籍萬杰
主旨大意題旨在考查同學們通過對閱讀材料進行快速瀏覽,從而獲取語篇的大意,并辨別主要信息和次要信息的能力。該題型要求同學們在閱讀短文時,能夠提煉文章的中心情節(jié),體會作者的主要意圖,充分運用綜合分析和提煉概括能力,透過字里行間獲取文章最核心的觀點、中心論點及作者的情感傾向。
要做好主旨大意題,我們首先要了解正確項和干擾項的特征。
正確選項特征:
1. 涵蓋性強,覆蓋全文或全段。
2. 確定的范圍恰當,既不過大,也不過小。
3. 表意準確,不會改變原文表達的程度及色彩。
干擾選項特征:
1. 過于籠統(tǒng),不知所云。所給選項內(nèi)容概括的范圍過大,超出文章所述內(nèi)容。
2. 以偏概全,主次不分。所給選項只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容,或以次要事實乃至細節(jié)充當全文主旨。
文章的主旨大意與文章的體裁有著密不可分的關系。高考考查的閱讀理解通常有四種文體,分別是記敘文、說明文、議論文和應用文。應用文一般考查事實細節(jié),不考查主旨大意。下面分別按體裁談談其他三種文體的主旨大意題的解題技巧。
[說明文]
說明文通常都有主題句??萍碱惡蜕鐣幕愓f明文的主題句常出現(xiàn)在首段的后半部分,要特別注意文中New studies show ...這樣的表述以及轉(zhuǎn)折關系后面的內(nèi)容,這里要表達的往往就是這篇文章的主旨??疾槎温渲黝}時應注意該段的首句。另外,首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時,對該問題的回答通常就是文章主旨。若首段是事例,則第二段的首句很可能是文章的主題句。
例1 (2016·四川卷)
34. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Night Milk and Sleep
B. Fat, Sugar and Health
C. An Experiment on Mice
D. Milk Drinking and Health
解析 A??焖贋g覽文章可知,這是一篇說明文,文章標題可以到第一段中尋找。請看原文第一段:A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good nights sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod off—if it is milked from a cow at night. 由But now a study has found ...后面提到的研究結(jié)果可知,晚上喝牛奶的確有助于睡眠。這里討論的是牛奶與睡眠之間的關系,故選A項。
例2 (2012·山東卷)
75. What is the main idea of the last paragraph?
A. The laundry should be frequently checked.
B. Lazy people like using such machines.
C. Good technologies also cause problems.
D. Television may help do the laundry.
解析 C??焖贋g覽文章可知,這是一篇說明文。文章第一段給出了說明的主題:For those who are tired doing the laundry, Samsung has found an answer: a washing machine that can tell you when your laundry is done via a smartphone app(application). 三星發(fā)明了一款可以通過智能手機應用程序監(jiān)控洗衣過程的洗衣機。
本題考查的是最后一段的段落主題,請看文章最后一段:... but what they will probably really accomplish is what all good technologies do—enable laziness. Rather than getting up to check on whether the laundry is done, users will instead monitor it on their phones while watching TV. 最后一段的意思是:但這種智能手機與所有的好技術產(chǎn)生一樣的作用——使人懶惰。用戶在看電視時,不是起身看看衣服是否洗完了,而是用智能手機去監(jiān)控它。由段落主題句... is what all good technologies do—enable laziness可以得知,好的技術也會帶來問題,故選C項。
[議論文]
議論文的往往采用“總—分—總”結(jié)構(gòu),即第一段提出論點,然后是論據(jù)部分,最后一段得出結(jié)論(論點的重申),所以篇章主題句通常出現(xiàn)在首段或末段。段落主題句通常位于段首。
例3 (2016·浙江卷)
53. What is the main idea of the last paragraph?
A. The world may be more clearly explained through childrens play.
B. Studying babies play may lead to a better understanding of science.
C. Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.
D. Ones drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.
解析 B。快速瀏覽全文可知,這是一篇議論文。文章最后一段的首句Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn, but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists就是該段的主題句。句意為:把兒童的發(fā)展看作一個針對兒童學習的科學調(diào)查的過程,也對看待科學和科學家有啟示意義。因此,研究嬰兒的玩耍的科學性可以更好地理解科學本身的發(fā)展,故B項正確。
例4 (2015·北京卷)
69. What is the best title for the passage?
A. Technology or Attitude
B. Dependence or Independence
C. Family Influence or Social Changes
D. College Management or Communication Advancement
解析 A。快速瀏覽全文可知,這是一篇議論文。文章的主題通常出現(xiàn)在第一段:
Technological change is everywhere and affects every aspect of life, mostly for the better. However, social changes that are brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes.
第一段最后一句點題:新技術帶來的社會變化經(jīng)常被誤認為態(tài)度的轉(zhuǎn)變,因此A項的概括最為恰當。
[記敘文]
記敘文一般沒有明顯的主題句,需要根據(jù)文中敘述的內(nèi)容和線索加以概括和提煉。如果文章后半部分出現(xiàn)作者的感慨和議論,則主題寓于議論中。
例5 (2015·安徽卷)
63. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A. How to Run a Corporation
B. Strength Comes From Peace
C. How to Achieve a Big Dream
D. Family Unity Builds Success
解析 D。通讀文章可知,這是一篇記敘文,根據(jù)第一段Helene An always told them that there was strength in unity,第三段to succeed we must have unity以及最后一段and they worked together. Now they are a big success可知,文章主要講的是家庭團結(jié)對取得成功的重要性。文章沒有講如何經(jīng)營一家大型公司,也沒有提到怎樣實現(xiàn)偉大夢想,也沒有提到力量源于平靜。
例6 (2015·天津卷)
50. Which one could be the best title of the passage?
A. The Charm of a Book
B. Mums Strict Order
C. Reunion With my Beagle
D. My Passion for Reading
解析 A。通讀全文可知,這是一篇記敘文。作者小的時候有閱讀障礙,不喜歡讀任何一本書。后來在媽媽的逼迫下來到圖書館,無意中看到的一本書改變了作者的人生。作者不僅越來越喜歡讀書,還獲得了文學博士學位,成了著名的作家。因此,“一本書的魔力”是最佳標題。