建筑設(shè)計(jì)（按字母順序排列）：Nordic建筑事務(wù)所，RATIO建筑師事務(wù)所

圣奧拉夫醫(yī)院，特隆赫姆，挪威

建筑設(shè)計(jì)（按字母順序排列）：Nordic建筑事務(wù)所，RATIO建筑師事務(wù)所

介紹

作為“圣奧拉夫團(tuán)隊(duì)”的成員，RATIO建筑師事務(wù)所和Nordic建筑事務(wù)所曾在1998-2013年期間負(fù)責(zé)挪威特隆赫姆圣奧拉夫醫(yī)院的所有規(guī)劃及發(fā)展工作，包括大學(xué)與醫(yī)療設(shè)施間的功能及醫(yī)療結(jié)構(gòu)、后勤、形態(tài)發(fā)展與整合，及其在特隆赫姆城市結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)的貫徹執(zhí)行。

項(xiàng)目背景與地理位置

所有門診中心均環(huán)繞中央廣場而建，擁有私屬景觀中心區(qū)，在一樓由步行橋相互連接供患者與工作人員使用，在地下由技術(shù)及服務(wù)管道相連。該附屬醫(yī)院坐落在特隆赫姆網(wǎng)格狀的城市結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)，為各類診所、大樓及設(shè)施中心的開發(fā)搭建了框架。

圣奧拉夫醫(yī)院在施工期間就已全面運(yùn)營。該項(xiàng)目在預(yù)算內(nèi)提前完工，滿足了客戶對高品質(zhì)的期望。

設(shè)計(jì)理念

整個(gè)項(xiàng)目的所有設(shè)計(jì)決策均以“以患者為中心”作為指導(dǎo)方針。建筑師制定了極其實(shí)用的功能規(guī)劃，便于在交通空間與短距離內(nèi)定位。除此之外，日光、藝術(shù)元素、明亮色彩和綠化區(qū)的廣泛應(yīng)用為病人的康復(fù)和學(xué)習(xí)營造了積極向上的氛圍。單人病房經(jīng)證實(shí)也對患者的痊愈和總體健康有幫助。

用戶參與

建筑師、工程師、工作人員及用戶共同組成了綜合型跨學(xué)科團(tuán)隊(duì)，參與到該項(xiàng)目的各個(gè)階段。圣奧拉夫醫(yī)院作為先鋒項(xiàng)目，從設(shè)計(jì)草圖階段至項(xiàng)目完工期間積極使用建筑信息模型，尊重參與者之間的開發(fā)過程和互動(dòng)，工作人員及用戶可以使用3D模型進(jìn)行“虛擬漫步”，讓他們在了解該項(xiàng)目的同時(shí)考察其實(shí)用性、空間及布置等方面。

IKT、BIM、精益管理、可視化

該項(xiàng)目采用了最新的計(jì)算機(jī)建筑信息模型技術(shù)，與加利福尼亞斯坦福大學(xué)以及斯圖加特保時(shí)捷咨詢公司一批頂尖的“精益”項(xiàng)目研究人員進(jìn)行合作。“精益”過程主要著眼于提升整體“價(jià)值”，提高建筑質(zhì)量，減少各個(gè)施工階段的“浪費(fèi)”，以便有效地運(yùn)用資金與時(shí)間。

可持續(xù)性

圣奧拉夫醫(yī)院的所有中心均遵照A級能效標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建造。在能源消耗、束縛能、室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量、材料、燈光、清潔和維護(hù)等方面，該項(xiàng)目的每個(gè)階段均展示了對環(huán)保的高追求。第二階段的能源消耗比第一階段（2000-2004年）減少了30%。所有材料從里到外都進(jìn)行了全面的環(huán)境評估及生命周期評估。醫(yī)院市中心的地理位置、良好的公共交通以及舒適的人行道和自行車道均對該項(xiàng)目的環(huán)境質(zhì)量有顯著影響。最后完工的信息中心是歐洲首座以被動(dòng)式住宅標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建造的醫(yī)院大樓。

無障礙性

包容性設(shè)計(jì)思維植入于該發(fā)展項(xiàng)目的各個(gè)方面。自2013年建成以來，新醫(yī)院獲得了廣泛的國際贊譽(yù)，并因其新穎的設(shè)計(jì)獲得了諸多獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)。（王單單 譯）

1 總平面/Site plan

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client: St. Olav's Hospital Helsebygg Midt-Norge

建筑類型/Building Type: 大學(xué)醫(yī)院/University Hospital

主創(chuàng)建筑師/Principal Architects: Johannes Eggen, John Arne Bjerknes (Nordic-Office of Architecture); Arvid Ottar, Per Christian Brynildsen, Per Anders Borgen, Marianne Dale, Kari Anne Munthe-Kaas, Anne Lamer, Randi Mandt (RATIO architects AS)

項(xiàng)目建筑師/Project Architects: Johannes Schafer, Rannveig Landr?, Yann Brandvol, Kariuki Mukuria, Hanne Hemsen (Nordic - Office of Architecture); Solveig Strand, Terje Gundersen, June Haugen Welo, Katrine Skavlan, Eli ?stby, Chiara Grifasi, Anette Svarliaunet, Dag Torbj?rn Nerb?, Charlotte Skar, Lehong Yang (RATIO architects AS)

設(shè)計(jì)合作/Collaboration Partners: Asplan Viak landscape architects, COWI

面積/Area: 220,000m2

建設(shè)造價(jià)/Construction Cost: 12 billion NOK

項(xiàng)目時(shí)間/Project Period: 1998-2013

攝影/Photos: SYNLIG.NO (fig.2, 10), Matthias C. Herzog (fig.3, 7-9), Erik B?rseth-SYNLIG.NO (fig.11,12), Nordic - Office of Architecture (fig.13), Espen Gr?nli (fig.14), Jiri Havran (15-22)

2 鳥瞰/Aerial view

3 知識中心外景/Exterior view of the Knowledge Centre

Introduction

RATIO architects and Nordic - Office of Architecture, as part of "Team St. Olav", were responsible for all aspects of the planning and development of St. Olav's Hospital in Trondheim, Norway from 1998-2013. This included functional and medical structure, logistics, formal development, integration between the university and the medical facilities, and the implementation within the city structure of Trondheim.

Background and Location

All clinical centres were built around a central square, each with its own landscaped central area, and all linked to each other both on the first floor with bridges for patients and staff, and below ground with technical and service culverts. The location of the university hospital within the grid based city structure of Trondheim formed the framework for the development of the various clinics, buildings and facility centres.

St. Olav's Hospital was fully operational throughout the construction period. The project was delivered within budget, with the expected high quality before the deadline.

Design Vision

"The Patient in Focus" has been the guideline for all design decisions throughout the project. In addition to creating a highly functional plan, with easy orientation in circulation spaces as well as short distances, the extensive use of daylight, art, bright colours and green areas provides a very positive environment for healthy recovery and learning. Single rooms in the ward have also proven to be effective for recovery and general well-being for the patient.

User Involvement

Architects and engineers have worked together with the staff and users as an integrated interdisciplinary team through all the phases of the project. St. Olav is a pioneering project with respect to developing processes and interaction between those involved, through active use of a BIM model from sketch level to finished construction. The staff and users were able to make "virtual walks" in the 3D-model, and getting to know the project while checking functionality, space, furnishing, etc.

IKT, BIM, LEAN, Visualisations

4.5 知識中心平面/Plans of the Knowledge Centre

6 知識中心剖面/Section of the Knowledge Centre

7.8 知識中心外景/Exterior views of the Knowledge Centre

9 知識中心外景/Exterior view of the Knowledge Centre

10-12 知識中心內(nèi)景/Interior views of the Knowledge Centre

The project was developed using the latest computer based BIM technology, collaborating with cutting edge LEAN-researchers at Stanford University in California and Porsche Consulting in Stuttgart. The main focus in the LEAN-process was to increase the overall "value", enhance the built qualities, and reduce "waste" in all stages, thereby using both money and time effectively.

Sustainability

All centres at St. Olav's Hospital were built to comply with energy class A. The project had high environmental ambitions at all stages, both in terms of energy consumption, bound energy, indoor air quality, materials, lighting, cleaning and maintenance. Energy consumption in phase 2 was reduced by 30% from phase 1 (2000-2004). Full environmental and life cycle assessments were conducted of all materials inside and out. The hospital's central location in the city, good public transport connections and easy pedestrian and cycle links are also significant in relation to the project's environmental qualities. The final centre to be completed, the Knowledge Centre, was the first hospital building in Europe according to passive house standards.

Accessibility

Inclusive design thinking has been embedded in all aspects of the development project. The new hospital opened in 2013 and has since received international acclaim and won several awards for its innovative architecture.

評論

青鋒：當(dāng)現(xiàn)代主義先驅(qū)將建筑與機(jī)器相提并論時(shí)，忽視了一個(gè)事實(shí)，我們所能“生產(chǎn)”的最復(fù)雜的機(jī)器其實(shí)是人體。于是，一個(gè)現(xiàn)代主義理念反而將我們引回到文藝復(fù)興藝術(shù)家對人體解剖的濃厚興趣。這一背景對于今天醫(yī)院設(shè)計(jì)者或許會有所幫助，因?yàn)闆]有什么機(jī)構(gòu)比綜合性醫(yī)院更接近于人體，它有各種科室對應(yīng)于器官，病人與醫(yī)護(hù)人員對應(yīng)于細(xì)胞級別的對抗，大量物流與信息對應(yīng)于血液、淋巴以及神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。一個(gè)良好的醫(yī)院應(yīng)當(dāng)像健康的人體一樣運(yùn)作。圣奧拉夫醫(yī)院的設(shè)計(jì)者充分意識到了這一身體機(jī)器的復(fù)雜性，他們給予每個(gè)器官充分的領(lǐng)域與光線，流暢清晰的線路讓細(xì)胞們避免了在昏暗中迷失。健康的環(huán)境應(yīng)該成為醫(yī)療服務(wù)的起始條件。佘依爽：兩個(gè)非常突出的特點(diǎn)，一是因?yàn)樵谠O(shè)計(jì)流程中使用了BIM技術(shù)與LEAN（精益管理），費(fèi)用和時(shí)間都大大節(jié)省。前后幾期跨越15年的項(xiàng)目周期，時(shí)間對比中，技術(shù)的成長顯而易見，項(xiàng)目的進(jìn)程管理令人印象深刻。

13.14 急性心肺中心/Exterior views of AHL (Acute, Heart and Lung Centre)

另一個(gè)是我們差距最大的——城市與醫(yī)院的關(guān)系，沒有明顯的界限，室內(nèi)外空間的連通與交叉，醫(yī)院融入到城市之中，能做到這一點(diǎn)不僅僅是建筑建造本身的共識，而是全體公民以及靈活的政府管理體制才能共同促成。

15.16 移動(dòng)中心外景/Exterior views of the Movement Centre

17 婦幼中心外景/Exterior view of the Woman and Child Centre

18.19 婦幼中心內(nèi)景/Interior views of the Woman and Child Centre

Comment

QING Feng: When the pioneers of modernism compared architectures to machines, they ignored the fact that the most complex machines we can produce are actually human bodies. Therefore, a modernist theory has brought us back to the Renaissance artists' strong interests in human anatomy. This background might be helpful to the hospital designers today, because there is no institution closer to a human body than a general hospital. It has various departments corresponding to organs, patients and medics corresponding to cell level confrontations, massive interflow and information corresponding to blood, lymph and neural network. A good hospital should function like a healthy human body. The designers of St. Olav's Hospital are fully aware of the complexity of this body machine. They gave each organ enough field and light. The smooth and clear routes allow cells to avoid getting lost in the dark. A healthy environment should be the starting condition for medical services. (Translated by CHEN Yuxiao)

SHE Yishuang: This project has two very prominent features. First, because of the use of BIM technology and LEAN during the design process, the cost and time are greatly saved. Since the time span of the whole project is over 15 years, the growth of technology is obvious between the old and new phases, in which the improvement of project management level is impressive.

The other is the harmonious relationship between the city and the hospital, which is also the common weakness in hospital design. With no obvious boundaries, the hospital dissolves in the city, and the line between indoor and outdoor spaces is blurred. I consider it is more than just the achievement of building construction. Its completion cannot be realised without the commitment of all citizens and flexibility of the government management system. (Translated by QI Yiyi)

St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway, 2013

Architects (in alphabetical order): Nordic - Office of Architecture, RATIO architects AS

20 實(shí)驗(yàn)中心外景/Exterior view of the Laboratory Centre

21.22 實(shí)驗(yàn)中心內(nèi)景/Interior views of the Laboratory Centre