張海靜 菅敏鈺 張利勇 景龍年 彭宇明 韓如泉
(首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京天壇醫(yī)院麻醉科,北京 100050)
· 臨床研究 ·
腦電雙頻指數(shù)用于監(jiān)測顱腦手術(shù)病人鎮(zhèn)靜深度的可行性:與非顱腦手術(shù)的比較
張海靜 菅敏鈺 張利勇 景龍年 彭宇明 韓如泉*
(首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京天壇醫(yī)院麻醉科,北京 100050)
目的 比較腦電雙頻指數(shù)(bispectral index,BIS)用于顱腦和非顱腦手術(shù)病人監(jiān)測麻醉深度的差異,探討B(tài)IS監(jiān)測顱腦手術(shù)病人鎮(zhèn)靜深度的可行性。方法 擇期全身麻醉下行幕上入路顱內(nèi)腫瘤切除術(shù)病人25例,美國麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)Ⅰ-Ⅲ級,椎管內(nèi)腫瘤切除術(shù)病人25例作為對照。入室后按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電極貼敷方法連接右側(cè)額部BIS監(jiān)測。采取相同血漿濃度丙泊酚靶控輸注,記錄誘導(dǎo)前、切皮、去骨瓣、剪硬膜、切瘤、止血、睜眼時BIS值,比較兩組BIS值差異是否存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)果 兩組病人人口學(xué)指標(biāo)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。相同血漿濃度下,血壓、心率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,顱內(nèi)腫瘤組和椎管腫瘤組BIS值結(jié)果:誘導(dǎo)前(93.0±4.2vs92.8±4.1)、切皮后(39.3±7.3vs38.6±6.7)、去骨瓣(39.0±7.2vs39.1±6.1)、剪硬膜后(37.4±7.1vs39.7±7.4)、切瘤(38.8±8.2vs39.9±5.5)、止血(39.9±11.0vs41.5±5.2)、睜眼后(81.2±5.8vs80.8±4.6),兩組差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),相同丙泊酚血漿濃度下,顱腦和非顱腦手術(shù)病人BIS監(jiān)測鎮(zhèn)靜深度結(jié)果差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論 BIS監(jiān)測可以有效地應(yīng)用于全身麻醉下顱內(nèi)腫瘤病人手術(shù)中鎮(zhèn)靜深度監(jiān)測。
腦電雙頻指數(shù);神經(jīng)外科麻醉;腦電圖
腦電雙頻指數(shù)(bispectral index,BIS)已經(jīng)成為判斷全身麻醉下麻醉鎮(zhèn)靜深度的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。BIS來源于原始腦電,經(jīng)過功率譜分析、雙譜分析、近暴發(fā)抑制及抑制分析去尋求腦電在麻醉鎮(zhèn)靜中的特征,最終產(chǎn)生BIS[1]。目前,丙泊酚誘導(dǎo)下顱內(nèi)腫瘤對BIS的影響存在爭議[2-3],另外,在創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷,腦電會發(fā)生變化[4-5]。因而筆者假設(shè)顱腦手術(shù)在去骨瓣、剪硬膜后以及切除腫瘤中,顱內(nèi)壓、腦血流變化以及腦實(shí)質(zhì)發(fā)生塌陷移位,此時BIS監(jiān)測儀位于前額的腦電電極獲取的原始腦電已發(fā)生變化,進(jìn)而腦電參數(shù)發(fā)生變化,最終影響B(tài)IS。通過比較同等麻醉藥物濃度下顱腦和非顱腦腫瘤切除術(shù)中BIS值的差異,探討B(tài)IS用于顱內(nèi)腫瘤病人監(jiān)測鎮(zhèn)靜深度的準(zhǔn)確性。
1.1 一般資料
研究選擇擇期全身麻醉下行幕上入路顱內(nèi)腫瘤切除術(shù)病人25例,按年齡、性別、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)、美國麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)分級匹配選擇行椎管內(nèi)腫瘤切除術(shù)病人25例,年齡18~60歲,ASAⅠ~Ⅲ級。排除既往中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病、抑郁、癲癇、腦血管疾病、顱腦手術(shù)史者;排除心、肝、腎功能障礙及術(shù)中功能監(jiān)測不能應(yīng)用肌肉松弛藥者。本研究獲首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京天壇醫(yī)院倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)。
1.2 麻醉方法
病人入室后,常規(guī)記錄無創(chuàng)血壓、心電圖、血氧飽和度、呼氣末二氧化碳濃度、體溫、四個成串刺激(train of four,TOF)肌松監(jiān)測。麻醉誘導(dǎo)前用乙醇擦拭皮膚,待乙醇揮發(fā)后,將BIS監(jiān)測儀電極片(BIS-TM Quatro Sensors, Aspect Medical Systems USA 186-0106)置于病人右側(cè)前額部。舒芬太尼0.3~0.5 μg/kg、靶控輸注丙泊酚,血漿藥物濃度初始4 μg/mL(marsh模型),順阿曲庫銨0.2 mg/kg,氣管插管后機(jī)械通氣, 麻醉維持丙泊酚血漿藥物濃度3 μg/mL, 順阿曲庫銨0.06 mg·kg-1·h-1, 瑞芬太尼0.15~0.2 μg·kg-1·min-1, 維持血流動力學(xué)穩(wěn)定,維持PETC0235~45 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)、T4/T1<25%(TOF),術(shù)前及切除腫瘤中行動脈血?dú)夥治觥IS監(jiān)測儀維持電極阻抗 <5 000 Ω,Bislog時間窗為1 min(包括MAX、MIN、MEAN、SQI、EMG),陣發(fā)性肌電活動增高歸為假數(shù)據(jù),相應(yīng)的BIS值不納入數(shù)據(jù)分析。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
由監(jiān)測儀拷貝BIS數(shù)據(jù),取誘導(dǎo)前(T1)、切皮(T2)、去骨瓣(T3)、剪硬膜(T4)、切瘤(T5)、止血(T6)、睜眼(T7)7個時間點(diǎn)5 min的BIS值的均值作為各時間點(diǎn)的BIS數(shù)值。各個時間點(diǎn)的循環(huán)數(shù)據(jù)由監(jiān)護(hù)儀拷貝。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
2.1 兩組病人一般資料比較
顱內(nèi)腫瘤切除術(shù)組和推管內(nèi)腫瘤切除術(shù)組病人性別組成、年齡、體質(zhì)量、身高差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,詳見表1。
表1 兩組病人基本特征Tab.1 Characteristics of the patients at )
2.2 兩組病人術(shù)中血壓、心率變化情況比較
相同血漿濃度下,2組病人相同時間點(diǎn)平均動脈壓(mean arterial pressure, MAP)、心率(heart rate, HR)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),詳見表2。
2.3 顱內(nèi)腫瘤和非顱內(nèi)腫瘤病人BIS比較
兩組病人各個時間點(diǎn)的BIS值差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,詳見表3。
表2 兩組病人術(shù)中血壓心率變化情況Tab.2 Comparative changes in intraoperative hemodynamic values between two )
△1 mmHg=0.133 kPa; T1:before induction of anesthesia; T2:after incision; T3:craniotomy; T4:dura opening; T5:during tumor resection; T6:hemostasis; T7:spontaneous eye opening; MAP:mean arterial pressure; HR:heart rate.
表3 顱內(nèi)腫瘤和非顱內(nèi)腫瘤病人BIS比較Tab.3 Comparison of BIS between two groups ,n=25)
BIS:bispectral index; T1:before induction of anesthesia; T2:after incision; T3:craniotomy; T4:dura opening; T5:during tumor resection; T6:hemostasis; T7:spontaneous eye opening.
BIS在1996年被美國食品和藥物管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA)批準(zhǔn)作為唯一用于檢測麻醉效果的手段,廣泛應(yīng)用于意識狀態(tài)評價,成為判斷全身麻醉下麻醉鎮(zhèn)靜深度的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。BIS來自于原始腦電圖(electroencephalogram, EEG)信號,濾除干擾(心電、起搏器脈沖、眼動等),監(jiān)測時域信號漂移情況,檢測突發(fā)抑制時域參數(shù)(“QUAZI”“BSR”),經(jīng)過功率譜分析、雙譜分析、接近突發(fā)抑制及抑制分析去尋求腦電在麻醉鎮(zhèn)靜中的特征,最終產(chǎn)生BIS[1]。
BIS與許多麻醉藥物濃度良好相關(guān)。Ibrahim等[6]比較了BIS監(jiān)測丙泊酚、七氟烷和咪達(dá)唑侖鎮(zhèn)靜深度,認(rèn)為BIS與丙泊酚相關(guān)性最好。大腦皮質(zhì)與基底神經(jīng)節(jié)之間,是由運(yùn)動神經(jīng)回路和聯(lián)合回路連接的,而將尾部與聯(lián)合區(qū)域的輸入與基底神經(jīng)節(jié)的輸出連接起來的聯(lián)合回路在大腦皮質(zhì)前額葉區(qū)域表現(xiàn)的尤為突出[7],因而將電極置于額部,BIS值相對平穩(wěn),不易受到干擾。但在開顱術(shù)中隨著骨瓣去除、剪硬膜后顱內(nèi)壓、腦血流隨之變化以及腫瘤切除術(shù)中腦實(shí)質(zhì)的塌陷,原始腦電可能發(fā)生變化或者遠(yuǎn)離腦實(shí)質(zhì)的BIS電極截取的腦電信號已發(fā)生改變,最終都可能使BIS值與鎮(zhèn)靜深度一致性產(chǎn)生差異,即顱腦術(shù)中BIS監(jiān)測的準(zhǔn)確性存疑。本研究結(jié)果顯示相同丙泊酚血漿濃度,清醒時、麻醉手術(shù)中以及蘇醒后各時間點(diǎn),顱腦和非顱腦手術(shù)病人術(shù)中BIS值差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,腦電雙頻指數(shù)可應(yīng)用于顱腦手術(shù)病人,有效的判斷鎮(zhèn)靜深度。Sahinovic等[3]在丙泊酚誘導(dǎo)下比較額葉腫瘤和非顱腦腫瘤病人BIS值,在意識消失和恢復(fù)時,兩者BIS值無差異,與本研究結(jié)果一致。
術(shù)中肌松藥、阿片類藥等相關(guān)藥物的應(yīng)用可能是影響結(jié)果的因素。Greif等[8]應(yīng)用TOF研究不同肌松水平與BIS值的關(guān)系,結(jié)果顯示BIS值不受肌松水平或肌電活動的影響。 肌松藥對BIS值的影響與鎮(zhèn)靜深度有關(guān),在無傷害性刺激時,肌電活動對BIS影響主要發(fā)生在清醒期和較淺的鎮(zhèn)靜狀態(tài)時,隨著鎮(zhèn)靜深度的增加其影響逐漸減弱[9-10]。當(dāng)病人處于深度鎮(zhèn)靜時,肌肉的緊張度已降低,對維持大腦興奮狀態(tài)的作用很小,同時頭面部肌肉的自主活動也減弱,此時使用肌松藥對肌電活動的影響有限,BIS則不再出現(xiàn)明顯變化[11]。本研究術(shù)中麻醉穩(wěn)定期(切皮至縫硬膜前)肌肉松弛藥物對BIS無明顯影響,而縫硬膜時停止使用肌松藥,手術(shù)結(jié)束所需時間不同,兩組病人蘇醒期肌松藥物的代謝程度可能不同,即睜眼時顱內(nèi)腫瘤組和非顱內(nèi)腫瘤組肌電活動性可能不同。
相關(guān)研究[12-13]表明阿片類藥物對術(shù)中BIS值無影響。在丙泊酚持續(xù)靜脈靶控輸注時,阿片類受體激動劑能減少傷害性刺激引起的BIS值增加[14-15]。阿片類藥物在鎮(zhèn)痛濃度時,僅有極小的鎮(zhèn)靜或遺忘作用,大腦皮質(zhì)沒有或者僅微小的腦電改變,即阿片類藥物抑制傷害性刺激條件下,對BIS無明顯影響。
顱腦手術(shù)和椎管內(nèi)腫瘤切除術(shù),兩者的手術(shù)時間、藥物使用總劑量、刺激強(qiáng)度以及手術(shù)儀器的應(yīng)用等存在差異,可能影響研究結(jié)果。
總之,相同丙泊酚血漿濃度下,顱腦和非顱腦手術(shù)病人鎮(zhèn)靜深度(BIS值)無差異,即BIS監(jiān)測可以有效地應(yīng)用于顱內(nèi)腫瘤病人丙泊酚鎮(zhèn)靜深度監(jiān)測。
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編輯 陳瑞芳
The feasibility of bispectral index for monitoring the depth of anesthesia in patients undergoing craniotomy: comparison of non-intracranial tumor surgery
Zhang Haijing, Jian Minyu,Zhang Liyong, Jing Longnian, Peng Yuming, Han Ruquan*
(DepartmentofAnesthesiology,BeijingTiantanHospital,CapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing100050,China)
Objective To compare the difference of bispectral index (BIS) between intracranial tumor and non-intracranial tumor patients under general anesthesia with the same target-controlled infusion (TCI) propofol and to investigate the feasibility of BIS to monitor the sedation level of intracranial tumor patients under general anesthesia.Methods Twenty-five patients scheduled for elective intracranial tumor resection by under general anesthesia were enrolled in the study, ASA I-Ⅲ. And 25 subjects with spinal tumors were included as controls. We placed BIS sensor on the frontal area. The patients were anesthetized with the same TCI propofol and BIS values were collected before the induction of anesthesia, after incision, craniectomy, dura opening,during tumor resection,hemostasis,spontaneous eye opening. We compared the difference of BIS between intracranial tumor and non-intracranial tumor group. Results At the same Cp,BIS values were not statistically different between intracranial tumor group and non-intracranial tumor group:before induction of anesthesia(93.0±4.2vs92.8±4.1);after incision(39.3±7.28vs38.6±6.7); craniotomy (39.0±7.2vs39.1±6.1); dura opening(37.4±7.1vs39.7±7.4); during tumor resection (38.8±8.2vs39.9±5.5); hemostasis(39.9±11.0vs41.5±5.2); spontaneous eye opening(81.2±5.8vs80.8±4.6). Conclusion The BIS values can accurately reflect the actual level of consciousness of intracranial tumor patients under general anesthesia with TCI propofol.
bispectral index;neurosurgical anesthesia; electroencephalography
北京市醫(yī)院管理局“揚(yáng)帆計(jì)劃”重點(diǎn)醫(yī)學(xué)方向(ZYLX201708), 首都衛(wèi)生發(fā)展科研專項(xiàng)重點(diǎn)攻關(guān)項(xiàng)目(2016-1-20410)。This study was supported by Clinical Medicine Development of Special Funding Support from Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals(ZYLX201708), Capital Development Research Found Project(2016-1-20410).
時間:2017-06-09 17∶25 網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址:http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3662.r.20170609.1725.004.html
10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2017.03.024]
R614
2017-01-24)
*Corresponding author, E-mail:ruquan.han@gmail.com