董占飛+王丕國+梁國華+周惠成
摘要:英那河水庫不僅承擔(dān)著水庫上下游的防洪任務(wù),同時作為大連市重要的水源地,其水資源利用效率對于大連市的社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展極其重要,因此水庫防洪調(diào)度方案的研究具有重要意義。針對英那河水庫改擴建后沒有適用于目前水庫汛期防洪調(diào)度的方案問題,通過分析水庫產(chǎn)流預(yù)報和退水預(yù)報的可利用性,并在此基礎(chǔ)上,以累積凈雨、入庫流量和水庫水位作為改變水庫出庫流量的判別指標(biāo),研究制定了考慮預(yù)報信息的英那河水庫防洪調(diào)度方案。結(jié)果表明:考慮預(yù)報信息的英那河水庫預(yù)報調(diào)度方案不僅滿足水庫調(diào)度原則,合理可行,而且便于操作。方案利用退水余量作為水庫預(yù)泄后回蓄水量,在保證水庫興利效益,提高洪水資源利用效率的同時,還提高了水庫的防洪能力。
關(guān)鍵詞:英那河水庫;預(yù)報信息;退水預(yù)報;預(yù)報調(diào)度;調(diào)度方案
中圖分類號:TV697.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A 文章編號:1672-1683(2017)03-0055-05
Abstract:Yingnahe reservoir is responsible for flood control in the basin,and it is an important water source of Dalian city.Its water resources utilization efficiency is very important to the social and economic development of Dalian city.As Yingnahe reservoir does not have a flood control operation scheme yet for the flood season after its reconstruction,we formulated a flood control operation scheme based on forecasting information after we analyzed the availability of runoff production forecast and water draining forecast of the reservoir,with the accumulated net rainfall,reservoir inflow and water level as judging indexes for changing the reservoir outflow.The results showed that the flood forecasting operation scheme can basically realize reservoir regulation,and is reasonable,feasible,and easy to operate.By using the water draining margin as the water storage capacity after pre-discharge of the reservoir,the operation scheme not only ensures economical benefits,but also improves the flood resource utilization efficiency and flood control ability of the reservoir.
Key words:Yingnahe reservoir;forecast information;water draining forecast;forecast operation;operation scheme
英那河水庫位于大連市莊河境內(nèi),是一座以城市供水為主、兼顧上下游防洪的大型水利工程,壩址以上控制流域面積692 km2,多年平均徑流量3.55億m3(見圖1)。水庫正常蓄水位為79.10 m,相應(yīng)庫容2.31億m3;防洪限制水位為78.10 m,相應(yīng)庫容為2.08億m3。英那河水庫改擴建復(fù)核不同頻率設(shè)計洪水時只給出了不同頻率設(shè)計洪水調(diào)度過程限制最高水位和最大下泄流量,導(dǎo)致后來不考慮預(yù)報信息的常規(guī)調(diào)度方案編制過程中,出現(xiàn)調(diào)洪最高水位和下泄最大流量不滿足水庫上下游防洪要求的問題。因此有必要研究制定英那河水庫的考慮預(yù)報信息的預(yù)泄調(diào)度方式,以指導(dǎo)水庫實時調(diào)度決策。
目前應(yīng)用于水庫預(yù)報調(diào)度的預(yù)報信息主要有洪水預(yù)報信息、降雨預(yù)報信息和退水預(yù)報信息[1-6]。對于調(diào)節(jié)性能較好、洪水總量起控制作用的大型水庫,一般采用凈雨總量作為判別指標(biāo)制定預(yù)報調(diào)度規(guī)則或方案,用以指導(dǎo)水庫防洪調(diào)度[7-13]。然而英那河水庫流域面積較小,暴雨洪水陡漲陡落,洪水匯流時間短,若完全采用預(yù)報凈雨或入庫流量作為調(diào)度決策的判別指標(biāo),水庫來不及預(yù)泄騰空防洪庫容,可能會給水庫及下游帶來風(fēng)險。因此,將在分析預(yù)報信息可利用性的基礎(chǔ)上,利用累積凈雨、水庫入流和水位作為水庫調(diào)度的判別指標(biāo),制定考慮預(yù)報信息的英那河水庫洪水調(diào)度方案。
1 預(yù)報信息的可利用分析
水庫洪水預(yù)報調(diào)度方式與常規(guī)調(diào)度方式區(qū)別在于改變泄量的判別指標(biāo),預(yù)報調(diào)度方式一般利用降雨預(yù)報信息、洪水預(yù)報信息和退水預(yù)報信息[14-18]。本文在英那河水庫預(yù)報調(diào)度方案研究時,主要考慮累積凈雨作為改變水庫泄量的判別指標(biāo),同時利用退水余量作為水庫的回蓄水量。因此,本節(jié)對英那河水庫產(chǎn)流預(yù)報信息和退水余量的可利用性進(jìn)行分析。
1.1 洪水預(yù)報可利用分析
英那河水庫改擴建于2003年竣工,水雨情自動測報系統(tǒng)也開始投入運行,目前系統(tǒng)運行穩(wěn)定可靠,可應(yīng)用于實際防洪調(diào)度。由于系統(tǒng)運行時間較短,目前較大的洪水只有17場,利用大伙房模型所編制的洪水預(yù)報方案[19],產(chǎn)流模擬全部合格(見表1)。從表1中可以看出,2011年以后的洪水(2010年后水庫管理制度才完備),絕對誤差基本都控制在10 mm以內(nèi),而且對于大暴雨以上量級的洪水,預(yù)報精度更高。因此,該洪水預(yù)報方案可以指導(dǎo)實時洪水調(diào)度。
1.2 退水余量分析
由于英那河水庫以供水為主,如果預(yù)報調(diào)度過程中出現(xiàn)空報,導(dǎo)致水庫預(yù)泄以后水庫回蓄不到汛限水位,影響興利效益的發(fā)揮,因此有必要研究分析水庫預(yù)泄失誤后的回蓄水量。本文利用退水余量作為水庫預(yù)泄后的回蓄水量,通過對英那河水庫歷史洪水統(tǒng)計分析,得到退水余量統(tǒng)計表(見表2)。當(dāng)退水起始流量為60 m3/s時,后期入庫水量還有828萬 m3,相當(dāng)于英那河水庫預(yù)泄過程中水位可以從78.10 m(汛限水位)降至77.70 m,對于更大的始退流量,水庫可以預(yù)泄到更低的水位。由此可見,利用退水余量進(jìn)行英那河水庫實時水位動態(tài)控制,可保障水庫的興利效益。
2 防洪預(yù)報調(diào)度方案研究
2.1 調(diào)度方案制定的基本思想及問題描述
在水庫改變泄量的控制指標(biāo)中,累計凈雨量要比入庫洪峰流量提前預(yù)知,更早于水庫的壩前水位[20-21]。因此,采用預(yù)報信息作為決策信息,可以提前預(yù)泄,騰空防洪庫容,迎接洪水的到來。根據(jù)英那河水庫的產(chǎn)匯流特性和調(diào)蓄能力,利用水庫汛限水位動態(tài)控制理論中預(yù)蓄預(yù)泄法[20],得到調(diào)度方案制定的基本思想是:利用產(chǎn)流預(yù)報信息,在有效預(yù)見期內(nèi)盡可能多的預(yù)泄水量,騰空庫容;同時又結(jié)合面臨時刻的退水余量,控制水庫水位的下限,避免無限制的降低水庫,影響水庫正常興利目標(biāo)。
英那河水庫是一座以城市供水為主,兼顧防洪的大(Ⅱ)型水利樞紐工程,設(shè)計的防洪庫容較小,因此在實時調(diào)度中汛限水位只考慮下浮動態(tài)控制,不考慮上浮,以提高下游的防洪效益。在下浮控制的預(yù)泄中,影響的主要因素包括預(yù)報凈雨量、預(yù)見期內(nèi)的入庫水量、有效預(yù)見期、預(yù)見期內(nèi)水庫的預(yù)泄能力和下游河道允許泄量等,實時調(diào)度階段還包括面臨時刻的水情、雨情、工情。其數(shù)學(xué)描述為:
式中:W為預(yù)見期內(nèi)動態(tài)預(yù)蓄水量;Qan為下游防護(hù)點安全泄量;Ty為洪水預(yù)報預(yù)見期減去信息傳遞、決策、閘門操作時間的有效預(yù)見期;Qin為退水階段預(yù)見期Ty內(nèi)的平均入庫流量;Q區(qū)為預(yù)見期內(nèi)區(qū)間平均流量;Qout為有效預(yù)見期Ty內(nèi)平均預(yù)泄流量。Zi-為對應(yīng)不同頻率設(shè)計洪水的調(diào)度過程中水庫水位;Zdi-為不同退水余量下所確定的汛限水位動態(tài)控制下限極值,可由表2內(nèi)插計算得到;f[·]為庫容與水位關(guān)系;Zlimit為水庫汛限水位;Win為預(yù)見期內(nèi)入庫水量。
2.2 調(diào)度方案的制定
水庫調(diào)度方案的制定以水庫不同頻率設(shè)計洪水及其相應(yīng)的凈雨過程為輸入條件、以特征曲線和水庫調(diào)度原則(表3)作為約束條件,采用入庫流量和預(yù)報累積凈雨作為改變水庫出庫流量的判別指標(biāo),從水庫汛限水位78.10 m開始起調(diào),所制定的英那河水庫預(yù)報調(diào)度規(guī)則列入表4中,不同頻率的設(shè)計洪水調(diào)洪結(jié)果見表5。
2.3 調(diào)度方案合理性分析
由表5可知,所制定的英那河水庫預(yù)報調(diào)度方案,不同頻率設(shè)計洪水的調(diào)洪過程中最高水位和最大泄量均小于等于不考慮預(yù)報的常規(guī)調(diào)度方案,且滿足水庫防洪調(diào)度原則約束,同時調(diào)洪最高水位比約束值至少降低了0.01 m,提高了水庫防洪效益,保障了水庫防洪安全,因此預(yù)報調(diào)度方案優(yōu)于常規(guī)調(diào)度方案。由于預(yù)報調(diào)度采用累積凈雨和入庫流量作為改變水庫出庫流量的判別指標(biāo),提前判斷當(dāng)前洪水的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),進(jìn)行預(yù)泄調(diào)度,增加了部分防洪庫容,提高了水庫防洪調(diào)蓄能力。如20年一遇洪水的調(diào)度過程(見圖2),考慮了預(yù)報信息從第4時段到第15時段,采用預(yù)泄調(diào)度,預(yù)泄水量為859萬m3,調(diào)度過程中水庫最低水位為77.68 m,最高水位為79.20 m,比常規(guī)調(diào)度的最高水位低0.14 m,,防洪效益明顯。入庫流量達(dá)到500 m3/s時,停止預(yù)泄,此時若洪水不再繼續(xù)上漲,退水余量還有3 926萬m3,預(yù)泄的水量只占21%,因此水庫完全可以回蓄至汛限水位,即使預(yù)泄失誤,也不影響水庫的興利要求。
3 結(jié)論
針對英那河水庫調(diào)度中存在的問題,本文通過分析英那河洪水預(yù)報方案的精度及其可利用性,以及退水預(yù)報用于水庫進(jìn)行預(yù)泄調(diào)度的可行性,將累積凈雨和入庫流量作為改變水庫泄流的判別指標(biāo),研究制定了英那河水庫預(yù)報調(diào)度方案。該方法制定的預(yù)報調(diào)度方案不僅滿足水庫調(diào)度原則,便于實際應(yīng)用操作,而且不同頻率設(shè)計洪水預(yù)報調(diào)度過程中最高水位相對常規(guī)調(diào)度至少降低0.06 m,最大下泄流量也均滿足水庫調(diào)度要求。同時由于預(yù)報調(diào)度方案判別指標(biāo)較常規(guī)調(diào)度方案能提前獲知,達(dá)到了預(yù)泄調(diào)度的目標(biāo),使水庫在調(diào)度過程中至少增加了406萬m3防洪庫容,提高了水庫防洪效益;同時也利用退水余量與退水流量之間關(guān)系,得到不同始退流量下水庫的退水余量,使得在預(yù)泄失誤的情況下,水庫可以利用退水余量回蓄至汛限水位,確保了水庫興利需求。
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