(shù)越高,功能障礙越明顯。融合標準[8]:在Cage中及其周圍見到有連續(xù)的骨小梁形成,或融合節(jié)段的過伸過屈位X線片,椎體間角度的活動度<5°。融合失敗標準為:Cage松動、移位及Cage與椎體終板界面出現(xiàn)>2 mm厚度的透亮帶,或者動力位X線片上可見融合的兩椎體間活動度>5°。

1.4 統(tǒng)計學方法

采用統(tǒng)計軟件SPSS 15.0對數(shù)據(jù)進行分析,正態(tài)分布計量資料以均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗;計數(shù)資料以率表示,采用χ2檢驗。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 兩組手術(shù)時間、術(shù)中出血量及住院費用比較

觀察組手術(shù)時間、術(shù)中出血量和住院費用均低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。見表1。

2.2 兩組術(shù)后ODI、融合情況比較

觀察組術(shù)后ODI低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。兩組融合率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05)。見表2。

2.3 兩組隨訪期間X線片表現(xiàn)

兩組隨訪期間椎體活動度和透亮帶寬度比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05),而椎間隙平均高度對照組低于觀察組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。見表3。

2.4 術(shù)后并發(fā)癥

所有患者均獲得隨訪。切口均愈合良好,按期拆線。對照組2例出現(xiàn)腦脊液漏,與術(shù)中分離瘢痕粘連有關(guān),術(shù)后予頭低腳高位,癥狀緩解。隨訪期間未出現(xiàn)無融合器移位、下沉及釘棒松動、斷裂發(fā)生。兩組均未出現(xiàn)感染。

2.5 典型病例

患者男,45歲,腰腿痛數(shù)年,休息不能緩解。術(shù)前正側(cè)位X線提示L4椎體滑脫、兩側(cè)椎弓崩裂(圖1)。行椎間融合內(nèi)固定術(shù),術(shù)后患者術(shù)后腰腿痛癥狀較術(shù)前明顯改善。能下床正?;顒?。X片示脊柱序列正常,內(nèi)固定在位(圖2)。

3 討論

1865年Lambel首先發(fā)現(xiàn)腰椎一側(cè)或兩側(cè)椎弓、上下關(guān)節(jié)突之間的峽部骨質(zhì)缺損不連續(xù)而形成假關(guān)節(jié),將其稱之為腰椎峽部裂腰椎峽部裂[9-10]。該病在我國發(fā)病率為5%~6%,也是腰腿痛的常見病因之一.腰椎峽部裂多發(fā)生于下腰椎,由于應(yīng)力集中,常導致退變性腰椎不穩(wěn)的發(fā)生。同時相鄰節(jié)段椎體和小關(guān)節(jié)退變,可產(chǎn)生包括椎管狹窄、椎間孔下肢、椎間盤變性、突出所引起的相應(yīng)腰腿痛癥狀。有研究表明,在接受手術(shù)的腰椎滑脫患者中,8%~11%存在腰椎間孔狹窄[11]。椎間融合術(shù)已成為治療腰椎滑脫的金標準。而經(jīng)椎間孔入路椎間融合術(shù)又是一種新型術(shù)式,近年來逐步得到開展。

1982年Harms和Rolinger首先采用TLIF 治療腰椎管狹窄癥,獲得滿意療效[12-13]。與后路腰椎椎體間融合術(shù)相比,TLIF只須切除單側(cè)脊柱小關(guān)節(jié),即可達到減壓效果,同時不影響椎間融合器的放置,極大地降低了對硬膜囊、神經(jīng)的損傷,同時較好地保留了脊柱的穩(wěn)定性,臨床并發(fā)癥明顯減少。本研究結(jié)果提示,觀察組無一例損傷硬脊膜,術(shù)后未出現(xiàn)腦脊液漏,而對照組2例出現(xiàn)腦脊液漏,這與手術(shù)中損傷了硬膜囊有關(guān)。雖然本研究兩組融合例數(shù)無明顯差異,但是隨訪期內(nèi),研究仍發(fā)現(xiàn)觀察組椎間隙高度明顯高于對照組,說明對照組出現(xiàn)了一定程度的椎間盤退變。這與手術(shù)方式差異有關(guān)。經(jīng)椎間孔入路手術(shù)在術(shù)中僅剝離椎旁肌至關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)外緣,保留多裂肌止點,同時潛行去除肥厚鈣化的黃韌帶,達到椎管減壓的目的[14-15]。由于該手術(shù)保留了后方韌帶復合體(PLC)的完整性,因此對融合術(shù)后鄰近節(jié)段的退變具有一定保護作用[16-17]。同時,從手術(shù)一般情況看,觀察組術(shù)中出血量,手術(shù)時間,住院費用均低于對照組,ODI也低于對照組,說明經(jīng)椎間孔手術(shù)在減少創(chuàng)傷的同時提高了脊柱功能指數(shù),改善了患者的生活質(zhì)量,降低了醫(yī)療負擔[18-20]。

綜上所述,經(jīng)椎間孔入路椎間融合在伴有椎弓峽部裂的腰椎滑脫癥患者中具有創(chuàng)傷小、復位理想、臨床療效滿意,腰椎穩(wěn)定性好,骨性融合率高等優(yōu)點,值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。但本研究納入病例數(shù)不足,隨訪時間較短,容易發(fā)生偏倚。其遠期效果和大樣本量統(tǒng)計還需要進一步觀察。

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