建筑設(shè)計(jì)：N?ysom建筑事務(wù)所

斯瓦特拉蒙實(shí)驗(yàn)住宅，特隆赫姆，挪威

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：N?ysom建筑事務(wù)所

1鳥瞰/Aerial view

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client: Svartlamon Housing Association

主持建筑師/Principal Architects: Trygve Ohren, Haakon Haanes, Cathrine Johansen R?nningen

自建者/Self Builders: Torfinn Borkhus, Siri Gj?re, Guro Sletnes, John Strandskog, Per Kristian Nyg?rd, Markus Lantto, Iacob S?mme

木工/Carpenter: Arnleiv Overg?rd

建筑面積/Floor Area: 5戶每戶約60～65m2，共計(jì)約350m2，含約50m2公房/5 houses of ca. 60～65m2, in total ca. 350m2 (including the common house of ca. 50m2)

基地面積/Site Area: ca. 500m2

材料/Materials: 木龍骨框架結(jié)構(gòu)，混凝土樁基，木纖維隔熱層，回收木板、回收波紋鋼板、回收門窗和樓梯/ Timber stud frame construction; concrete pillar foundation; wooden fibre insulation; reused wooden planks, reused corrogated iron, reused windows, doors and stairs

造價(jià)/Cost: 3,000,000 NOK

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間/Design Period: 2013-2017

建造時(shí)間/Building Phase: 2015-2017

建成時(shí)間/Completion Time: 2017.08

攝影/Photos: N?ysom arkitekter (fig.4,17,18,23), Vigdis Haugtr? (fig.1,3,19-22)通風(fēng)，盡可能少地借助復(fù)雜技術(shù)系統(tǒng)，以使得自建者能輕易理解這些房屋。

2 總平面/Site plan

3 自建者、建筑師和木工合影/The self builders, the architectsand the carpenter

該項(xiàng)目是對(duì)“可持續(xù)生活方式是可被購買的某種物品，可持續(xù)建筑全然關(guān)于能源效率”之觀念的討論與批評(píng)?？沙掷m(xù)性，是以可得方式適應(yīng)融入自身環(huán)境的能力。這正是斯瓦特拉蒙的自建者們通過建造自宅而學(xué)習(xí)到的。他們使用了遠(yuǎn)低于當(dāng)今挪威常規(guī)水平的資源與能源，事實(shí)上這些房屋的建造僅僅花費(fèi)了該地區(qū)記載價(jià)格的1/4。

在概念發(fā)展形成后，建筑師以協(xié)調(diào)人的角色參與到建造過程中，提供建議并協(xié)助自建者。另外還有一位斯瓦特拉蒙住房協(xié)會(huì)聘請(qǐng)的專業(yè)木工，以及社區(qū)其他居民也提供了幫助。自建者們并不會(huì)在建造完成后真正成為房主，他們將會(huì)以租借的形式向斯瓦特拉蒙住房協(xié)會(huì)租用這些房屋，該機(jī)構(gòu)是一個(gè)非盈利組織，向特隆赫姆市租賃斯瓦特拉蒙的土地，然后出租給區(qū)域內(nèi)的居民。對(duì)于這樣的項(xiàng)目來講，這是一個(gè)再完美不過的社區(qū)；作為一個(gè)社會(huì)實(shí)驗(yàn)區(qū)，在當(dāng)前的挪威社會(huì)中也是與眾不同的。這個(gè)項(xiàng)目顯然成為了同類中的先行者，但愿它是第一個(gè)而不是最后一個(gè)。（陳茜 譯）

斯瓦特拉蒙實(shí)驗(yàn)住宅項(xiàng)目位于特隆赫姆地區(qū)名為斯瓦特拉蒙的一個(gè)半自治城市實(shí)驗(yàn)研究區(qū)域。在這里，5個(gè)家庭借助極為有限的預(yù)算，從零開始建造各自的住宅。在新興建筑實(shí)踐機(jī)構(gòu)N?ysom建筑事務(wù)所的計(jì)劃中，他們的建造依靠大量的循環(huán)利用、環(huán)境友好材料、個(gè)人手工勞動(dòng)與創(chuàng)造力來完成。

項(xiàng)目始于2013年，預(yù)計(jì)在2017年完成。N?ysom建筑事務(wù)所的特呂格弗·烏倫、哈康·漢尼斯和卡特琳·約翰森·朗寧根共同決定發(fā)起一項(xiàng)在斯瓦特拉蒙一處未被使用的實(shí)驗(yàn)地段進(jìn)行的自建項(xiàng)目，作為特隆赫姆的挪威科技大學(xué)（NTNU）建筑學(xué)院自主課程學(xué)期的一部分。其后的兩年中，在斯瓦特拉蒙居民自治會(huì)與自建者的相繼參與下，繼續(xù)發(fā)展了這項(xiàng)概念，直到2015年實(shí)際建造開始。

建筑師們提出了這樣一種建筑框架——5座集中式聯(lián)排住宅與一座公共房屋連接，自建者們使用近手可得的回收材料和零件，根據(jù)各自的需求與偏好進(jìn)行適應(yīng)性實(shí)施。主要的設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是，住宅的建造除管道和電氣部分外能在無需專家協(xié)助的狀況下簡(jiǎn)易完成，住宅能夠與斯瓦特拉蒙的底層木質(zhì)住屋相協(xié)調(diào)，住宅的生態(tài)足跡盡量小。住宅將實(shí)現(xiàn)自然

4 建造中外立面/Project in progress

5 聯(lián)排住宅標(biāo)準(zhǔn)平面/Standard plan for the compact row houses

6 項(xiàng)目組織圖示/Organisation behind the project

Svartlamon experimental housing project is located in a semi autonomous urban experimental research area called Svartlamon in Trondheim. Here five families are building their own houses from scratch with a very limited budget, relying on a lot of reuse, environmentally friendly materials, and their own manual labour and creativity, in a scheme developed by the young architectural practice N?ysom arkitekter.

Set to be finished in 2017, the project can trace its roots back to 2013, when Trygve Ohren and Haakon Haanes, who together with Cathrine Johansen R?nningen is N?ysom arkitekter, decided to initiate a self build project at an unused experimental site at Svartlamon as a part of a self programmed semester at architecture school NTNU in Trondheim. During the next two years they continued to develop the concept with participation from the resident democracy at Svartlamon, and later the self builders themselves, before the actual building started in 2015.

The architects developed an architectural framework of five compact row houses connected with a common house, that the self builders would be able to adapt to their own needs and preferences using what they could find of reused materials and components. The main design criteria were that the houses should able to be built easily without specialists (except the plumbing and electricity), and that they would fit into the existing structure of low-rise wooden buildings at Svartlamon, and that they would have a small ecological footprint. They would be naturally ventilated, and rely on as few complex technological systems as possible, to make the houses understandable by the self builders.

The project is a comment on and critique of the notion that a sustainable lifestyle is something you can buy, and that sustainable architecture is all about energy efficiency. Sustainability is about being able to adapt to one's own environment using means that are available, and this is what the self builders at Svartlamon are learning to do by building their own homes. They are also using much less resources and energy than what is considered normal in Norway today, which is supported by the fact that the houses are being built for about 1/4 of market price in the area.

After the concept was developed the architects have been part of the process as facilitators, giving advice and helping the self builders. There is also a professional carpenter employed by the housing association at Svartlamon helping out, as well as the rest of the community. The self builders will not actually own their house when its finished, but will rent it from the housing association at Svartlamon, which is a non-profit organisation that leases the land at Svartlamon from the city of Trondheim, and rents it out to the residents in the area. It is the perfect community for a project like this, and as an urban experimental area it is unique in Norway at the present time. The project is the first of its kind in Norway, but it is hopefully not the last.

7 聯(lián)排住宅西南立面（概念設(shè)計(jì)）/Southwest elevation of the row houses (concept drawing)

8 聯(lián)排住宅東北立面（概念設(shè)計(jì)）/Northeast elevation of the row houses (concept drawing)

9.10 公共房屋剖面（概念設(shè)計(jì)）/Sections of the common house (concept drawing)

13 東南立面（概念設(shè)計(jì)）/Southeast elevation (concept drawing)

11 公共房屋西南立面（概念設(shè)計(jì)）/Southwest elevation of the common house (concept drawing)

12 公共房屋東北立面（概念設(shè)計(jì)）/Northeast elevation of the common house (concept drawing)

16 聯(lián)排住宅建造過程圖示/Evolution of the row houses

17 聯(lián)排住宅建造中的山墻/Row houses' gable walls in progress

18 聯(lián)排住宅外景/Exterior view of the row houses

評(píng)論

周宇舫：作為社會(huì)實(shí)驗(yàn)，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目提供了一種建造模式，與此同時(shí)，建筑師在其中所扮演的角色——協(xié)調(diào)人，這對(duì)當(dāng)代建筑師的職業(yè)屬性是一種補(bǔ)充。基于自建和空間協(xié)商的建造行為，可以被看作是人類“聚落”形成和發(fā)展的內(nèi)在動(dòng)力，而對(duì)應(yīng)當(dāng)代人居環(huán)境的語境來說，本項(xiàng)目提供的啟示還在于使用普通的建造技術(shù)因地制宜地創(chuàng)造適宜生活環(huán)境，而非換取所謂的可持續(xù)性。只有當(dāng)作為住所的房屋中留存了自我的愿景和付出，才可以被稱為“家宅”，而成為富有詩意的記憶。

王韜：用200字來評(píng)述這樣一個(gè)包含著巨大社會(huì)與技術(shù)雄心的項(xiàng)目幾乎是不可能完成的任務(wù)，我只能用一些關(guān)鍵詞來描述它的復(fù)雜特征：綠色、可持續(xù)、居民參與、舊城改造……不同的是這些我們耳熟能詳、司空見慣的關(guān)鍵詞，在這個(gè)項(xiàng)目中都有了具體而微的目標(biāo)與措施，成為了有主人公和情節(jié)的每一個(gè)家庭的故事。建筑設(shè)計(jì)在這個(gè)項(xiàng)目中獲得了一種新的意義，不再是一個(gè)靜態(tài)的作品，而是一個(gè)指向具體日常生活的過程。

Comment

ZHOU Yufang: As a social experiment, this project provides a model of construction as well as the role of architects - coordinator, which is a supplement to the professional attributes of contemporary architects. The self-built and spatial negotiation behaviour can be regarded as the internal driving force of the formation and development of human "settlement".The revelation provided by this project lies in the use of common construction technology to create a suitable living environment, rather than in exchange for the so-called sustainability. Only when the house shares the ambition and hard work of its residents, can it be called "home" and become a poetic memory. (Translated by QI Yiyi)

WANG Tao: Describing a project with such huge ambition for society and technology in some 200 words is almost an impossible task. I can only use some key words to describe its complex characteristics: green, sustainable, residents participation, old town renovation... but what's new is that all of these key words we are familiar with have been given specific purposes and solutions in this project, and became the stories of every family that have their characters and plot. Architecture design has been given a new definition in this project: it's no longer a static work, but a procedure that points to daily life. (Translated by CHEN Yuxiao)

Experimental Housing at Svartlamon, Trondheim, Norway, 2017

Architects: N?ysom arkitekter

19.20 自建者在施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)/Self builders on site

21-22 自建者在施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)/Self builders on site

23 建筑師檢查房屋地基/Architect inspecting the foundation

24.25 公共房屋平面（概念設(shè)計(jì)）/Plans of the common house (concept drawing)

26 公共房屋剖面（概念設(shè)計(jì)）/Section of the common house (concept drawing)

27 公共房屋西南立面（概念設(shè)計(jì)）/Southwest elevation of the common house (concept drawing)